松杉灵芝发酵菌丝体中水溶多糖的分离纯化与结构的比较研究

松杉灵芝发酵菌丝体经热水提取,冻融分级及乙醇二次分级,分离纯化出GFb级份,电泳及凝胶柱层析示其为均一多糖,分子量为9.8万。小于子实体多糖相应级份。 GFb经红外光谱,气相色谱,气质联机,碳13核磁共振,高碘酸盐氧化,Smith降解,甲基化及部分酸水解分析,确定其基本结构中主链为1→6葡萄糖基和1→6半乳糖基构戍,二者之比为1∶1,分支点在0-3位上,分枝点率为50％,与子实体多糖GF_3相同,侧链由1→3葡萄糖基,1→4葡萄糖基,末端葡萄糖基及末端半乳糖基构成,分子中分枝率为55.6％,较子实体多糖GF_3分枝率略低,分枝链略短。     

松杉灵芝发酵菌丝体中水溶多糖的分离纯化与结构的比较研究

松杉灵芝发酵菌丝体经热水提取，冻融分级及乙醇二次分级，分离纯化出ＧＦｂ级份，电泳及凝胶柱层析示其为均一多糖，分子量为９．８万。小于子实体多糖相应级份。ＧＦｂ经红外光谱，气相色谱，气质联机，碳１３核磁共振，高碘酸盐氧化，Ｓｍｉｔｈ降解，甲基化及部分酸水解分析。确定其基本结构中主链为１→６葡萄糖基和１→６半乳糖基构成，二者之比为１：１，分支点在０－３位上，分枝点率为５０％，与子实体多糖ＧＦ３相同，侧链     

灵芝蛋白类活性成分的研究进展

灵芝蛋白质是除了灵芝多糖和三萜外,另一类重要的活性物质。它不仅是灵芝生命活动的重要物质而且具有独特免疫原性使其在免疫调节和抗肿瘤病等方面具显著效果。近年来,国内外在灵芝蛋白质的结构特征和生物活性等研究方面已取得显著的成效。本文综述了灵芝蛋白类活性物质的种类和特征,叙述了相关的药理功能,探讨了灵芝蛋白质研究的前景和意义。     

灵芝对小鼠空间分辨学习与记忆的影响

本文用Y-型迷宫法测试小鼠空间分辨行为。实验结果表明,每日ig灵芝2.58/kg共7d,有明显促进学习的作用。每日ig灵芝2.5g/kg共7d或ig灵芝5g/kg共7d都能显著地拮坑东莨菪碱所致学习障碍的作用。此外,学习训练后立即ig灵芝2.5g/kg或ig灵芝5g/kg也有明显地改善东莨菪碱损害记忆巩固的作用。     

菌草灵芝与段木灵芝的功效成分的比较研究

测定并比较菌草灵芝和不同产地的段木灵芝中的粗多糖、三萜类物质和孢子油中三萜类物质的含量和孢子油得率的差异。结果表明,菌草灵芝和不同产地的段木灵芝中的粗多糖、三萜类物质和孢子油中三萜类物质的含量和孢子油得率存在着差异,菌草灵芝中的粗多糖、三萜类物质和孢子油中三萜类物质的含量和孢子油得率都高于段木灵芝。     

药用真菌灵芝液体培养过程中的抗氧化活性研究

灵芝Ganoderma lingzhi是一种重要的药用真菌,已被《中国药典》正式收录。本研究主要以菌丝体干重、多糖含量、多酚含量、黄酮含量、抗坏血酸（ascorbic acid,AA）含量、总抗氧化能力（total antioxidant capacity,T-AOC）、超氧化物歧化酶（superoxide dismutase,SOD）活性、羟自由基清除能力、超氧阴离子清除能力、1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼（1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH）自由基清除能力、2,2′-连氮-双(3-乙基苯并噻唑-6-磺酸)[2,2′-azino-bis(3- ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid),ABTS]自由基清除能力、铁离子还原能力（ferric reducing antioxidant power,FRAP）和亚铁离子螯合能力为测定指标,对灵芝液体培养过程中的抗氧化活性进行了评价。结果显示,该菌具有较高的抗氧化活性,体现在液体培养过程中生长代谢旺盛,可分泌大量多糖、多酚、黄酮、AA等物质和SOD等酶类,对羟自由基、超氧阴离子、DPPH自由基及ABTS自由基等的清除效果显著,且具有较强的铁离子还原能力和亚铁离子螯合作用,这也说明该菌的抗氧化活性与其自身的生长状况、次级代谢产物分泌及还原能力等密切相关。此外,一定的环境胁迫压力也可以激发该菌启动自身的抗氧化系统以保护机体免受氧化损伤。     

