土壤水分变化对长白山主要树种蒙古栎幼树生长的影响

选择长白山红松阔叶林主要优势树种蒙古栎为研究对象,人工控制3种施水量研究蒙古栎幼树形态、生物量效应和光合生理特征对土壤含水量变化的响应．结果表明,不同土壤含水量变化显著影响蒙古栎叶片、枝、根的生物量及其分配格局和叶片光合气体交换特征．水分胁迫改变幼树树冠结构,抑制幼树树高、地径、叶片大小、地上和地下生物量;同时,蒙古栎幼树根冠生物量比随着土壤水分含量的减少显著提高;供水量减少对幼树净光合速率、CO2利用率和碳利用率等特征有显著的负向影响;而叶片气孔导度、蒸腾速率和水分利用率对不同土壤含水量反应较复杂,只在土壤含水量较低时,幼树气孔导度、蒸腾速率明显降低,叶片水分利用率升高,表现出蒙古栎树种是干旱可变植物,长期水分胁迫可提高树种的耐旱能力．     

古菌细胞膜脂在生物地质学中的应用

古菌是区别于真核生物和原核生物的第3种生命形式, 对于揭示全球元素循环、指示地质环境等意义重大, 是目前生物地球化学研究的热点之一, 本文综述了近几十年来, 古菌细胞膜脂应用于生物地质学等方面的研究进展, 并对古菌该研究领域尚待加强的方面进行了评述和展望。     

古菌和细菌四醚膜脂GDGTs的生物合成机制及其生物地球化学意义

以甘油二烷基甘油四醚(glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers,GDGTs)为主的跨膜醚脂化合物是古菌和部分细菌细胞膜的重要组成成分。作为分子化石,GDGTs化合物对环境变化响应敏感,以其为基础的有机地球化学指标在定量重建海洋与陆地的古环境研究中发挥出独特的优势。然而,GDGTs指标在广泛应用的同时也不断出现适用性和准确性问题。其关键原因在于GDGTs的生物合成和生理机制研究相对匮乏,难以为指标提供分子生物学与生理学基础。近年来,在多学科的交叉融合下,古菌类异戊二烯GDGTs的生物合成研究取得了令人瞩目的进展。这些成果为脂类生物标志物的地学应用及生物源的确定提供了可靠的生物学基础和新的研究思路。本文综述了古菌类异戊二烯GDGTs的生物合成过程,提出了细菌支链GDGTs生物合成途径的假说,讨论了GDGTs生理过程的生物地球化学意义,并初步展望了GDGTs研究领域未来重要的发展方向。     

龙凤湿地与珰奈湿地底泥细菌古菌多样性及其对环境因子的响应

【背景】城市湿地和天然湿地受到人为扰动影响的程度显著不同。【目的】研究2种不同类型湿地底泥微生物多样性及种类的差异。【方法】采集冬夏两季城市湿地(龙凤湿地)和天然湿地(珰奈湿地)的底泥样品,使用16S rRNA基因测序技术测定底泥中细菌和古菌群落结构,分析2种湿地底泥的细菌、古菌差异及环境因素与微生物的相关性。【结果】龙凤湿地底泥中的硫杆菌属(Thiobacillus)、芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)和鞘氨醇单胞菌属(Sphingomonas)丰度显著高于珰奈湿地(P<0.05);Methanoregula在珰奈湿地底泥中的丰度高于龙凤湿地;冬季厌氧绳菌属(Anaerolinea)和甲烷八叠球菌属(Methanosarcina)在珰奈湿地底泥中的丰度显著高于龙凤湿地(P<0.05)。【结论】龙凤湿地与珰奈湿地的差异主要影响湿地底泥中参与元素循环的细菌和产甲烷古菌的丰度,人为干扰和低温会降低湿地中微生物的多样性,pH、盐分和碱性磷酸酶是显著影响微生物多样性的环境因素。     

孢粉生态群模型(SEG)及其在古环境研究中的应用

介绍孢粉生态群(Sporomorph EcoGroup,简称SEG)模型的概念、方法及应用。孢粉生态群由荷兰学者Abbink等于1998年最早提出,定义了包括高地、低地、河流、先驱、海岸及潮汐六种SEG类型,并确立了相关古环境的指示参数。该模型成功应用于中生代非海相地层的高分辨率古环境重建、古气候波动及海平面变化等领域的分析与研究。与传统孢粉地层学相比,孢粉生态群模型的优势在于在对高分辨率孢粉记录进行半定量化研究的基础上,可以进行详细的古生态古环境解释,尤为重要的是可以反映出古气候、古环境的波动变化。该模型在中生代孢粉学中率先得到成功应用,涉及三叠纪—白垩纪地层及若干重要地质事件,为中生代非海相地层古环境重建研究提供了有效途径和成功范例,对于我国陆相中生代地层及古环境研究具有积极借鉴意义。     

