PNAS:线粒体蛋白转运的"两面性"

<正>线粒体是细胞的能量工厂。通过氧化(底物水平的磷酸化)分解糖类的代谢物,合成着细胞所需的绝大多数能量货币--ATP。因此,线粒体的正常工作,就像炼油厂或者发电厂对现代社会那样重要。线粒体的正常工作需要大量的蛋白质提供支持。一般认为,在线粒体中,蛋白质含量是通过细胞质新合成蛋白质输入和老旧蛋白质的降解,来维持平衡的。来自细胞质的蛋白质,会被运输     

线粒体和细胞核的互作

线粒体是一个半自主的细胞器,它有自己的基因组,能进行ＤＮＡ的复制、转录和翻译,可以编码自身的ｒＲＮＡ、ｔＲＮＡ以及少量蛋白质。但这些过程并不是线粒体完全独立地进行的,它离不开核基因组的指导与调控。线粒体基因表达所必需的一些蛋白质,如ＲＮＡ聚合酶、核糖体大亚单位以及许多调控因子都是由核基因编码,在细胞质的核糖体上合成后,运输进线粒体后再起作用。线粒体功能的正常发挥需要线粒体基因组和核基因组的互作。组成呼吸链的一系列结构蛋白是由线粒体和细胞核共同编码的,这些蛋白质的正确组装,受核基因的控制。同时,研…     

线粒体蛋白酶与人类疾病

线粒体是真核细胞的重要细胞器,在能量转换、细胞应激、脂质合成以及细胞凋亡中具有调节作用.许多线粒体蛋白酶参与蛋白质运输、加工激活和降解过程.其中, ATP依赖性的线粒体蛋白酶通过其AAA+结构域(ATP associated multiple activity domain, AAA domain)利用ATP水解来执行线粒体蛋白质质量控制和调节蛋白降解.线粒体蛋白酶活性的改变会导致线粒体功能障碍,从而导致多种人类疾病,包括心血管疾病、神经退行性疾病、衰老和肿瘤等.本文重点综述线粒体蛋白酶1(Lon protease 1, LONP1)、酪蛋白水解蛋白酶P(caseinolytic protease, ClpP)、m-AAA(IMM-embedded AAA face to matrix)和i-AAA(IMM-embedded AAA face to intermembrane space)蛋白酶四种ATP依赖性线粒体蛋白酶及其功能,并阐述其与人类疾病的相关性和临床意义.     

线粒体蛋白质组研究的进展

应用蛋白质组技术已对正常人胎盘和大鼠肝线粒体蛋白质进行分离与鉴定,补充了线粒体蛋白质组数据库,并且通过比较蛋白质组学研究技术寻找病理条件下线粒体差异表达的蛋白质,为疾病的诊断和治疗提供作用靶标。随着蛋白质组技术的发展和完善,一些新方法也被应用于线粒体蛋白质的研究,推动了线粒体研究的发展。线粒体蛋白质组研究虽然已取得了一些成果,但线粒体蛋白质组数据库中的数据仍较匮乏,并且还有一些问题亟待解决和改善。     

线粒体蛋白质的转运

线粒体含有约1000种蛋白质,其中99%由细胞核DNA编码,在细胞质核糖体上合成后被分别转运至线粒体的内膜或外膜上、基质或膜间隙中。由众多分子机器组成的线粒体蛋白质转运系统参与了该生物学过程的执行。线粒体DNA编码的13种蛋白质也由该系统转运至线粒体内膜。本文就线粒体蛋白质转运系统中线粒体前体蛋白质的定位分选信号、转运复合物和转运途径作简要介绍。     

哺乳动物线粒体蛋白质翻译及其调控机制

线粒体是真核细胞内参与能量生成和物质代谢的重要细胞器。线粒体核糖体(mitochondrial ribosome, MR)作为细胞器中的翻译机器,用于表达线粒体DNA(mitochondrial DNA, mtDNA)编码的基因。近年来,随着研究的不断深入,人们对参与哺乳动物线粒体蛋白质翻译的蛋白质因子及其翻译的基本过程有了越来越清晰的认识,这对阐明线粒体蛋白质翻译的调控机制及研究人类线粒体疾病等方面具有重要的意义。线粒体蛋白质的翻译过程分为起始、延伸、终止和回收四个阶段。本文综述哺乳动物线粒体核糖体的结构与功能,以及线粒体蛋白质翻译因子的性质与功能,并进一步探讨翻译激活因子、微小RNA、线粒体COX翻译调控组装中间体(mt-translation regulation assembly intermediate of COX, MITRAC)以及核糖体的翻译后修饰对线粒体蛋白质翻译的调控及其机制,展望其对人类线粒体相关疾病研究的应用前景。     

