Selection on fruit traits is mediated by the interplay between frugivorous birds,fruit flies,parasitoid wasps and seed‐dispersing ants

Every organism on Earth must cope with a multitude of species interactions both directly and indirectly throughout its life cycle. However, how selection from multiple species occupying different trophic levels affects diffuse mutualisms has received little attention. As a result, how a given species amalgamates the combined effects of selection from multiple mutualists and antagonists to enhance its own fitness remains little understood. We investigated how multispecies interactions (frugivorous birds, ants, fruit flies and parasitoid wasps) generate selection on fruit traits in a seed dispersal mutualism. We used structural equation models to assess whether seed dispersers (frugivorous birds and ants) exerted phenotypic selection on fruit and seed traits in the spiny hackberry (Celtis ehrenbergiana), a fleshy‐fruited tree, and how these selection regimes were influenced by fruit fly infestation and wasp parasitoidism levels. Birds exerted negative correlational selection on the combination of fruit crop size and mean seed weight, favouring either large crops with small seeds or small crops with large seeds. Parasitoids selected plants with higher fruit fly infestation levels, and fruit flies exerted positive directional selection on fruit size, which was positively correlated with seed weight. Therefore, higher parasitoidism indirectly correlated with higher plant fitness through increased bird fruit removal. In addition, ants exerted negative directional selection on mean seed weight. Our results show that strong selection on phenotypic traits may still arise in perceived diffuse species interactions. Overall, we emphasize the need to consider diverse direct and indirect partners to achieve a better understanding of the mechanisms driving phenotypic trait evolution in multispecies interactions.     

Fruit flies reared from Terminalia catappa in Thailand

Bactrocera fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) are pests of cultivated plants worldwide. Many Bactrocera flies are specific to commercial vegetable and fruit crops but some may develop in alternate hosts. One such alternate host is malabar or Indian almond, Terminalia catappa L. (Combretaceae) in Thailand. We studied a wild mature tree that was at least 20 years old and growing in a protected environment of Kasetsart University Kamphaeng Saen campus in 2008. We found that fruit flies and their associated parasitoids were recovered only from ripening (yellow colored) malabar almond fruits. Four species of fruit flies were recorded: Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), B. correcta (Bezzi), B. latifrons (Hendel) and B. cucurbitae (Coquillett). Of the four species of parasitoids recorded; the braconid Fopius arisanus (Sonan) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) was most commonly recovered.     

Review of entomopathogenic fungi and nematodes as biological control agents of tephritid fruit flies: current status and a future vision

Several fruit fly species (Diptera: Tephritidae) are invasive pests that damage the quality of fruits in horticultural crops and cause significant value losses worldwide. Management of fruit flies mainly depends on conventional insecticides. Unfortunately, the application of synthetic insecticides has caused environmental pollution, risks for humans and animals, and development of resistance. Furthermore, controlling fruit flies by applying synthetic insecticides is challenging because fruit containing third instars often fall from the tree – subsequently the larvae leave the decaying fruits and pupate in the soil. Consequently, both larvae and pupae are protected from surface-applied insecticides in fruits and soil. So, there is a pressing need for more eco-friendly and selective control measures with new modes of action. Among such measures are entomopathogenic fungi (EPFs) and nematodes (EPNs). I gathered knowledge on past and present research about EPFs and EPNs as biocontrol agents against fruit flies to investigate approaches that may improve their capacities. I also highlighted several recommendations that may help future field studies on the suppression of fruit fly populations by EPFs and EPNs.     

Preliminary inventory of parasitoids associated with fruit flies in mangoes,guavas, cashew pepper and wild fruit crops in Benin

Fruit flies are pests of great economic importance due to their quarantine pest status and losses recorded in West Africa. An inventory of parasitoids associated with fruit flies in mangoes, guavas, cashew, pepper and major wild fruit crops was carried out in northern-central Benin in 2005, 2006, and 2008. Tephritid parasitoids reared from field-collected fruits belonged to three families: Braconidae (97.2%), Eulophidae (1.6%) and Pteromalidae (1.2%). Fopius caudatus (Szépligeti) accounted for 73.8% of all the parasitoids and therefore was the most abundant and widely distributed parasitoid. The parasitism rate was 7.7%, with the highest recorded in wild fruit crop habitat. Ceratitis cosyra (Walker) (77%) was the fly host most commonly reared from fruits that produced F. caudatus. The recently introduced pest Bactrocera invadens Drew Tsuruta and White was rarely parasitized and only by Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae (Rondani) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) at this time. This is the first report of the inventory of one native parasitoid species from B. invadens in Africa, especially in West Africa.     