Distribution of ether lipids and composition of the archaeal community in terrestrial geothermal springs: impact of environmental variables

Archaea can respond to changes in the environment by altering the composition of their membrane lipids, for example, by modification of the abundance and composition of glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (GDGTs). Here, we investigated the abundance and proportions of polar GDGTs (P‐GDGTs) and core GDGTs (C‐GDGTs) sampled in different seasons from Tengchong hot springs (Yunnan, China), which encompassed a pH range of 2.5–10.1 and a temperature range of 43.7–93.6°C. The phylogenetic composition of the archaeal community (reanalysed from published work) divided the Archaea in spring sediment samples into three major groups that corresponded with spring pH: acidic, circumneutral and alkaline. Cluster analysis showed correlation between spring pH and the composition of P‐ and C‐GDGTs and archaeal 16S rRNA genes, indicating an intimate link between resident Archaea and the distribution of P‐ and C‐GDGTs in Tengchong hot springs. The distribution of GDGTs in Tengchong springs was also significantly affected by temperature; however, the relationship was weaker than with pH. Analysis of published datasets including samples from Tibet, Yellowstone and the US Great Basin hot springs revealed a similar relationship between pH and GDGT content. Specifically, low pH springs had higher concentrations of GDGTs with high numbers of cyclopentyl rings than neutral and alkaline springs, which is consistent with the predominance of high cyclopentyl ring‐characterized Sulfolobales and Thermoplasmatales present in some of the low pH springs. Our study suggests that the resident Archaea in these hot springs are acclimated if not adapted to low pH by their genetic capacity to effect the packing density of their membranes by increasing cyclopentyl rings in GDGTs at the rank of community.     

污水处理过程中微生物群落多样性及其对环境因子响应的研究进展

污水生物处理系统的性能和稳定性与微生物群落结构和动态密切相关。通过深入了解活性污泥中微生物群落结构及其影响因素,有助于提高污水厂污染物的去除效果。在不同污水活性污泥处理系统中细菌群落主要以变形菌、绿弯菌、放线菌、厚壁菌和拟杆菌为功能菌群;活性污泥中寄居的大多数真菌来自于子囊菌门,还有少量担子菌门;古菌以产甲烷菌为主;而病毒中分布最广的噬菌体和致病性病毒是最主要的关注点。本文通过对相关文献分析及总结,综述了进水组成、不同处理工艺、参数(理化参数和运行参数)、地理位置和气候条件等环境因子对活性污泥中细菌、真菌、古菌以及病毒群落组成的影响,尽可能全面地介绍污水厂微生物群落多样性及其对环境因子的响应。同时,对未来研究方向进行探讨,以期能够为活性污泥中功能微生物的应用及调控提供理论和应用基础。     

锦州湾浮游植物群落结构特征及其对环境变化的响应

锦州湾是我国北方污染严重的海湾,以水体的富营养化和重金属污染为特征。基于2011年8月(夏季)和2012年5月(春季)在锦州湾进行的航次调查,研究了该湾水采浮游植物的群落结构、时空分布及其对生态环境变化的响应。研究结果表明:锦州湾海域浮游植物群落主要由硅、甲藻组成,其生态类型主要为温带近岸型。春季和夏季共鉴定出浮游植物4门41属62种,硅藻在两个季节的物种数和细胞丰度上均占绝对优势,且底栖硅藻比例较高。夏季浮游植物细胞丰度平均值为41.44×103个/L,主要优势种为海链藻Thalassiosira spp.和叉角藻Cerarium furca;春季浮游植物细胞丰度平均值为13.80×103个/L,主要优势种为新月柱鞘藻Cylindrotheca closterium和中肋骨条藻Skeletonema costatum。锦州湾春季和夏季浮游植物群落组成差异明显,冗余分析(Redundancy analysis,RDA)表明硝酸盐浓度和水温分别是夏季和春季影响浮游植物群落结构的最重要环境因子。与历史资料相比,锦州湾优势种发生了显著变化,适于富营养化环境的微型浮游植物和部分耐污种在群落中占优势,表明人类活动引起的水体富营养化以及其它污染物,可能对浮游植物种类组成及分布产生了一定影响。     

