大叶桃花心木根的化学成分研究

为了解大叶桃花心木(Swietenia macrophylla King)的化学成分,从其根的乙醇提取物中共分离得到13个化合物,经理化性质和波谱分析,分别鉴定为1,5-dihydroxyxanthone(1)、1,6-dihydroxy-5-methoxyxanthone(2)、euxanthone(3)、1,2-dimethoxyxanthone(4)、(+)儿茶素(5)、(+)sesamin(6)、bis-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate(7)、3-oxotirucalla-7,24-dien-21-oic acid(8)、(20S)-3β-acetoxy-24-methylenedam-maran-20-ol(9)、cycloeucalenol(10)、β-谷甾醇(11)、7-deacetoxy-7-oxogedunin(12)和7-deacetoxy-7α-hydroxygedunin(13),其中化合物1~4、6~10和13为首次从桃花心木属植物中分离得到,且化合物4对乙酰胆碱酯酶具有一定的抑制活性。     

柑桔果实中柠檬苦素类化合物的研究现状与展望

柠檬苦素类似物（ｌｉｍｏｎｏｉｄ）是三萜类的植物次生代谢产物,主要存在于芸香科和楝科植物中。柠檬苦素（ｌｉｍｏｎｉｎ）及其类似物存在于柑桔属（Ｃｉｔｒｕｓ）的多种植物中。至今已从柑桔属植物中分离出３６种柠檬苦素类似物及１７种柠檬苦素类似物配糖体。柑桔中苦味原因之一为柠檬苦素类似物。作为其代表具有强烈苦味的柠檬苦素和诺米林如果在柑桔果汁中含量超过６ｍｇ／Ｌ,那么这种柑桔用于饮食业已不适合［１］。近年来,笔者对柑桔果实中的柠檬苦素类似物的生理变化及生物合成作过系统研究［１～９］,并提出将柠檬苦素类似…     

柑橘类柠檬苦素抗癌活性研究进展

柑橘作为受人喜爱的第一大果品,其主要次生代谢产物类柠檬苦素具有抗癌、降低胆固醇、镇静、催眠、抗焦虑、抑菌、抗病毒等多种生物活性。近年来,柑橘类柠檬苦素抗癌活性已成为国际研究热点并广受社会关注。该文从清除自由基、激发谷胱甘肽转移酶、降低致癌物质致癌活性以及抑制肿瘤细胞增殖等四个方面综述了柑橘类柠檬苦素抗癌国际最新研究进展,并对柑橘类柠檬苦素抗癌活性及其构效关系进行了讨论。     

大叶桃花心木树皮化学成分研究

为了解大叶桃花心木(Swietenia macrophylla)树皮的化学成分,采用硅胶、凝胶、制备液相等手段分离、纯化,从其树皮提取物中分离得到9个化合物。根据理化性质及波谱数据,鉴定化合物结构分别为香草酸(1)、东莨菪素(2)、大黄素甲醚(3)、3,4,5-三甲氧基苯基-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(4)、(+)-儿茶素(5)、5′-甲氧基异落叶松脂素-9′-O-β-D-吡喃木糖苷(6)、南烛木树脂酚-9′-O-β-D-吡喃木糖苷(7)、豆甾醇(8)、豆甾醇-3-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(9)。除化合物5外,其余化合物为首次从该植物中分离。细胞毒活性试验表明化合物均无显著的细胞毒活性。     

桔核中柠檬苦素类物质消炎镇痛作用的研究

为探讨柑桔果实中柠檬苦素类物质对实验动物模型的抗炎镇痛作用,本文通过小鼠耳廓肿胀模型和角叉菜胶致大鼠足肿胀模型观察柠檬苦素的抗炎作用;采用小鼠福尔马林实验及扭体实验观察柠檬苦素的镇痛作用。结果表明：柑桔果实中柠檬苦素类物质能显著抑制二甲苯致小鼠耳廓肿胀和角叉菜胶致大鼠足肿胀程度;减少扭体次数;显著提高小鼠福尔马林实验中的痛域。因此,柑桔果实中柠檬苦素类物质对本实验中的动物模型具有显著的抗炎及镇痛作用。     

中国分类学文献中Swietenia mahagoni之订正

通过调查,对Swietenia mahagoni的后选模式、S.macrophylla的主模式与中国分类学文献(如《植物分类学报》、《广州植物志》、《中国高等植物图鉴》、《云南植物志》、《广东植物志》、《中国植物志》和《中国高等植物》)的S.mahagoni作比较,证实中国分类学文献将S.mahagoni和S.macrophylla相混,上述分类学文献中的S.mahagon是S.macrophylla King。桃花心木(S.mahagoni(L.)Jacq.)的羽状复叶及小叶较短,小叶长度绝不超过10 cm,果卵球形,长度绝不超过15 cm;而大叶桃花心木(S.macrophylla King)的羽状复叶及小叶较长,总有一部分小叶的长度超过10 cm,果长卵球形,长12~22 cm。     