Host status of Vaccinium reticulatum (Ericaceae) to invasive tephritid fruit flies in Hawaii

Ohelo (Vaccicinium reticulatum Small) (Ericaceae) is a native Hawaiian plant that has commercial potential in Hawaii as a nursery crop to be transplanted for berry production or for sale as a potted ornamental. No-choice infestation studies were conducted to determine whether ohelo fruit are hosts for four invasive tephritid fruit fly species. Ohelo berries were exposed to gravid female flies ofBactrocera dorsalis Hendel (oriental fruit fly), Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Mediterranean fruit fly), Bactrocera cucurbitae Coquillet (melon fly),or Bactrocera latifrons (Hendel) in screen cages outdoors for 24 h and then held on sand in the laboratory for 2 wk for pupal development and adult emergence. Only B. dorsalis successfully attacked and developed in ohelo berries. In total, 1570 berries produced 10 puparia, all of which emerged as adults, for a fruit infestation rate of 0.0064% and an average of 0.0053 puparia per gram of fruit. By comparison, papaya fruit used as controls produced an average of 1.44 B. dorsalis puparia per g of fruit. Ohelo berry is a marginal host for B. dorsalis and apparently a nonhost for C. capitata, B. cucurbitae, and B. latifrons. Commercial plantings of ohelo will rarely be attacked by fruit flies in Hawaii.     

Dietary wheat germ oil and age influences fatty acid compositions in adult oriental fruit flies

The oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae) is a serious pest of fruit crops in Asia, several Pacific Islands and sometimes the western United States, particularly California. Sterile insect technique programs have been developed for management of several tephritid fruit fly pests. These programs are based on continuous production of adult fruit flies. The high expense of mass-rearing oriental fruit flies drives research to improve the cost effectiveness of rearing programs. One recent improvement for mass rearing oriental fruit flies involves adding wheat germ oil (WGO) to the larval culture medium, which improved several parameters of biological performance. The performance enhancing influence of WGO is due to the presence of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), some of which are nutritionally essential for many insect species. We considered the issue of whether WGO supplementation of the larval culture medium influences the fatty acid make up of adult tissues. We report that WGO supplementation led to substantial increases in adult tissue C18 PUFAs. Unlike the outcomes of unrelated nutritional studies on moths, the PUFA components of WGO did not improve adult fruit fly performance. Taken with recent publications reporting that WGO in larval diets influences gene expression, we conclude that dietary WGO improves biological performance of adults through changes in tissue C18 PUFAs and gene expression.     

Parasitoid hymenopterans of Costa Rica: Geographical distribution of the species associated with fruit flies [Diptera: Tephritidae]

The geographical distribution of the parasitoid species associated with fruit flies in Costa Rica is presented. In a study of 319 fruit samples infested with larvae of fruit flies, collected from 135 localities, 8 parasitoid species were recovered from 11.0% of the fruit samples. Two species are considered to be indigenous, two were introduced for the biological control ofCeratitis capitata (Wiedemann) in this country, at least 3 unidentified species of eucoiline cynipoids and one species of uncertain origin was found for the first time. The identified parasitoids were:Doryctobracon crawfordi (Viereck) (indigenous),D. areolatus (Szépligeti) (indigenous),Biosteres longicaudatus Ashmead (introduced),Aceratoneuromyia indica (Silvestri) (introduced) andTrichopria sp. (indigenous?). The introduced species were more frequently associated withAnastrepha spp. than withC. capitata. The need for systematic monitoring of populations of released parasitoid species is suggested.     