Effects of water regime on archaeal community composition in Arctic soils

Effects of water regime on archaeal communities in Arctic soils from Spitsbergen were studied using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of amplified 16S rRNA genes, with subsequent sequencing of amplicons and ordination analysis of binary DGGE data. Samples with major differences in soil water regime showed significant differences in their archaeal community profiles. Methanomicrobiales, Methanobacteriaceae and Methanosaeta were detectable only in environments that were wet during most of the growth season, while a novel euryarchaeotal cluster was detected only in less reduced solifluction material. Group 1.3b of Crenarchaeota had a high relative abundance within the archaeal community in a wide range of wet soils. Along a natural soil moisture gradient, changes in archaeal community composition were observed only in upper soil layers. The results indicated that members of Methanomicrobiales were relatively tolerant to soil aeration. Differences in archaeal community composition associated with soil water regime were predominant over regional and seasonal variation, and over differences between individual wetlands. The results suggest that the observed 'on-off switch' mechanism of soil hydrology for large-scale variations in methane emissions from northern wetlands is at least partly caused by differences in the community structure of organisms involved in methane production.     

Macrophytes from lakes in the eastern Pyrenees: community composition and ordination in relation to environmental factors

1. Thirty-six species of macrophytes (fourteen flowering plants, two quillworts, sixteen mosses and liverworts, and two algae) were collected in an extensive survey of 116 high mountain lakes in the eastern Pyrenees. Seventy per cent of the lakes showed macrophyte development. 2. The isoetids (Isoetes lacusiris, Isoetes setacea and Subularia aquatica) were the dominant growth form, although the natopotamid Sparganium angusifolium was the most widespread species. Potamids (Potamogeton spp., Ranunculus spp.), the alga Nitella gr. opaca and some mosses (Warnstorfia exannulata, Sphagnum denticulatum) were often present. 3. A multivariate ordination analysis (RDA-redundancy analysis) revealed that water chemistry, altitude and vegetation cover of the catchment, and nutrient availability are major environmental factors associated with macrophyte distribution along the eastern Pyrenean lakes. Isoetids prevailed in softwater oligotrophic lakes, potamids in relatively hardwater oligotrophic lakes, and Potamogeton natans and Callitriche palustris in small and eutrophic water bodies affected by the presence of cattle.     

我国8个典型水稻土中产甲烷古菌群落组成的空间分异特征

【目的】产甲烷古菌主导稻田甲烷生成,是稻田生态系统的模式微生物类群之一,具有重要的生态学意义。然而,水稻土产甲烷古菌群落组成的空间分异却鲜有报告。【方法】本研究沿20.55°N至47.43°N梯度,采集了我国不同纬度上8个典型水稻土,利用PCR-DGGE指纹图谱和系统发育树分析揭示不同地点水稻土中产甲烷古菌群落的组成;结合多个环境因子,利用生物信息学,典范对应分析(Canonical Correspondence Analysis,CCA)和维恩图(Venn diagram)明确产甲烷古菌的空间分异规律。【结果】研究发现p H值是驱动水稻土中产甲烷古菌群落组成分异的主要因子;此外,沿纬度梯度,8个地区的产甲烷古菌群落组成也呈现出规律性变化。【结论】本研究首次阐明了稻田中产甲烷古菌群落分布情况,并揭示其主要驱动因子。该认知不仅有助于我们更好地了解产甲烷古菌的生物地理学分布,还有助于从微生物学机制上阐明我国温度梯度带上有机质转化空间的差异。     

滴水湖浮游动物群落结构及其与环境因子的关系

为研究上海市滴水湖浮游动物群落结构及其与环境因子的关系,于2012年1—12月对滴水湖进行了一年调查采样。共检出浮游动物33属61种,其中轮虫22属45种,枝角类4属7种,桡足类7属9种。优势种包括10种轮虫,桡足类为中华窄腹剑水蚤(Limnoithona sinensis)和无节幼体,枝角类不形成优势种。浮游动物年均密度为1200个/L,年均生物量为1.67mg/L,种类数、密度和生物量均为春夏两季相对较高。Shannon-Wiener多样性指数H'和Margalef丰富度指数D年均值分别为1.61和1.01,多样性季节差异显著而各样点间差异不显著。相关性分析和多元回归分析显示,水温是影响滴水湖浮游动物群落结构变化的决定性因子,冗余分析(RDA)显示TN、TP、叶绿素a和p H也是影响浮游动物群落变化的重要因素,表明滴水湖浮游动物群落结构的季节变化与水体营养状况密切相关。综合运用水质理化因子、综合营养状态指数、多样性指数及浮游动物优势种对滴水湖进行水质污染水平和富营养化评价,得出2012年滴水湖水质状况属于α-中污型,营养程度为中富营养水平。     