柠檬苦素类化合物抗病原体作用及机制研究进展

柠檬苦素类化合物是高度氧化的三萜类化合物,对动植物病原体表现出抑制作用,具有一定的抗菌活性,将其作为一种天然的抗病原体物质具有很好的研究价值和应用潜能。本文将综述柠檬苦素类物质对病原体的影响、作用机制以及柠檬苦素类物质的吸收代谢情况,以期为柠檬苦素类化合物应用于食品、医药等行业提供基础理论参考。     

柠檬苦素类似物的生物活性和 构效关系研究进展

柠檬苦素类似物;生物活性;构效关系;结构修饰     

印度红树植物Xylocarpus moluccensis的柠檬苦素

对采集自印度安得拉邦克里希纳港湾红树林湿地的木果楝属红树植物X.moluccensis种子中的柠檬苦素进行了研究,利用95％乙醇提取、乙酸乙酯萃取、正反相硅胶柱层析和高效液相色谱等手段进行分离制备得到11个化合物.通过核磁共振波谱和离子阱电喷雾质谱鉴定结构,全部化合物均为首次从该植物中分离得到,其中化合物1为一个新的墨...     

HPLC法测定不同产地和品种柠檬果皮中柠檬苦素和诺米林含量

该研究建立了同时测定檬苦素和诺米林含量的高效液相色谱法,并采用该方法对8种不同柠檬样品中柠檬苦素和诺米林含量进行了测定。色谱条件如下:安捷伦Eclipse XDB-C18(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm)色谱柱,流动相为0.1%磷酸水溶液(A)-乙腈(B),梯度洗脱,流速为1.0 mL·min^-1,柱温为30℃,波长为210 nm。结果表明:3个产地尤力克果皮中柠檬苦素含量依次为云南瑞丽(EUR_D)、四川安岳(EUR_C)和广东河源(EUR_Y),诺米林含量依次为EUR_D、EUR_C和EUR_Y;不同品种柠檬果皮中柠檬苦素含量依次为北京柠檬(M_NM)、粗柠檬(R_NM)、无核柠檬(S_NM)、热那亚(RNY)、里斯本(LSB),诺米林含量依次为S_NM、R_NM、LSB、RNY和M_NM。综上结果表明,不同产地和品种柠...     

Genetic structure of Mesoamerican populations of Big-leaf mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) inferred from microsatellite analysis

While microsatellites have been used to examine genetic structure in local populations of Neotropical trees, genetic studies based on such high-resolution markers have not been carried out for Mesoamerica as a whole. Here we assess the genetic structure of the Mesoamerican mahogany Swietenia macrophylla King (big-leaf mahogany), a Neotropical tree species recently listed as endangered in CITES which is commercially extinct through much of its native range. We used seven variable microsatellite loci to assess genetic diversity and population structure in eight naturally established mahogany populations from six Mesoamerican countries. Measures of genetic differentiation (FST and RST) indicated significant differences between most populations. Unrooted dendrograms based on genetic distances between populations provide evidence of strong phylogeographic structure in Mesoamerican mahogany. The two populations on the Pacific coasts of Costa Rica and Panama were genetically distant from all the others, and from one another. The remaining populations formed two clusters, one comprised of the northern populations of Mexico, Belize and Guatemala and the other containing the southern Atlantic populations of Nicaragua and Costa Rica. Significant correlation was found between geographical distance and all pairwise measures of genetic divergence, suggesting the importance of regional biogeography and isolation by distance in Mesoamerican mahogany. The results of this study demonstrate greater phylogeographic structure than has been found across Amazon basin S. macrophylla. Our findings suggest a relatively complex Mesoamerican biogeographic history and lead to the prediction that other Central American trees will show similar patterns of regional differentiation.     

Anatomy,ultrastructure, and secretory activity of the floral nectaries in Swietenia macrophylla (Meliaceae)

• Premise of the study: While mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) is one of the most important forest species in the Amazon region, little is known about its reproductive biology. Knowledge about the nectary structure and dynamics of nectar production of this species represent a key step toward understanding its relationship with pollinators. • Methods: Mahogany tree floral buds and flowers in anthesis were collected, fixed, and processed for study by light and transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The chemical composition of nectar and the nectary pigments was also studied. • Key results: Both staminate and pistillate flowers have nectaries, which contain a papillose epidermis and stomata. The nectariferous tissue is parenchymatous, with the cell cytoplasm primarily containing mitochondria and plastids. Secretory activity initiates at the beginning of anthesis, which occurs at nightfall. Flowers undergoing anthesis become structurally modified, with starch grains in the plastids disappearing. The number of plastoglobuli in the plastids also increases when nectaries change color from pale yellow to intense red. Pistillate and staminate flowers produce meager nectar rewards. • Conclusions: Changes in plastoglobuli number seem to be related to an increase in carotenes and color changes during anthesis. Carotenes can be linked to the protection of the plant against oxidative stress, which results from secretory activities. Nectary color has a limited role as a pollinator attractant. Floral rewards comprise small nectar droplets in both flower types, in addition to a few pollen grains in staminate flowers. These meager rewards are probably adapted to attract small generalist insects.     