Opiine parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and biological control of fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Australia: Past,present and future

Opiine braconids are parasitoids of the immature stages of frugivorous tephritids. The female wasp lays her eggs into the eggs or larvae of the fruit fly host, where the immature wasp develops before emerging as a next-generation adult from the now dead host pupal case. In support of a new generation of Australian fruit fly parasitoid research, this paper comprehensively reviews what is known about the Australian fruit fly infesting opiines. Based on the most recent taxonomic revision 11 fruit fly infesting opiine species are documented to occur in Australia, but we consider as doubtful the record for Diachasmimorpha longicaudata and consider the record for Fopius illusorius to be tentative without further collections. We identify that the systematics and taxonomy of the Australian native fruit fly infesting opiines are in urgent need of further work. The history of fruit fly biological control in Australia is comprehensively reviewed, including the export of native Australian opiines for fruit fly control elsewhere in the world. Australia was actively involved in three major classical biological control programmes against fruit flies from the turn of the 1900s until the mid-1960s. Despite the introduction of 11 opiine species, plus numerous other natural enemies, only Fopius arisanus established in eastern Australia, where in South-east Queensland it can now cause between 30 and 40% mean parasitism. In addition to the exotic F. arisanus, the native species Diachasmimorpha kraussii and Diachasmimorpha tryoni also cause fruit fly parasitism in agriculturally important crops: both species have also been liberated widely outside of Australia for fruit fly control. Other Australian opiines have not been reared from flies infesting commercial crops and appear biologically restricted to the fruits and environs of Australian east-coast rainforests. The biology literature for D. tryoni and D. kraussii is comprehensively reviewed, while for F. arisanus, already reviewed elsewhere, key literature only is covered. Forward looking, we consider the potential for inoculative or inundative releases of opiines in areas where they do not currently occur to be good, while conservation biological control may help to increase the impacts of parasitoids in areas where they are already established.     

Trapping tephritid fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in citrus groves of Fujian Province of China

Certain tephritid fruit flies, such as the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis, the Chinese citrus fly, B. minax and the Japanese orange fly, B. tsuneonis (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae), are destructive citrus pests in China. A two-year trapping study was conducted in pomelo, Citrus maxima, groves in Fujian Province of China. The objectives of this study were to investigate the species, the abundance of tephritid fruit flies in the orchards, as well as the efficacy of the selected lure traps to these flies. Four lure traps or devices, i.e. methyl eugenol + Steiner trap (ST), cuelure + ST, ammonium acetate + putrescine + ST, and sticky spheres, were deployed from June to November 2017 and April to October 2018. Six economically significant Dacini pests were trapped during the period. These flies are B. dorsalis, the melon fruit fly, Zeugodacus cucurbitae, the pumpkin fruit fly, Z. tau, the Malaysian fruit fly, B. latifrons, and other two species - B. rubigina and Z. scutellatus. B. dorsalis was the most abundant, accounting for more than 50% of the capture, followed by Z. cucurbitae. The remaining four species accounted for less than 2% of the total capture. B. minax and B. tsuneonis, two destructive citrus-damaging tephritid fruit flies in China, were not found during the trapping period. Methyl eugenol trapped the highest number of fruit flies, followed by cuelure.     

Size specific demography of three species of Anastrepha fruit flies

Individuals of three Anastrepha species: A. obliqua, A. ludens, and A. serpentina (Diptera: Tephritidae), were sorted according to pupal weight in cohorts of large and small flies. Demographic parameters and reproductive patterns and heterogeneity were determined for each cohort. Large flies of the three species presented greater expectation of life and gross fecundity rates. A. ludens was the species with the longest life span (expectation of life of large adults was 110 days) and the greatest gross fecundity rates (1597 eggs/female for the large flies). While, A. obliqua had the shortest mean age of reproduction (33 days), and the greatest daily egg production (14 eggs/female/day). Net fecundity was similar in these two. A. serpentina had lower fecundity rates.Reproductive information for each size and each species include: age-by-parity relations, fraction of sexually mature life in which females lay eggs, and frequency distribution of individual egg production. Results demonstrate that even under constant laboratory conditions and using standard artificial hosts, there is a great deal of life history variation among these Anastrepha species and among other tephritid fruit flies.     

