线粒体DNA及其提取方法

线粒体是存在于绝大多数真核细胞内的一种基本的重要的细胞器,其具有相对独立的遗传系统。线粒体基因在真核生物具有高保守性,线粒体DNA(mtDNA)已被广泛应用于发病机理、临床诊断、遗传变异、生物进化等多方面的研究。1981年,Anderson用氯化铯密度梯度分离得到线粒体DNA(mtDNA),进行了全序列分析。此后,mtDNA的研究日益得到重视。已有的mtDNA提取方法概括起来可分为密度梯度离心法、酶消化法、柱层析法、氯化铯超速离心法、碱变性法和改进高盐沉淀法等,通过对以上方法的比较,发现改进高盐沉淀法具有简便、经济、易重复等优点。     

一种改进的动物线粒体DNA提取方法

线粒体DNA(mtDNA)已被广泛用于动物群体遗传学和进化生物学的研究,并取得了许多有意义的结果。有效的mtDNA提取方法无疑是开展这方面研究的前提。关于动物mtDNA的提取方法,国内外已有不少报导。概括起来,可分为:1)氯化铯超速离心法,2)柱层析法,3)DNase法,4)碱变性法。本文报道了一种改进的碱变性提取法,与其它方法相比,具有应用范围广、简便、经济等优点。     

大白菜线粒体DNA有效、快速提取方法

目的:建立一种有效、快捷的大白菜线粒体DNA(mtDNA)提取方法。方法:采用差速离心和蔗糖衬垫相结合的方法先从大白菜胞质雄性不育系及保持系叶片中分离出线粒体,然后用SDS—蛋白酶K裂解法提取mtDNA。结果:琼脂糖凝胶电泳表明,采用该方法提取的mtDNA片段大小在30~45kb之间,电泳条带清晰,无明显降解发生;以提取的mtDNA为模板进行RAPD反应,不育系和保持系均扩增出较多的条带,而且呈现出丰富的多态性,大小分布在500bp-3000bp之间,且条带清晰,没有脱尾现象。结论:该方法提取mtDNA,省时、省钱,对实验设备要求较低,而且分离出的mtDNA质量较高,能满足后续分子生物学研究工作需要。     

线粒体DNA提取方法的比较

目的：将提取线粒体DNA的碱变性法、Triton法、改进高盐沉淀法加以比较,以得到最方便快速提取线粒体DNA的方法。方法：分离Wistar大鼠小肠上皮细胞,用3种方法提取线粒体DNA,紫外分光光度法定量。用琼脂糖凝胶电泳和线粒体ATPase 8亚基基因PCR扩增产物鉴定所提取的线粒体DNA。结果：改进高盐沉淀法线粒体DNA量最多,Triton法最少。OD260／OD280均在1．78-l.85间。将改进高盐沉淀法提取线粒体DNA用于PCR扩增,测定出了线粒体DNA ATPase 8亚基基因序列。结论：改进高盐沉淀法提取线粒体DNA具有操作简单,产量多的优点,该法所提取mtDNA可用于mtDNA测序。     

提取线粒体DNA方法的比较及较纯线粒体基因获取方法的确立

目的:对2种常用的线粒体DNA提取方法进行比较,分析提取物中核DNA的存在情况,同时建立新检测方法降低线粒体假基因干扰。方法:以仅在核DNA中存在的基因β-actin作为核DNA存在的标定基因,通过PCR方法扩增线粒体DNA上的一段基因MTND5-2,并以β-actin做参比,比较常用的2种提取线粒体DNA方法的优劣,即碱法Ⅰ(先提取完整线粒体后从中获得线粒体DNA)和碱法Ⅱ(根据线粒体DNA与核DNA的结构差异,从中获得双链环状的线粒体DNA)。结果:2种线粒体DNA提取方法并不能获得仅含线粒体DNA的纯提取物,碱法Ⅰ获得的线粒体DNA纯度相对较高;以碱法Ⅰ提取物为模板进行PCR,可获得更多较纯的线粒体目的基因。结论:碱法Ⅰ较碱法Ⅱ可获得更纯的线粒体来源的目的基因;新建方法可获得较纯的线粒体基因,且是一种简单、方便、经济的方法。     