监护分子在线粒体蛋白质易位中的作用

监护分子在线粒体蛋白质易位中的作用胡义德,钱桂生（第三军医大学新桥医院全军呼吸病研究所,重庆６３００３７）关键词监护分子,线粒体蛋白质易位线粒体蛋白质仅有少部分由线粒体基因组编码,大多数由核基因组编码并在胞液合成线粒体蛋白前体。核基因组编码的蛋白前体...     

线粒体蛋白质组学研究进展

线粒体是真核生物中重要的细胞器,其包含的全部蛋白质称为线粒体蛋白质组。人类线粒体大约包含1500多种蛋白质,由核基因和线粒体基因共同编码。线粒体是细胞能量合成和物质代谢的中心,其功能障碍将直接或问接引起许多疾病。目前线粒体蛋白质组学正是系统性地研究线粒体在生理、病理过程中的功能变化以及研究疾病发生机制的重要方法。将线粒体蛋白质组的研究方法、研究进展、线粒体蛋白质组的性质及其在相关疾病研究中的作用进行综述,并对线粒体蛋白质组学在疾病发生机制和诊断治疗中的发展前景进行展望。     

线粒体功能缺陷和神经系统疾病

线粒体呼吸链缺陷一直被认为是诱发线粒体疾病的重要因素,这有助于研究人员阐释其遗传和临床多样性。然而,线粒体的其他功能也具有重要意义,包括蛋白质运输、细胞器动力学和细胞凋亡。调控这些功能的基因缺陷不仅导致神经和精神疾病,而且还导致年龄相关的神经变性疾病。因此,引起越来越多的关注。在讨论呼吸链缺陷引起相关神经系统疾病的一些致病难题后,就线粒体动力学改变引起的相关神经系统疾病病因和常见神经变性疾病的病理生理机制作一综述。     

综述与专论: 线粒体未折叠蛋白反应调控线虫衰老研究进展

蛋白质稳态是生物细胞应对压力的核心。线粒体作为一种重要的细胞器,依赖复杂的蛋白质网络行使正常功能,因此蛋白质稳态对其十分重要。当生物体受到外界压力,产生了蛋白质稳态的改变,为了维持机体功能的正常运转,细胞会激活一种称为线粒体未折叠蛋白反应的转录应答机制,从而维持线粒体蛋白质稳态,恢复线粒体功能,以应对压力,保持机体健康。本文主要介绍了线粒体的特征,线粒体未折叠蛋白反应的概念,线虫中线粒体未折叠蛋白反应的信号转导机制,以及线粒体未折叠蛋白反应对线虫衰老的影响。     

DING proteins; novel members of a prokaryotic phosphate-binding protein superfamily which extends into the eukaryotic kingdom

PstS proteins are the cell-bound phosphate-binding elements of the ubiquitous bacterial ABC phosphate uptake mechanisms. Primary and tertiary structures, characteristic of pstS proteins, are conserved in proteins, which are expressed in secretory operons and induced by phosphate deprivation, in Pseudomonas species. There are two subsets of these proteins; AP proteins, which are alkaline phosphatases, and DING proteins, named for their N-terminal sequence, which are phosphate-binding proteins. Both form elements of a proposed phosphate-scavenging system in pseudomonads. DING proteins have also been isolated from many eukaryotic sources, and are associated with both normal and pathological functions in mammals. Their phosphate-binding function suggests a role in biomineralization, but the ability to bind other ligands may be related to signal transduction in eukaryotes. Though it has been claimed that all such proteins may originate from pseudomonads, many eukaryotic DING proteins have unique features which are incompatible with a bacterial origin.     