免疫活性细胞中的非神经元型胆碱能系统

本文对淋巴细胞、巨噬细胞、粒细胞、肥大细胞及胶质细胞等免疫活性细胞中非神经元型胆碱能系统的特点、药理学和病理生理学意义进行了综述。免疫活性细胞,尤其是淋巴细胞中存在完整、独立的胆碱能系统。与神经元型胆碱能系统相比,该系统具有不同特点,如乙酰胆碱(ACh)的合成存在于整个细胞内;ACh可能储存于细胞中某种储存结构,也可能不需储存,而是按需合成并直接释放。免疫活性细胞中的非神经元型胆碱能系统对机体免疫功能及炎症过程可能发挥重要的调控作用。对该系统的深入研究将有助于进一步阐明免疫性疾病、炎症/感染性疾病和神经退行性疾病等的病理生理和发现药物治疗的新靶标。     

灵芝两个无孢品种中水提物成分分析及免疫活性比较

龙芝2号和鹿角灵芝均为赤芝的栽培品种,且在生长发育过程中均不产生孢子。目前,尚缺乏对两者化学成分和药理活性的系统比较研究。本研究以灵芝两个无孢品种——龙芝2号和鹿角灵芝为原料,研究对比两者子实体水提物成分差异及免疫活性的强弱。采用化学及仪器分析相结合的方法,分析两者水提物中的多糖得率、含量、重均分子量分布特征及核苷、蛋白质、氨基酸含量差异,并研究了灵芝两个无孢品种水提物样品刺激RAW 264.7细胞释放NO活性。结果表明,两者多糖得率及含量差异不大,但龙芝2号中重均分子量分布范围较广,多糖分子量较大,其含有3种多糖,分子量分别为2.021×10⁶、1.802×10⁶和4.825×10⁵,而鹿角灵芝中仅含有1种多糖,分子量为1.589×10⁴;两者中含有的核苷种类相似,但各核苷的含量存在差异;鹿角灵芝和龙芝2号中蛋白质含量分别为10.70%和10.32%,两者均不含有组氨酸,蛋氨酸在两者中含量均较高,分别达到2.556%和2.591%。从鹿角灵芝和龙芝2号中得到的水提物样品均具有体外刺激巨噬细胞释放NO的活性。     

灵芝菌丝体三萜及其药理活性的研究进展

菌丝体作为灵芝生长发育过程中的一个特定生理阶段,会产生不同于子实体和孢子的特定结构的灵芝酸类三萜化合物。本文总结了灵芝菌丝体中已发现和鉴定的三萜化合物结构、生物活性及其构效关系的研究进展,以期为灵芝菌丝体三萜在生物合成、代谢调控等的基础研究及相关产品的开发应用提供科学参考。     

Isolating a Cytoprotective Compound from Ganoderma tsugae: Effects on Induction of Nrf-2-Related Genes in Endothelial Cells

Ganoderma tsugae is a medicinal fungus with several biological activities. It has long been used as a folk remedy for the promotion of health and longevity in China and other oriental countries. Here, a bioactive fraction of G. tsugae was progressively purified to be enriched in the activity of cytoprotective enzymes. The highest bioactivity was detected in the 20% EtOH-precipitated fraction, which was prepared from submerged fermentation filtrate of G. tsugae. Following further purification by gel filtration chromatography and acetone extraction, the most bioactive fraction, F5-2, was identified as a peptidoglycan-like compound. Extracts of G. tsugae (F5-2) induced heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and thioredoxin reductase-1 (TrxR1) expression in endothelial cells by increasing NF-E2-related factor-2 (Nrf2) nuclear translocation. Pretreatment with F5-2 increased intracellular glutathione (GSH) and protected against H₂O₂, suggesting that induction of these antioxidant enzymes is important in protection against oxidative stress. Hence the bioactive peptidoglycan-like compound from G. tsugae might protect endothelial cells.     