Factors determining the structure and diversity of parasitoid complexes in tephritid fruit flies

Summary The relative importance of phylogenetic affinity of hosts versus their ecological characteristics in determining the composition of their parasitoid complexes was examined using the parasitoid complexes of six species of frugivorous fruit flies from Central Europe. The hosts were four Rhagoletis and two other trypetine species, ranging in their relatedness from host races to members of different genera. They also differed in ecological characteristics, utilizing host plants of three different families, and developing either as pulp- or seedfeeders inside the host fruit. These features made it feasible to test the following pair of hypotheses. The ecological hypothesis predicts that ecological traits such as host-plant and fruit fly phenologies and host-fruit texture should be more important for the composition of parasitoid complexes than the taxonomic relatedness of the fly species. Assuming that ecological relationships do not parallel phylogenetic ones, the alternative phylogenetic hypothesis predicts the opposite. In fruit and soil samples, taken between 1983 and 1989, three guilds of parasitoids comprising 20 species were found: guild 1 — koinobiotic larval parasitoids (e.g. Opius spp., which attack the host larvae but develop inside the host puparia); guild 2 — idiobiotic larval parasitoids (e.g. Pteromalus spp., which consume the host larvae at once); and guild 3 — idiobiotic puparium parasitoids (e.g. Phygadeuon spp.). Although some results support the phylogenetic hypothesis, the majority of results support the ecological hypothesis.     

Effects of recent experience on foraging in tephritid fruit flies

In field-cage studies, we investigated how the foraging behavior of tephritid fruit flies is modified by experience immediately prior to release on host plants. We observed females of a relatively monophagous species,Rhagoletis mendax (blueberry maggot fly), an oligophagous species,Rhagoletis pomomella (apple maggot fly), and a polyphagous species,Ceratitis capitata (Mediterranean fruit fly). Just prior to release on a host plant, the following kinds of stimuli were supplied: (1) single oviposition in a host fruit, (2) contact with 20% sucrose, (3) contact with a mixture of protein food (bird feces and sucrose), (4) contact with water, and (5) a walk over a host-plant leaf. When flies foraged on host plants without resources, search was most intensive (as measured by number of leaves visited) following a single oviposition in fruit, but residence time generally was the same following exposure to sugar, protein, and fruit stimuli.Rhagoletis mendax andC. capitata females visited the fewest leaves following exposure to water or host leaves, whereasR. pomonella foraged equally intensively following exposure to food stimuli, water, or leaves. On host plants containing resources (fruit and protein food), a single oviposition dramatically increased the number of females of all three species that found fruit compared to females that received experience with food, water or foliar stimuli. We found no significant effect of recent brief experience with any of the stimuli on subsequent attraction to protein food. Overall,C. capitata exhibited a higher propensity to abandon host plants than eitherR. mendax orR. pomonella. We suggest that this may reflect adaptations to differences in distribution of host plants in nature, strategies of dispersal, and host range.     

Presence of the endosymbiont Wolbachia among some fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) from Iran: A multilocus sequence typing approach

Wolbachia is a widespread endosymbiont of insects with a diverse range of biological effects on its hosts. We studied the prevalence of Wolbachia in some important species of tephritids in Iran. Among different populations of five fruit fly species, Dacus ciliatus (cucurbit fly), Rhagoletis cerasi (cherry fruit fly), Ceratitis capitata (Mediterranean fruit fly), Myiopardalis pardalina (melon fly) and Carypomya vesuviana (jujube fly), two species, R. cerasi and C. vesuviana, showed infection with separate Wolbachia strains, namely wCer6 and wVes1, respectively. C. vesuviana is introduced here as a novel host for Wolbachia. Genotyping of Wolbachia strains in 12 populations of five fruit fly species, using multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and the wsp gene sequence showed the occurrence of two new strains as well as a new strain type (ST) belonging to the A supergroup. On the basis of the results of this study, 12 barcodes under five species of Iranian tephritids have been added to the database of DNA barcodes. Inter- and intra-specific differences among COI sequences showed a clear gap in barcoding among most fruit flies.     

实蝇类昆虫的引诱剂和诱捕器

实蝇科昆虫的许多种类是重要的入侵物种, 在国际植物检疫领域具有重要地位。联合国粮农组织（FAO）和《国际植物保护公约（IPPC）》积极倡导国际合作实施对实蝇类害虫的有效控制, 不断完善和出版实蝇控制技术手册并制定相关的国际植物检疫标准。引诱剂和诱捕器是实蝇类害虫监测、调查和防治中最重要的手段之一, 被广泛采用。国际上普遍认可的实蝇诱剂主要包括蛋白质诱剂（PA)、甲基丁香酚（ME）、诱蝇酮（CUE）、乙酸铵诱剂（AA）、乙酸铵盐诱剂（AS）、TML 诱剂、己酸丁酯诱剂（BuH）、吡嗪诱剂（MVP）等, 我国也研发了大量植物型和食物型诱剂。国际上常用实蝇诱捕器有20多种, 依据捕获实蝇的不同方式分为干型诱捕器、湿型诱捕器和干湿综合型诱捕器3类。同时, 我国利用各种塑料瓶研制了多种多样的诱捕器。本文对国际、国内实蝇诱剂和诱捕器等研究和利用情况进行了总结, 提出我国在建设外向型水果非疫区的实蝇监测中应使用国际标准的诱剂和诱捕器, 以便获得国际认可并促进我国优势农产品顺利进入国际市场, 在研发诱剂和诱捕器时做到标准化并及时申请专利保护、推向国际市场以便获得国际有关标准的采用和认可。     