An electrophoretic study of proteins of the ovary,fat body,and haemolymph in the migratory grasshopper, Melanoplus sanguinipes

Electrophoretic separation of saline extracts from the ovary revealed 14 proteins. Twelve proteins were detected in the fat body, of which seven had electrophoretic mobilities identical to those in the ovary. Similarly, eight of 16 proteins in the haemolymph of vitellogenic females ahad electrophoretically identical counterparts in the ovary. As these proteins accumulate in the haemolymph of ovariectomized females, the findings suggest that most yolk proteins are synthesized in the fat body. Although most female haemolymph proteins are present in males, two of the predominant yolk protiens are absent and represent female-specific proteins.Although certain proteins accumulate in the haemolymph of allatectomized females, the major ovarian proteins are absent or present in low concentrations. However, 48 hr after allatectomized females are treated with a juvenile hormone analogue, the haemolymph protein pattern resembles that of a normal female. This suggests that the corpora allata stimulate the synthesis of female-specific and other vitellogenic proteins. The median neurosecretory cells (mNSC) are also necessary for synthesis of female-specific proteins. Furthermore, proteins which are present in allatectomized females are absent in mNSC-cauterized insects suggesting that the mNSC stimulate general protein synthesis.     

Primary structures of ribosomal proteins from the archaebacterium Halobacterium marismortui and the eubacterium Bacillus stearothermophilus.

Approximately 40 ribosomal proteins from each Halobacterium marismortui and Bacillus stearothermophilus have been sequenced either by direct protein sequence analysis or by DNA sequence analysis of the appropriate genes. The comparison of the amino acid sequences from the archaebacterium H marismortui with the available ribosomal proteins from the eubacterial and eukaryotic kingdoms revealed four different groups of proteins: 24 proteins are related to both eubacterial as well as eukaryotic proteins. Eleven proteins are exclusively related to eukaryotic counterparts. For three proteins only eubacterial relatives-and for another three proteins no counterpart-could be found. The similarities of the halobacterial ribosomal proteins are in general somewhat higher to their eukaryotic than to their eubacterial counterparts. The comparison of B stearothermophilus proteins with their E coli homologues showed that the proteins evolved at different rates. Some proteins are highly conserved with 64-76% identity, others are poorly conserved with only 25-34% identical amino acid residues.     

粟酒裂殖酵母全基因组中含信号肽蛋白质的研究

对粟酒裂殖酵母全基因组3条染色体上的4,997个蛋白序列进行了全局性的分析,利用signalP3.0软件分析这些蛋白的N-末端信号肽序列, 预测有N-末端分泌信号肽序列的蛋白196个;利用TMpred 软件分析跨膜结构, 预测跨膜蛋白117个; 使用PrositeScan程序分析膜脂蛋白的脂结合位点, 预测有膜脂结合蛋白13个, 进而预测分泌性蛋白序列66个。使用Target P分析66个分泌蛋白的蛋白序列, 研究这些蛋白在细胞中的定位。这些分泌蛋白的功能涉及粟酒裂殖酵母的营养、生殖、细胞间以及细胞与环境间的交流等许多方面, 对细胞的生存和繁殖有重要意义, 在系统生物学的研究中有重要参考价值。粟酒裂殖酵母分泌组的研究也将为粟酒裂殖酵母作为药物筛选模型以及开发为外源蛋白表达的宿主提供基础。     

Recombination of protein fragments: a promising approach toward engineering proteins with novel nanomechanical properties

Combining single molecule atomic force microscopy (AFM) and protein engineering techniques, here we demonstrate that we can use recombination-based techniques to engineer novel elastomeric proteins by recombining protein fragments from structurally homologous parent proteins. Using I27 and I32 domains from the muscle protein titin as parent template proteins, we systematically shuffled the secondary structural elements of the two parent proteins and engineered 13 hybrid daughter proteins. Although I27 and I32 are highly homologous, and homology modeling predicted that the hybrid daughter proteins fold into structures that are similar to that of parent protein, we found that only eight of the 13 daughter proteins showed beta-sheet dominated structures that are similar to parent proteins, and the other five recombined proteins showed signatures of the formation of significant alpha-helical or random coil-like structure. Single molecule AFM revealed that six recombined daughter proteins are mechanically stable and exhibit mechanical properties that are different from the parent proteins. In contrast, another four of the hybrid proteins were found to be mechanically labile and unfold at forces that are lower than the approximately 20 pN, as we could not detect any unfolding force peaks. The last three hybrid proteins showed interesting duality in their mechanical unfolding behaviors. These results demonstrate the great potential of using recombination-based approaches to engineer novel elastomeric protein domains of diverse mechanical properties. Moreover, our results also revealed the challenges and complexity of developing a recombination-based approach into a laboratory-based directed evolution approach to engineer novel elastomeric proteins.     

