菌根真菌对土壤呼吸以及凋落物分解的影响

土壤呼吸是植物固定的碳由陆地生态系统进入大气的主要途径之一; 凋落物分解是养分循环的重要环节。陆地植物的90%以上可同菌根真菌形成共生关系, 菌根真菌对于植物获取环境中的养分具有重要的作用。然而, 其对土壤呼吸和凋落物分解的影响却经常在生态系统对环境变化的响应研究中被忽视。本文系统地综述了国内外相关研究进展, 对菌根真菌如何影响土壤呼吸和凋落物分解这两个过程及这种影响如何受到环境变化的制约做了全面的分析, 并对以往研究中存在的问题以及未来的研究方向提出了展望。     

森林生态系统中土壤微生物的作用与应用

土壤微生物作为森林生态系统的重要组成部分,在林业可持续发展中扮演重要角色．本文就土壤微生物在森林生态系统中的作用作了综述．内容包括：土壤微生物区系及生物量在林业可持续发展中的作用、菌根在林业可持续发展中的作用、植物病原微生物对林业可持续发展的影响、PGPR在林业可持续发展中的作用．并对其今后的发展趋势及应用前景等问题作了探讨,提出了今后应进一步开展的研究方向．     

春兰菌根的显微结构及菌根真菌的分离

以盆栽春兰和野生春兰的根为材料,通过切片观察菌根真菌的分布特点和菌根的显微结构。同时采用组织分离方法从盆栽和野生春兰根分别分离得到6个和15个真菌菌株,分离菌株的出现频率分别为16．7％～50％和6．7％～73．3％,并由此判断CGP-3为盆栽春兰菌根的优势菌种,CGW-3为野生春兰菌根的优势菌种。经形态学观察将其初步分为6个分类单元,其中CGP-2和CGW-2分别具有拟日本曲霉（Aspergillus japonicus-like）和拟木霉属（Trichoderma sp.-like）的形态特征。此外,对兰科棺物与内生真菌间的专一件讲行了讨论。     

Effects of below-ground insects, mycorrhizal fungi and soil fertility on the establishment of Vicia in grassland communities

 The effects of, and interactions between, insect root feeders, vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and soil fertility on the establishment, growth and reproduction of Vicia sativa and V. hirsuta (Fabaceae) were investigated in an early-successional grassland community. Seeds of both species were sown into plots where soil insecticide (Dursban 5G), soil fungicide (Rovral) and soil fertiliser (NPK) were applied in a factorial randomised block design. Fertiliser addition reduced growth, longevity and reproduction of both Vicia species, due to the commonly recorded increase in the competitive advantage of the non-nitrogen-fixing species when nitrogen is added to the plant community. However, in plots where fertiliser was not applied, a reduction in root feeders and mycorrhizal infection led to an increase in seedling establishment and fruit production of V. sativa, and to an increase in flower production for both Vicia species. The interaction between all three soil treatments explained much of the variation in growth and longevity of V. sativa. Plants grew larger and survived longer in plots where natural levels of mycorrhizal infection and root feeders were low compared with plots where all the treatments were applied. This suggests that, although soil nutrient availability was a strong determinant of the performance of these two leguminous species, at natural levels of soil fertility biotic factors acting in the soil, such as mycorrhizal fungi and soil-dwelling insects, were important in shaping the competitive interactions between the two Vicia species and the plant community. Our results indicate that non-additive interactions between ecological factors in the soil environment may strongly affect plant performance. Received: 18 July 1995 / Accepted: 14 August 1996     

Mycorrhizal and dark septate endophytic fungi of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pedicularis</Emphasis> species from northwest of Yunnan Province,China

Colonization of mycorrhizal and root endophytic fungi in 14 Pedicularis species from northwest of Yunnan Province, southwest China, was examined. These species included: Pedicularis gracilis Wall., Pedicularis longipes Maxim., Pedicularis axillaris Franch., Pedicularis cephalantha Franch., Pedicularis tenuisecta Franch., Pedicularis tapaoensis Tsoong, Pedicularis likiangensis Franch., Pedicularis dichotoma Bonati, Pedicularis yui Li, Pedicularis rhinanthoides Schrenk, Pedicularis rex C.B. Clarke, Pedicularis longiflora Rudolph., Pedicularis siphonantha Don, and Pedicularis oxycarpa Franch., among which nine are endemic to China (one to Yunnan). Three types of potentially beneficial fungi associated with roots of these species were observed, namely, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, ectomycorrhizal fungi, and dark septate endophytic fungi (DSEF), with DSEF as the most common colonizers. An unexpected high colonization level was detected in this hemiparasitic genus. Of the 19 sampling sites examined, 10 gave colonization frequency of above 50% and 6 showed a colonization index of above 50. Heavy colonization suggested a significant ecological role of these fungi and their potential to be applied to successful cultivation of these intractable plants.     