灵芝不同菌株胞外多糖的单糖组成和抗氧化活性分析

灵芝多糖是药用真菌灵芝的主要活性成分之一。早期研究发现不同灵芝子实体多糖的单糖组成和活性存在差异,但不同灵芝菌株胞外多糖的单糖组成和活性是否有区别仍不清楚。本研究通过液体发酵获得灵芝菌株5.26和5.616的胞外多糖,使用DEAE-cellulose和Sephadex G-200柱色谱分离纯化得到了两种多糖(5.26-2-1和5.616-2-1),并对5.26-2-1,5.616-2-1的单糖组成和抗氧化活性进行了分析。结果表明,5.26-2-1主要由甘露糖、半乳糖醛酸、半乳糖和葡萄糖组成,而5.616-2-1主要由甘露糖、半乳糖和葡萄糖组成。5.26-2-1中葡萄糖的摩尔百分比为63.97%,显著高于5.616-2-1(29.3%),但半乳糖的摩尔百分比为9.34%,显著低于5.616-2-1 (42.78%)。当多糖质量浓度为2 mg/mL时,5.26-2-1的Fe²⁺螯合能力、对1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH)和羟自由基(·OH)的最大清除率分别为71.9%、71.3%和60.8%,显著高于5.616-2-1的值(63.5%、60.4%和51.8%...     

灵芝羊毛甾烷型三萜抗肿瘤构效关系初探

多篇文献报道灵芝三萜具有良好的抗肿瘤活性,但其构效关系和作用靶点尚未系统比较。本研究以45种灵芝三萜为研究对象,通过对小鼠白血病细胞L1210的增殖抑制测定,来评价化合物抗肿瘤的能力。结果表明,灵芝菌丝体三萜和子实体中性三萜的活性较强。进一步采用Discovery Studio分子对接技术探讨了12种活性较强的灵芝三萜与5种抗肿瘤作用相关蛋白p53、Bcl-xl、EGFR、IL-2和VEGFR2之间可能的作用靶点,推测三萜化合物抗肿瘤能力与其结构上的乙酰氧基和母环上的共轭双键有关。其中,具有这一特征的含有3个乙酰氧基的ganoderic acid T,其抗肿瘤活性最强。本研究为灵芝三萜活性位点的寻找和结构改造提供了参考。     

Effects of a memory enhancing peptide on cognitive abilities of brain-lesioned mice: additivity with huperzine A and relative potency to tacrine.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) and related dementing disorders having cognitive manifestations represent an increasing threat to public health. In the present study, the effects of a memory enhancing NLPR tetra-peptide (MEP), huperzine A (Hup A), or a combination of the two on the cognitive abilities of brain-lesioned mice were evaluated and compared with tacrine in the passive avoidance and Y-water maze tests for the acquisition and retention aspects of cognitive functions. MEP at microg kg(-1) doses, and Hup A or tacrine at mg kg(-1) doses significantly reversed the cognition deficits induced by scopolamine. For acquisition ability, it was observed that mice administered with MEP (4.0 microg kg(-1)) spent less time escaping onto the platform in the water maze than those treated with tacrine (1.5 mg kg(-1)); whereas for memory retention, tacrine-administration resulted in a higher step-through latency in mice at the tested dose regime. In addition, co-administration of MEP (2.0 microg kg(-1)) and Hup A (0.1 mg kg(-1)) exhibited an additive effect resulting in considerable improvements in both acquisition and retention abilities of brain-lesioned mice. The results demonstrated that MEP was highly efficient in the rescue of cognitive abilities of brain-lesioned mice and in particular, the effective doses of MEP were about two orders of magnitude lower than that of tacrine, a therapeutic currently used in the treatment of AD. Moreover, MEP and Hup A were effective at reduced doses when the two were co-administered, providing a rationale for their combined usage in the treatment of cognitive deficits.     

正常人长时数字记忆信息提取的神经基础的功能磁共振研究

本文旨在通过功能磁共振成像(functional magnetic resonance imaging,fMRI)技术研究正常人进行长时数字记忆信息提取的神经基础。选取22名右利手志愿者进行长时数字记忆任务实验,采用组块设计,记忆任务与对照任务交替进行,同时利用Siemens 1.5T超导型磁共振仪进行fMRI成像,采用SPM99软件进行数据分析,脑功能区定位在Talairach坐标中显示。结果显示被试者在进行长时数字记忆提取任务时,激活最显著的皮层是左侧额中回(Brodmann分区9区,BA9区),另外左额叶内侧回、左额下回、右额下回、扣带回、左顶下小叶、左顶上小叶、右顶上小叶、右颞中回、左枕舌回、左枕中回、右中脑、小脑、右尾状核尾部等结构也有激活,各大脑皮层的激活均呈现明显的左侧半球优势。根据上述结果推论,长时数字记忆由以左侧大脑半球为优势的各脑区共同参与完成,其中左侧额叶外侧面可能是信息提取的重要结构,而其它脑叶及其之间的广泛联系可能在数字信息的加工、处理和存储中起重要作用。     

Effects of tenuifolin extracted from radix polygalae on learning and memory: A behavioral and biochemical study on aged and amnesic mice