Imbibition of Swietenia macrophylla (Meliaceae) seeds: the role of stomata

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The occurrence of stomata in seed coats is uncommon and there is limited information about their function(s). The aim of this study was to verify the distribution of stomata in seed coats of Swietenia macrophylla and to relate it to the imbibition process and aspects of the structure of the outer integument layers. METHODS: For the structural and ultrastructural studies, the seeds were processed using the usual techniques and studied under light and scanning electron microscopes. Histochemical tests were employed to identify the cell wall composition in the different seed coat portions. To assess the role of the stomata in the imbibition, non-impervious seeds were compared with partially impervious ones, in which only the embryo, median or hilar regions were left free. Further, the apoplastic pathway marker was employed to confirm the role of the stomata as sites of water passage during imbibition. KEY RESULTS: A positive relationship was observed between seed coat thickness and stomata density. The stomata were devoid of movement, with a large pore. They occurred in large numbers in the embryo region and extended with lower frequency towards the wing. Imbibition rates were related to stomata density, suggesting that the stomata act as preferential sites for water entry in the S. macrophylla seeds. CONCLUSIONS: At maturity, the stomata in the seed coat play a significant role in seed imbibition. The data may also infer that these permanently opened stomata have an important role in gas exchange during seed development, aiding embryo respiration.     

Limonoids from Nymania capensis

The bark and timber of Nymania capensis contain prieurianin and other complex limonoids, four of which have been identified. The chemical evidence serves to support the taxonomic position of Nymania in the family Meliaceae.     

施氮和去除子叶对大叶桃花心木幼苗叶片硝酸还原酶活性的影响

研究了热带落叶乔木大叶桃花心木(Swietenia macrophylla)在施氮和去除子叶后幼苗叶片的硝酸还原酶活性(NRA)变化。结果表明,在非施氮(对照)条件下,NRA随着幼苗叶片的发育先升高后降低;施氮后幼苗叶片NRA在各取样时期(除35 d外)均显著高于非施氮处理(P<0.05),并随着取样时期的延续,叶片NRA逐渐降低。在幼苗发育的不同时期去除子叶,4周后,叶片NRA均显著升高(P<0.05)。     

Limonoids from Ekebergia pterophylla

The seed of Ekebergia pterophylla contains limonoids closely related to methyl angolensate, and similar to those of other Ekebergia species. This serves as evidence to support the taxonomic position of the species which has been disputed.     

Two New Limonoids from the Fruits of Melia azedarach (Meliaceae)

Two new limonoids, trichilinin M ( 1 ) and ohchinin benzoate ( 2 ), along with two known limonoids, 12-hydroxyamoorastatone ( 3 ) and mesendanin H ( 4 ), were isolated from the fruits of Melia azedarach Linn. The structures of new limonoids were determined by analyses of HR-ESI-MS, 1D and 2D NMR (HSQC, HMBC and NOESY) data. All compounds were evaluated against human pancreatic cancer PANC1 cells and the results showed that compounds 3 – 4 exhibited substantial cytotoxic activity ( 3 : IC₅₀=4.55 μM; 4 : IC₅₀=7.54 μM), and compounds 1 – 2 exhibited moderate cytotoxicity ( 1 : IC₅₀=27.06 μM; 2 : IC₅₀=21.17 μM).     

Fluctuation of Vegetative Storage Proteins in the Seedlings of Swietenia macrophylla, Analogous to the Seasonal Changes of Those in the Shoot of the Adult Tree

In order to Identify appropriate plant materials for studying the gene expression and biological function of vegetative storage proteins （VSPs） in woody plants, the VSPs in the seedlings of Swietenla rnacrophylla King were investigated by using light microscopy, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis （SDS-PAGE） and Western.blotting. The seed of S. macrophylla was rich in storage proteins that accumulated In the vacuoles of cotyledon parenchyma cells in appearance of compact spherical grains. The growth and development of S. macrophylla seedlings were characterized by an obvious growth rhythm. The storage proteins In seeds disappeared during seedling growth while VSPs appeared in the stem 2 weeks after seedling leaves matured. Thereafter, the VSPs In the seedling stem almost exhausted during new shoot growth, and when the leaves of new shoot Just matured, both the stem beneath the new shoot of seedlings and the stem of new shoot started to accumulate VSPs. Nitrogen application dramatically Increased the level of VSPs, but had little influence on the dynamics of VSP consumption and accumulation in seedling stem. Together with these data, the fluctuation of VSPs in seedlings was very similar to that in the branches of the adult trees. In addition, seedlings are easy to be treated due to their small size. Our results suggested that S. rnacrophylla seedlings were suitable for Investigating the biological roles of VSPs and the mechanism of nitrogen storage in trees.     

Limonoids from the seed of the natal mahogany, Trichilia dregeana

We have investigated the seed limonoids of Trichilia dregeana and obtained the known rohituka-7, an ester related to polystachin, and four new compounds designated dregeana-1 to 4. These were found to be intermediate in oxidation level between rohituka-7 and heudelottin.