Parasitons of non-target tephritid flies in hawaii: Implications for biological control of fruit fly pests

We surveyed the parasitoid complex associated with four non-pest tephritid flies in Hawaii,Procecidochares alani Steyskal (on the Island of Hawaii), andEutreta xanthochaeta Aldrich,Phaeogramma lortnocoibon Asquith, andTrupanea dubautiae (Byran) (on the island of Kauai). The former two tephritids are deliberatelyintroduced biological control agents of weeds; and the latter two are endemic to the Hawaiian Islands. Ten species of hymenopterous parasitoids in six families were recovered from these four non-pest tephritids. Among these species of parasitoids, six were inadvertently introduced to Hawaii, includingEurytoma tephritidis Fullaway (Eurytomidae),Bracon terryi (Bridwell) (Braconidae),Habrocytus elevatus (Walker) (Pteromalidae),Euderus metallicus (Ashmead) (Eulophidae),Torymus advenus (Osten Sacken) (Torymidae), andEupelmus allynii (French) (Eupelmidae); and three were purposely introduced to Hawaii for classical biological control of economically important pests, includingEupelmus cushmani (Crawford),Diachasmimorpha tryoni (Cameron), (Braconidae), andDiachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead). The relative abundance of parasitoid species and percent parasitism varied with the tephritid hosts. Our findings indicate that future development and implementation of biological control programs against frugivorous tephritids or other pests should consider the potential impact of some of the parasitoids on deliberately-introduced weed control agents. Before we can fully assess the potential impacts of some of the purposely-introduced parasitoids on non-target tephritids, however, effects of the many vagrant parasitoids associated with the non-targets should be thoroughly investigated     

Advancements in management of major fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in North Africa and future challenges: A review

Fruit flies are one of the most economically damaging pests of fleshy fruits worldwide. Two species of highest concern for fruit production in North Africa are the Mediterranean fruit fly (Medfly) Ceratitis capitata (Wied.) and the peach fruit fly (PFF) Bactrocera zonata (Saunders) (in Egypt and Libya only). Currently, both fruit fly species are mainly targeted by chemical applications of broad-spectrum contact insecticides. Despite the disparities in control efforts among North African countries, government and research are focused on reducing chemical reliance and adopt more environmentally friendly technologies. In this review, advances in integrated pest management (IPM) implementation against fruit flies are outlined for each country. In addition, challenges for future efforts are identified with emphasis on the efficacy of trapping for monitoring and control.     

Distance-dependent capture probability of male Mediterranean fruit flies in trimedlure-baited traps in Hawaii

Many countries operate regional trapping programs for the detection of exotic tephritid fruit flies, which because of their polyphagous habits pose a serious threat to fruit and vegetable crops. Detection of the Mediterranean fruit fly (medfly), Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), relies primarily on trimedlure (TML), a synthetic male-specific lure, yet few studies have measured the relationship between distance from TML-baited traps and the probability of male capture, and consequently the detection sensitivity of medfly trapping programs is largely unknown. The present study measured distance-dependent capture probabilities for male C. capitata in TML-baited traps using mark–release–recapture procedures. Releases were performed at distances of 25, 50, 100, and 200 m at 4 sites in Hawaii, and the resulting capture rates were used to estimate the minimum detectable population size (detection probability > 99.9%) for a trapping density of 5 TML traps per 2.59 km² (= 1 mi², the density used in California, USA). Capture rates were similar for 3 of the sites (6.5%, 3.8%, 1.1%, and 0.1% for the 4 distances, respectively) and yielded an estimated minimum detectable population of ≈ 2300 males, a value similar to that obtained in a comparable study conducted in California. For unknown reasons, capture rates were significantly lower at the remaining site (1.8%, 0.6%, 0.1%, 0.04%) and the estimated minimum detectable population was correspondingly much larger (≈ 10,000 males). Implications of these results for medfly detection programs are discussed.     