烟台四十里湾浮游动物群落特征及与环境因子的关系

2009年3月—2010年12月在烟台四十里湾海域对浮游动物群落结构及其环境因子进行了连续20个航次的综合调查,记录到浮游动物8大类共计64种(类)。浮游动物主要类群为桡足类和浮游幼虫,分别发现22种、18类,占总种(类)数34%、28%;其次为水螅水母类,发现13种,占20%;毛颚动物和栉水母类各发现1种。浮游动物的优势种为中华哲水蚤(Y=0.183)、腹针胸刺水蚤(Y=0.078)、强壮箭虫(Y=0.078)和洪氏纺锤水蚤(Y=0.026)。浮游动物的生态类型主要为温带近岸种和广布性种。四十里湾海域浮游动物群落结构的季节变化较为明显,春、夏、秋、冬四季之间群落结构有显著性差异(P0.05),同一季节内群落结构相似度较高,达55%以上。浮游动物丰度中位值在5月份达到最高(546.3个/m~3);种类数、多样性指数中位值均在8月达到最高,分别为18种、3.20;浮游动物生物量呈现出双峰变化模型,5月份达到第1峰值(中位值870.4 mg/m~3),10月份为第2峰值(中位值362.0 mg/m~3)。浮游动物种类数高值区主要分布在养马岛北部海域,而丰度高值区主要分布在近岸尤其是辛安河口海域。浮游动物种类数及多样性指数与水温、化学需氧量、硅酸盐显著正相关(P0.01),与盐度、溶解氧、无机氮显著负相关(P0.01);水温和盐度是影响浮游动物分布的主要环境因子,其次是硅酸盐、叶绿素a和化学需氧量,活性磷酸盐、溶解氧、透明度以及无机氮对浮游动物分布的影响较小。     

鄱阳湖浮游动物群落结构及其与环境因子的关系

数量庞大、体积微小、高度多样化的浮游生物对淡水生态系统功能具有重要影响。为探究中国第一大淡水湖——鄱阳湖浮游动物（包括轮虫、枝角类和桡足类）群落特征及其与环境因子之间的关系,本研究在鄱阳湖设置50个采样点,分别于2017年8月（夏季）、11月（秋季）、2018年2月（冬季）和5月（春季）进行浮游动物群落与生境调查,统计分析结果表明：鄱阳湖浮游动物共记录43属99种,其中轮虫31属83种,枝角类8属11种,桡足类4属5种,春夏季节种类较为丰富。浮游动物平均丰度为1155.29 ind./L,具有极显著的季节差异（P< 0.01）,夏季（3150.37 ind./L）显著高于其他三季。四季共确定优势种14种,轮虫中优势度最高的为广布多肢轮虫（Polyarthra vulgaris）,浮游甲壳动物中仅有简弧象鼻溞（Bosmina coregoni）在秋季形成优势。优势种的季节更替明显,夏秋季节间的更替率（86.00%）高于其他季节（77.00%,66.67%）。优势种、多样性和均匀度的结果均显示鄱阳湖浮游动物群落结构较复杂,具有较好的稳定性。聚类分析（Cluster analysis）和分类回归树分析（Classification and regression trees, CART）表明,每个季节均有多种群落类型,其中春夏两季中浮游动物群落类型的划分与叶绿素a（Chlorophyll a,Chla）密切相关,化学需氧量（Chemical Oxygen Demand,COD）是影响秋季群落划分的关键环境因子。非度量多维尺度分析（Non-metric multidimensional scaling,NMDS）结果表明,温度（Water Temperature,WT）、Chla、电导率（Conductivity,Cond）是造成四季浮游动物群落显著差异的最主要环境因子。冗余分析（Redundancy analysis,RDA）显示,除Chla外,总氮（Total Nitrogen,TN）、总固体悬浮物（Total Suspended Solids,TSS）和酸碱度（Hydrogen ion concentration,pH）也是影响浮游动物群落结构和优势种分布的重要因素。     

Novel primers for 16S rRNA-based archaeal community analyses in environmental samples

Next generation sequencing technologies for in depth analyses of complex microbial communities rely on rational primer design based on up-to-date reference databases. Most of the 16S rRNA-gene based analyses of environmental Archaea community composition use PCR primers developed from small data sets several years ago, making an update long overdue. Here we present a new set of archaeal primers targeting the 16S rRNA gene designed from 8500 aligned archaeal sequences in the SILVA database. The primers 340F-1000R showed a high archaeal specificity (< 1% bacteria amplification) covering 93 and 97% of available sequences for Crenarchaeota and Euryarchaeota respectively. In silico tests of the primers revealed at least 38% higher coverage for Archaea compared to other commonly used primers. Empirical tests with clone libraries confirmed the high specificity of the primer pair to Archaea in three biomes: surface waters in the Arctic Ocean, the pelagic zone of a temperate lake and a methanogenic bioreactor. The clone libraries featured both Euryarchaeota and Crenarchaeota in variable proportions and revealed dramatic differences in the archaeal community composition and minimal phylogenetic overlap between samples.