菌根生物技术在退化草地生态系统中的意义

综述了草地生态系统退化的现状、原因及其恢复途径;综述了菌根在草地生态系统中的功能和作用的研究进展,表明菌根是草地生态系统中不可忽视的重要组成部分。菌根对草原生态系统的作用是多样的,重点讨论的是菌根对生物多样性的影响,提出维持草原生态系统的生物多样性是防止草地进一步退化的关键,菌根与植物的共生是是草场健康发展的关键。菌根生物技术在我国草地保护和草场恢复上具有重要的位置。     

基于SCI文献分析我国菌根学研究现状和发展方向

基于美国科学情报研究所(ISI)科学引文索引(Science Citation Index, SCI)数据库, 对1989~2007年期间我国发表的菌根研究论文进行检索, 并采用文献计量方法对所获资料进行统计和趋势分析。结果表明, 1989~2007年间, 我国菌根学研究呈现不断上升趋势, 尤其是2000年之后, 增长速度明显加快。但只有5.22%的论文发表于影响因子大于5的刊物, 在研究深度上仍需进一步加强。半数以上的研究论文与丛枝菌根研究有关, 研究重点主要集中在菌根对植物的生理效应, 菌根与植物抗性     

扬州地区合理林木覆盖率的探讨

一、概况扬州地区居江苏省中部,介于江淮之间,属于苏北平原的一部分。土地总面积为1,842.6万亩,占全省12%。总人口865.2万,农业人口770.06万。耕地总面积近900万亩,平均每个农业人口拥有1.16亩耕地。本地区属于北亚     

不同类型菌根菌对烟草幼苗生理代谢的影响

在自然土壤中以VA菌根菌接种烟草幼苗,测得叶片中N、P、K、叶绿素含量,硝酸还原酶活性及蛋白质含量均高于对照;与对照相比,接种的幼苗中丙二醛（MDA）、过氧化氢（H2O2）含量减少,超氧物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、过氧化物酶（POD）活性增加,同时以外生菌根菌两个菌株分别接种,与所测指标变化趋势相同,而且其中的Calvatia lilacina菌株超过VA菌根菌接种的效果。     

辽宁丹东地区柞树菌根真菌生态分布的研究

通过5年连续调查研究,发现辽宁丹东地区天然次生柞林中及部分柞树经济林中柞树菌根菌种类共有36种,隶属于7个科13个属,在此基础上研究分析了柞树菌根菌的生态分布与共生树种、树龄及季节的关系,结果表明,与蒙古栎共生的菌根菌种类最多,达29种;红菇属种类与柞树共生的树龄范围最广,鹅膏属种类偏重于与树龄较大的柞树共生;夏季的7、8月份为菌根菌发生的高峰期,75％的种类在7月份发生。100％的种类在8月份发生,8月中下旬菌根菌发生的相对密度最高,分别为19．5％和18．4％。     

Fungal communities in mycorrhizal roots of conifer seedlings in forest nurseries under different cultivation systems, assessed by morphotyping, direct sequencing and mycelial isolation

Fungi colonising root tips of Pinus sylvestris and Picea abies grown under four different seedling cultivation systems were assessed by morphotyping, direct sequencing and isolation methods. Roots were morphotyped using two approaches: (1) 10% of the whole root system from 30 seedlings of each species and (2) 20 randomly selected tips per plant from 300 seedlings of each species. The first approach yielded 15 morphotypes, the second yielded 27, including 18 new morphotypes. The overall community consisted of 33 morphotypes. The level of mycorrhizal colonisation of roots determined by each approach was about 50%. The cultivation system had a marked effect on the level of mycorrhizal colonisation. In pine, the highest level of colonisation (48%) was observed in bare-root systems, while in spruce, colonisation was highest in polyethylene rolls (71%). Direct internal transcribed spacer ribosomal DNA sequencing and isolation detected a total of 93 fungal taxa, including 27 mycorrhizal. A total of 71 (76.3%) fungi were identified at least to a genus level. The overlap between the two methods was low. Only 13 (13.9%) of taxa were both sequenced and isolated, 47 (50.5%) were detected exclusively by sequencing and 33 (35.5%) exclusively by isolation. All isolated mycorrhizal fungi were also detected by direct sequencing. Characteristic mycorrhizas were Phialophora finlandia, Amphinema byssoides, Rhizopogon rubescens, Suillus luteus and Thelephora terrestris. There was a moderate similarity in mycorrhizal communities between pine and spruce and among different cultivation systems.Electronic supplementary material Supplementary material is available for this article at and accessible for authorised users     