普通小麦细胞质雄性不育系及其保持系线粒体DNA和RAPD分析

应用随机扩增多态ＤＮＡ（Ｒａｎｄｏｍ ａｍｐｌｉｆｉｅｄ ｐｏｌｙｍｏｒｐｈｉｃ ＤＮＡｓ,ＲＡＰＤ）技术,对普通小麦细胞质雄性不育系（Ａ）及其保持系（Ｂ）线粒体基因组（ｍｉｔｏｃｈｏｎｄｒｉａｌ ｇｅｎｏｍｅ）的指纹图谱进行了分析。共使用引物４１个,其中２０个引物得到了扩增产物,部分引物扩增结果表现多态性。说明线粒体ＤＮＡ（ｍｉｔｏｃｈｏｎｄｒｉａｌ ＤＡＮ,ｍｔ,ＤＮＡ）序列在不育系和保持系之     

十字花科植物线粒体DNA的提取和纯化

以十字花科植物芸芥 Eruca sativa 、白菜型油菜 Brassica rapa 和甘蓝型油菜 Brassica napus :武39- 1、武4 3- 1、武5 0 - 2为试材,在蔗糖衬垫法分离纯化m t DNA方法优点的基础上,通过4组不同离心力配比,采用差速离心法、改变缓冲液A的成分以及增加缓冲液的用量,建立了一种简便提取十字花科植物mt DNA方法.研究结果表明:分离细胞破碎组织的离心力、分离线粒体的离心力以及纯化线粒体时的离心力分别为10 0 0 g、2 0 0 0 0 g、180 0 0 g时可分离到高产量的线粒体,且在缓冲液A 蔗糖0 .5 m ol·L- 1 ,Tris- Cl5 0 mm ol·L- 1 ,EDTA5 m mol·L- 1 ,BSA 0 .1% ,PVP 0 .5 % ,0 .1%β-巯基乙醇,p H=7.5 中加入0 .5 % PVP可提高mt DNA的产量,经DNA电泳检测、RAPD扩增证明此方法得到的mt DNA可完全达到RAPD标记和其它分子生物学研究的要求.     

一种改进的禽类线粒体DNA提取方法

介绍一种碱变性法从禽类脏器中提取大量线粒体DNA,比较了从不同脏器提取mtDNA的难易程度和得率。结果表明：肝脏、脾脏的匀桨操作易于心脏,且肝脏的得率高于心脏,更高于脾脏;同时对影响mtDNA产量和质量的匀桨速度和次数,差速离心速度,溶液Ⅱ中SDS含量及溶液pH值等因素进行了初步分析和探讨。在借鉴前人研究基础上对禽类脏器mtDNA提取方法上进行了改进和优化,建立了一种从禽类脏器中有效制备mtDNA的方法。结果表明,这种方法得到的mtDNA可以满足限制性酶切实验的要求。     

一种制备酵母菌线粒体DNA的简便方法

ASimpleProcedureforPreparationmtDNAinYeastJinJianlingGaoDongSunZhongdong(MicrobiologyDepartment,ShandongUniversity,Jinan250100)目前,制备酵母mtDNA的常用方法大致有两类：一是先提取混合DNA（核DNA＋mtDNA）,再通过CsCI密度梯度离心或柱层析法分离纯化mtDNA（’,’,”’;二是先通过蔗糖不连续梯度超离心法分离纯化线粒体,再从线粒体中提取mtDNA”’。这些方法虽然能够得到纯度较高的mtDNA,但超离心法需要配套设备（超速离心机等）,柱层析法对样品的回收浓缩比较复杂。本文报道的制备mtDNA的方法,不需…     

An efficient method for DNA isolation from red algae

A simple, inexpensive and efficient method was developed for rapid isolation of totalgenomic DNA from 15 red algal species. It resulted in 0.1 g high quality DNAfrom 1 mg fresh algal material, with an A₂₆₀/A₂₈₀ratio of 1.68–1.90.Using this rapidly isolated DNA, the 18S ribosomal RNA genes (rDNA) and the nuclearribosomal DNA of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions were amplified. Thetested DNA was suitable for restriction endonuclease digestion, genetic markeranalysis and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification, and may be valid forother genetic manipulation.     