Molecular evolution of tephritid fruit flies in the genus Bactrocera based on the cytochrome oxidase I gene

Fruit flies of the genus Bactrocera (Diptera: Tephritidae) are one of the major economically important insects in Asia and Australia. Little attention has been given to analyses of molecular phylogenetic relationships among Bactrocera subgenera. By using mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene (COI) sequences, the phylogenetic relationships among four subgenera, Asiadacus, Bactrocera, Hemigymnodacus, and Zeugodacus, were investigated. Nucleotide diversity within subgenera ranged from 11.7 to 12.4%, and the net divergence among subgenera ranged from 11.2 to 15.7%. Phylogenetic trees calculated from both maximum parsimony and neighbor-joining phylogenetic analysis methods were highly congruent in terms of tree topologies. Phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial COI sequences suggests that tephritid fruit fly species, which attack cucurbit plants, that is, Asiadacus, Hemigymnodacus and Zeugodacus, were more closely related to each other than to fruit fly species of the subgenus Bactrocera, which attack plants of numerous families. Our data supports previous classification of Bactrocera based on morphological characters. However, the phylogenetic tree showed the polyphyletic of fruit flies in subgenus Zeugodacus. Possible causes of speciation among fruit flies species in this genus were also discussed.     

中国重要检疫性实蝇的全球分布和入侵情况

实蝇是重要的蔬菜瓜果害虫。本文重点概述入侵中国实蝇的寄主植物、原产地、首次发现时间、入侵地、国内外分布和入侵扩散途径,全面整理重要检疫性实蝇的全球分布和入侵情况,同时根据全球重要检疫性实蝇的分布情况为警惕和预防实蝇入侵我国提供理论支持。本文指出,领土相邻是实蝇入侵我国的重要条件：入侵中国的实蝇原产地是中国的邻国日本、印度和泰国,最早发现地是中国的沿海和沿边地区,分别为中国台湾、广西、云南和新疆吐鲁番。寄主植物的种类数量与实蝇的分布范围正相关：橘小实蝇和瓜实蝇是多食性昆虫,分别危害305和61种植物,分别在全球83和58个国家均有发生。枣实蝇、蜜柑大实蝇和黑颜面实蝇是寡食性昆虫,只危害同属植物,仅入侵原产地周边的些许国家。随着国际瓜果贸易交流频繁,全球重要的检疫实蝇由原产地国家逐渐向周边国家扩散,其中油橄榄实蝇、桃果实蝇、埃塞尔比亚寡鬓实蝇、黑樱桃实蝇和苹果实蝇已经入侵至我国周边国家,需要警惕和预防其从沿边省份入侵我国。加强检疫和管理是防治实蝇入侵和扩散的重要手段,同时也需要中国的科研工作者进一步对世界上重大检疫实蝇的入侵风险评估、防控对策、分子鉴定和快速检测方法进行研究。     

Management and eradication options for Queensland fruit fly

Several tephritid fruit flies have explosive population growth and a wide host range, resulting in some of the largest impacts on horticultural crops, reducing marketable produce, and limiting market access. For these pests, early detection and eradication are routinely implemented in vulnerable areas. However, social and consumer concerns can limit the types of population management tools available for fruit fly incursion responses. Deterministic population models were used to compare eradication tools used at typical densities alone and in combination against the Queensland fruit fly (‘Qfly’), Bactrocera tryoni. The models suggested that tools that prevent egg laying are likely to be most effective at reducing populations. Tools that induced mortality once Qfly was sexually mature only slowed population growth, as successful mating still occurred. Release of sterile Qfly when using the sterile insect technique (SIT) interferes with the successful mating of wild flies, and of the tools investigated here, SIT caused the greatest reduction in the population at the prescribed release rate. Used in tandem with SIT, protein baits slightly improved the rate of population reduction, but the male annihilation technique (MAT) almost nullified control by SIT due to the mortality induced on sterile flies. The model suggested that the most rapid decrease in population size would be achieved by SIT plus protein baits. However, the model predicted both the SIT and protein baits when used alone would result in population reduction. The MAT can be used prior to SIT release to increase overflooding ratios.