生物因子对AM真菌多样性的影响

丛枝菌根真菌(Arbuscular Mycorrhizas,AM）真菌分布于自然界各生态系统中,生态因子对AM真菌多样性个有举足轻重的影响,其中动物,植物,微生物,人为因素等生物因子的作用,亦日益受到人们的关注,通过介绍该领域最近10年来的研究成果,探讨和分析当前研究中所存在的问题和动向。     

菌根真菌在生态系统中的作用

 菌根是一种植物营养根与土壤真菌形成的共生体,在自然界中分布广泛。本文着重从以下几个方面介绍相关的研究进展：1) 菌根真菌作为生态系统的重要组成部分,具有不可忽视的生物量,并成为连接绿色植物和食真菌者食物链的重要一环;2) 菌根真菌通过参与凋落物的酶降解过程影响有机物的循环,通过促进生物固氮、加速土壤磷的风化、提高土壤溶液离子的有效性以及直接吸收等过程影响氮、磷、钾、钙、镁等元素的无机循环;3) 菌根真菌与土壤微生物间存在有益的或拮抗的相互作用,并可以直接或间接地影响根际生物区系的组成和数量;菌根真菌通过对宿主植物的有益作用而影响植物的种间竞争,通过菌根网络而形成的种团可以在同种或不同种植物间实现资源的重新分配和共享;由于对种间关系的作用和对食物链的影响,菌根真菌对群落的物种构成和多样性的维持具有重要的作用;菌根真菌是群落演替过程的指示者,也是这一过程的参与者和推动者,并且菌根真菌的存在也有利于提高土壤团聚体的稳定性及促进灰壤的形成;4) 菌根真菌的种类和数量可以指示生态系统中自然的或人类活动引起的变化,并可以在生态系统的保护、恢复或重建过程中发挥重要作用。文章的最后还介绍了最新的研究热点和发展趋势。     

辽东栎幼苗的外生菌根合成

 在温室花盆中播种辽东栎（Quercus liaotungensis）种子获得辽东栎幼苗,并对幼苗接种外生菌根真菌进行菌根合成试验。所用的外生菌根真菌有：铆钉菇（Gomphidius viscidus）、臭红菇（Russula foetens）、厚环乳牛肝菌（Suillus grevillei）、褐环乳牛肝菌（S. luteus）、彩色豆马勃（Pisolithus tinctorius）、美味牛肝菌（Boletus edulis）、赭丝膜菌（Cortinarius russus）、土生空团菌（Cenococ     

The mycorrhizal colonization of six wetland plant species at sites differing in land use history

 Five wetland prairie sites and six native plant species in western Oregon were examined to determine patterns of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (VAMF) colonization. The sites differed in type and intensity of past land use. VAMF colonization was tested in situ on seedlings from both field-sown seeds and from transplants. Colonization was measured as the percentage of root length with arbuscles or vesicles. All species (Deschampsia cespitosa, Downingia elegans, Eriophyllum lanatum, Hordeum brachyantherum, Microseris laciniata, and Plagiobothrys figuratus) became colonized by VAMF during the study. This is the first report of mycorrhizal colonization of these important native species. All sites supported mycorrhizal colonization of some of the experimental species. Average VAMF colonization ranged from 58% to 92% but was unrelated to subjective rankings of land use intensity. These results suggest that VAMF inoculum at all sites was sufficient to support revegetation by at least some species of native plants. Accepted: 16 September 1999     

北京松山自然保护区大型真菌调查初报

松山自然保护区是北京市的国家级保护区,具有暖温带北段典型的自然景观,保护对象为天然油松林和落叶阔叶林森林生态系统。此次报道了松山自然保护区部分地区大型真菌的初步调查结果,采用目前国内外普遍使用的Ainsworth(1973)的分类系统进行分类。采集到的这些大型真菌隶属于2个亚门,4目,16科,31种,其中食用、药用菌23种,木腐菌7种,外生菌根菌7种,有毒真菌6种。松山自然保护区内有丰富的物种多样性,动植物资源比较丰富,有益的食用菌、药用菌及菌根真菌种类相对较多,菌物资源的开发与利用潜力较大。