Although normal cognitive changes take place when a person becomes older, aging in humans is generally associated with deterioration of cognitive performance and, in particular, of learning and memory. These cognitive deficits can cause debilitating consequences due to aging. There are a number of herbal medicines which are reported to improve brain function including intelligence.In the present study, improving effects of tenuifolin, extracted from Radix Polygalae (RP), on learning and memory in aged and dysmnesia mice were determined using step-down type passive avoidance test or Y type maze trial. Oral administration of tenuifolin (0.02, 0.04, 0.08 g/kg d⁻¹, for 15 d) evidently improved the latency and number of errors in aged and dysmnesia mice. The levels of cortical acetylcholine esterase (AChE) activity and hippocampal neurotransmitters in aged mice given tenuifolin (0.02, 0.04, 0.08 g/kg d⁻¹, for 15 d) were also investigated, and increased levels of norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA), decreased activity of AChE were found. However, serotonin (5-HT) had no significant difference from that of aged mice given distilled water. The evident improvement of learning and memory of aged mice is carried out by the effects of tenuifolin on the three stages of memory process, that is, acquisition, consolidation and retrieval. This may do so by relatively increasing the levels of NE, DA in the hippocampus and by decreasing the activity of AChE in the cortex.     

视皮层LTP维持阶段的突触形态计量学研究

本实验使用１８～２０ｄ的幼年大鼠视皮层脑片标本,在ＬＴＰ出现后３ｈ取局部微脑片固定进行ＬＴＰ维持阶段超微结构的研究。分别与孵育相同时间而未予任何刺激的脑片和仅给予测试刺激的脑片作比较。运用图像分析仪分别对三组电镜结果进行以下参数的测量：（１）突触间隙的宽度;（２）突触后致密物（ＰＳＤ）的厚度;（３）活性区的长度;和（４）突触界面曲率。用双盲法对突触数目进行计量,并用立体计量学方法对各种突触类型进行定量,所得数据用方差分析进行统计学处理。结果显示：（１）ＬＴＰ形成后１５ｈ左右,其反应达到峰值,然后维持在最高水平一直到３ｈ仍无下降趋势;（２）突触间隙的宽度较两个对照组明显增宽;（３）ＰＳＤ的厚度也明显增厚;（４）活性区的面密度及突触界面曲率明显增加;（５）总突触数目和棘突触数目的数密度较空白对照明显增高;（６）穿孔性突触的数密度与对照组相比明显增加。结果提示：活性区面密度的增加及突触界面曲率的增大可能是ＬＴＰ维持的形态学基础。穿孔性突触的形成与ＬＴＰ的维持密切相关。     

不同小麦品种的根系生理特性,磷的吸收及利用效率对产量影？…

不同小麦品种的分蘖数、叶片数、干物量与根系总吸收面积及活跃吸收面积呈正相关,在低磷处理的相关性均达到显著水平。此各品种收获得期的干物量及籽粒产量亦与株吸磷量及利用效率呈正相关。通过各因素的比较,鉴定出在低磷条件下可获较高产量的品种。     

A pilot crossover study: effects of an intervention using an activity monitor with computerized game functions on physical activity and body composition

Background

Wearing an activity monitor as a motivational tool and incorporating a behavior-based reward system or a computerized game element might have a synergistic effect on an increase in daily physical activity, thereby inducing body fat reduction. This pilot crossover study aimed to examine the effects of a short-term lifestyle intervention using an activity monitor with computerized game functions on physical activity and body composition.

Methods

Twenty healthy volunteers (31 ± 3 years) participated in a 12-week crossover study. The participants were randomly assigned to either Group A (a 6-week game intervention followed by a 6-week normal intervention) or Group B (a 6-week normal intervention followed by a 6-week game intervention). The participants wore both a normal activity monitor (Lifecorder EX) and an activity monitor with computerized game functions (Yuuhokei) during the game intervention, whereas they only wore a normal activity monitor during the normal intervention. Before, during, and after the intervention, body composition was assessed.

Results

Significantly more daily steps were recorded for the game intervention than for the normal intervention (10,520 ± 562 versus 8,711 ± 523 steps/day, P < 0.01). The participants performed significantly more physical activity at an intensity of ≥ 3 metabolic equivalents (METs) in the game intervention than in the normal intervention (3.1 ± 0.2 versus 2.4 ± 0.2 METs · hour/day, P < 0.01). Although body mass and fat were significantly reduced in both periods (P < 0.01), the difference in body fat reduction was significantly greater in the game intervention than in the normal intervention (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

A short-term intervention using an activity monitor with computerized game functions increases physical activity and reduces body fat more effectively than an intervention using a standard activity monitor.