A survey of putative secreted and transmembrane proteins encoded in the C. elegans genome

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Almost half of the Caenorhabditis elegans genome encodes proteins with either a signal peptide or a transmembrane domain. Therefore a substantial fraction of the proteins are localized to membranes, reside in the secretory pathway or are secreted. While these proteins are of interest to a variety of different researchers ranging from developmental biologists to immunologists, most of secreted proteins have not been functionally characterized so far. RESULTS: We grouped proteins containing a signal peptide or a transmembrane domain using various criteria including evolutionary origin, common domain organization and functional categories. We found that putative secreted proteins are enriched for small proteins and nematode-specific proteins. Many secreted proteins are predominantly expressed in specific life stages or in one of the two sexes suggesting stage- or sex-specific functions. More than a third of the putative secreted proteins are upregulated upon exposure to pathogens, indicating that a substantial fraction may have a role in immune response. Slightly more than half of the transmembrane proteins can be grouped into broad functional categories based on sequence similarity to proteins with known function. By far the largest groups are channels and transporters, various classes of enzymes and putative receptors with signaling function. CONCLUSION: Our analysis provides an overview of all putative secreted and transmembrane proteins in C. elegans. This can serve as a basis for selecting groups of proteins for large-scale functional analysis using reverse genetic approaches.     

ON SOME GENERAL PROPERTIES OF PROTEINS

1. The processes of denaturation and coagulation of hemoglobin are like those of other proteins. 2. When hemoglobin is denatured it is probably depolymerized into hemochromogen. 3. When other proteins are denatured they, too, are probably depolymerized. Conversely, native proteins can be regarded as aggregates of denatured proteins. 4. The globins and histones are to be regarded as denatured proteins rather than as a distinct group of proteins. 5. The factors affecting the equilibrium between native and denatured proteins have been considered. 6. A non-polar group is uncovered when a protein is denatured. 7. It has been shown that judged by the two most sensitive tests for the specificity of proteins, it is only when proteins are in the native form that they are highly specific.     

2-DE技术中疏水性和碱性蛋白质的研究进展

双向凝胶电泳(2-DE)具有高分辨率、高通量等特点,已被广泛地用于蛋白质组的分离．但是它在分离疏水性蛋白质和碱性蛋白质时却遇到了极大的挑战．然而,疏水性与碱性蛋白质在全蛋白质中占相当大的比例,且具有很重要的生物学意义．因而,近年来,越来越多的研究者将目标瞄准这些蛋白质,并且取得了一些令人鼓舞的进展：用亚细胞预分离技术,顺序提取法等方法来富集疏水性蛋白质,用一些新的有效的增溶剂如硫脲,ASB一14等来改善疏水性蛋白质的溶解,应用这些技术2一DE可分辨出总平均疏水值达O．80的蛋白质;在碱性蛋白质分离方面,通过等电聚焦预处理,使用窄pH梯度胶条等大大地改善了碱性蛋白质在2-DE中的分离,能分辨出等电点达11．7的蛋白质．现对2-DE技术中疏水性和碱性蛋白质分离的研究进展进行综述．     

Signal-anchored proteins follow a unique insertion pathway into the outer membrane of mitochondria

Signal-anchored proteins are a class of mitochondrial outer membrane proteins that expose a hydrophilic domain to the cytosol and are anchored to the membrane by a single transmembrane domain in the N-terminal region. Like the vast majority of mitochondrial proteins, signal-anchored proteins are synthesized on cytosolic ribosomes and are subsequently imported into the organelle. We have studied the mechanisms by which precursors of these proteins are recognized by the mitochondria and are inserted into the outer membrane. The import of signal-anchored proteins was found to be independent of the known import receptors, Tom20 and Tom70, but to require the major Tom component, Tom40. In contrast to precursors destined to internal compartments of mitochondria and those of outer membrane beta-barrel proteins, precursors of signal-anchored proteins appear not to be inserted via the general import pore. Taken together, we propose a novel pathway for insertion of these proteins into the outer membrane of mitochondria.