A simple and efficient method of DNA isolation from orchid species and hybrids

A simple and reliable method for extracting DNA has been developed for orchid species and hybrids. The high quality of DNA obtained is suitable for amplification via the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for producing random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

An efficient method for isolation of plasmid DNA from methylotrophic bacteria

A method, suitable for the isolation of closed circular plasmid DNA from methylotrophic bacteria is described. Improvement of cell lysis was achieved by butanol extraction of cells before application of the lytic agent. Using this method, cryptic plasmids of 7.8, 14, 36 and 200 kb were purified from soil-isolated methylotrophs.     

RAPD analysis of isolated mitochondrial DNA reveals heterogeneity in elite wild abortive (WA) cytoplasm in rice

 RAPD profiles were generated using mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) isolated from two cytoplasmic male-sterile lines, two restorer lines and four maintainer lines of rice. Of the 40 primers tested, 25 generated consistent and easily scoreable patterns that were used for the computation of pairwise similarities as well as UPGMA analyses. The different lines of rice, including lines IR58025A and IR62829A that contained the same wild abortive (WA) cytoplasm, were distinguishable on the basis of RAPD profiles. These latter two lines were not distinguishable from each other by mtDNA RFLP analyses with as many as 16 mtDNA probes. The data illustrate the utility of the RAPD technique as a powerful tool for distinguishing different cytoplasms that by other techniques appear to be similar. To our knowledge, this is the first report wherein RAPD profiles obtained with isolated mtDNA templates enable the distinction between two or more types of cytoplasms in rice. Received: 1 April 1997 / Accepted: 2 June 1997     

Taxonomic relationships between four species of the Mullidae family revealed by three genetic methods: allozymes, random amplified polymorpic DNA and mitochondrial DNA

Genetic distances were lower between Upeneus moluccensis and Pseudopeneus prayensis than between those species and Mullus barbatus and Mullus surmuletus . However, for allozymes, the two Mullus species were found genetically more distinct from U. moluccensis than from P. prayensis , but RAPD and mtDNA analysis showed the opposite. RAPDs revealed less interspecific divergence compared with allozymes and the results they produced were more consistent with mtDNA analysis. Although RAPDs did not add any supplementary taxonomic information, they proved valuable tools for quick and reliable species discrimination compared with allozymes and mtDNA.     

线粒体基因在鳞翅目昆虫分子系统学中的研究进展

介绍近年来已测定线粒体DNA全序列的鳞翅目昆虫和其线粒体DNA结构,综述鳞翅目昆虫的分子系统学研究进展.特别对mtDNA在鳞翅目昆虫分类和界定、系统发育关系及种群遗传变异和进化等研究中的意义和存在的问题进行探讨.     

A new method for analysis of mitochondrial DNA point mutations and assess levels of heteroplasmy

Determination of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) heteroplasmy for the diagnosis of patients with mitochondrial disorders is a difficult task due to the coexistence of wild-type and mutant genomes. We have developed a new method for genotyping and quantification of heteroplasmic point mutations in mtDNA based on the SNaPshot technology. We compared the data of this method with the widely used "last hot-cycle" PCR-RFLP method by studying 15 patients carrying mtDNA mutations. We showed that SNaPshot is an accurate, reproducible, and sensitive technique for the determination of heteroplasmic mtDNA mutations in different tissues from patients, and it is a promising system to be used in prenatal and postnatal diagnosis of mtDNA-associated disorders.     

线粒体DNA突变与肿瘤发生的关系

线粒体DNA（mitochondrial DNA,mtDNA）是真核细胞内的核外遗传物质。事实证明,由于线粒体特殊的生物学结构与功能,和核基因（nDNA）相比,mtDNA更容易发生突变和氧化损伤。目前研究已经发现许多肿瘤组织中mtDNA结构和拷贝量发生了变化。文章主要对mtDNA突变、整合和不稳定性与肿瘤发生的关系以及可能的机理进行了综述。