Environmental modulation of plant mycorrhizal traits in the global flora

Mycorrhizal symbioses are known to strongly influence plant performance, structure plant communities and shape ecosystem dynamics. Plant mycorrhizal traits, such as those characterising mycorrhizal type (arbuscular (AM), ecto-, ericoid or orchid mycorrhiza) and status (obligately (OM), facultatively (FM) or non-mycorrhizal) offer valuable insight into plant belowground functionality. Here, we compile available plant mycorrhizal trait information and global occurrence data ($\sim$100 million records) for 11,770 vascular plant species. Using a plant phylogenetic mega-tree and high-resolution climatic and edaphic data layers, we assess phylogenetic and environmental correlates of plant mycorrhizal traits. We find that plant mycorrhizal type is more phylogenetically conserved than plant mycorrhizal status, while environmental variables (both climatic and edaphic; notably soil texture) explain more variation in mycorrhizal status, especially FM. The previously underestimated role of environmental conditions has far-reaching implications for our understanding of ecosystem functioning under changing climatic and soil conditions.     

全球变化下菌根真菌的作用及其作用机制

全球气候、环境、经济与社会的发展变化,对环境与资源造成严重挑战和新的发展机遇。菌根真菌是陆地生态系统中的重要生物组份,占据不可替代的重要地位,充当调控生态系统稳定和保持可持续发展的多重角色。分析了全球变化对菌根真菌的影响,探讨了全球变化下菌根真菌的地位、角色和作用,以及菌根真菌应对全球变化的可能作用机制,旨在为加强全面应对全球变化提供新的思路和途径。     

杜鹃花科植物菌根的研究进展

杜鹃花科Ericaceae植物可与土壤真菌形成杜鹃花类菌根ericoid mycorrhizas (ERM)共生体,且广泛分布于全球不同的陆地生态系统,特别是在贫瘠、酸性等严酷的环境中占优势.杜鹃花科植物菌根类型多样,绝大多数宿主具有ERM,还有少量宿主具有其他类型的菌根结构,且常与暗隔内生菌(dark septate...     

Mycorrhiza of Brazil Pine (Araucaria angustifolia [Bert. O. Ktze.])

Abstract: Tropical and subtropical forests once covered large areas of Central and South America. An important member of forests of the southern hemisphere is the genus Araucaria. Because of clear cutting only small remnants of Araucaria angustifolia forests still exist in Southern Brazil. Attempts at reforestation have had only limited success because of lack of knowledge about the environmental requirements of this species. This is especially true with respect to the root/fungus symbiosis (mycorrhiza) which is necessary for enhanced water and nutrient uptake and present in more than 90 % of land plants. Analysis of the root systems of Araucaria trees from forest and grassland (campo) sites revealed mycorrhizal structures (appressoria, penetration and coiled hyphae, vesicles, arbuscules, spores) which are characteristic for the arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) type. The spores of AM fungi at both sites - forest and campo - were identified. The biodiversity at the forest site was much higher, with 13 species, whereas only 6 different species could be identified at the campo site. Glomus and Acaulospora were the only genera present at the campo. The forest, however, also contained spores of Entrophospora and Scutellospora. In addition to the greater biodiversity, the spore number in soil as well as the percent mycorrhizal colonization in roots were significantly higher at the forest site than at the campo site. Because of the low frequency of hyphal coils and the dominating intercellular growth of hyphae, these mycorrhizas can be classified as an Arum -type, which is the first report of this kind in gymnosperms.     

油松菌根促生细菌——荧光假单胞菌的分离与鉴定

为了探讨菌根促生细菌荧光假单胞菌(Pseudomonas fluorescens)与菌根真菌的互作关系,本实验从油松菌根上分离得到36株在紫外灯下产荧光的细菌菌株,以荧光假单胞菌9702作为标准菌株,对分离菌株进行显微观察、生物学鉴定和16S rDNA序列分析,结果确定HDY-8、HDY-9、HDY-20、HDY-35共 4株菌株为荧光假单胞菌,并分别命名为P.fluorescens HDY-8、P.fluorescens HDY-9、P.fluorescens HDY-20、P.fluorescens HDY-35.用这4株细菌菌株分别与外生菌根真菌(ECMF)粘盖牛肝菌(Suillus bovinus)、褐环粘盖牛肝菌(Suillus luteus)和褐黄牛肝菌(Boletus luridus)进行纯培养互作研究.结果表明,只有P.fluorescens HDY-20对3种外生菌根真菌有不同程度的促生作用,并对S.luteus促进效果最好,S.bovinus次之,B.luridus最差;P.fluorescens HDY-20促进S.bovinus、S.luteus和B.luridus菌丝生长的最佳浓度分别为2.4×109 cfu/mL、0.8×109～2.4×109 cfu/mL和0.8×109 cfu/mL,与对照相比S.bovinus和S.luteus的生物量达到极显著差异(P<0.01),B.luridus的达到显著差异(P<0.05),且分别比对照增加6.5%、9.1%和4.3%.     

药用植物绶草(兰科)的菌根真菌群落组成分析

兰科菌根真菌(OMF)被认为是影响兰科植物物种丰度和分布的一个重要因素.对广域分布兰科植物的菌根区系进行研究有助于人们更深入地了解兰科植物分布格局的形成机制.本研究以我国广域分布的兰科药用植物绶草Spiranthes sinensis为材料,采用Illumina Miseq高通量测序技术对北京、上海、江西、广西、云南、...     

丛枝菌根结构与功能研究进展

丛枝菌根(arbuscular mycorrhiza,AM)是陆地生态系统中分布最广泛、最重要的互惠共生体之一,对提高植物抗逆性、修复污染生境、保持生态系统稳定与可持续生产力的作用显著.AM结构特征是判断菌根形成的主要指标,与其功能密切相关.本文总结了AM丛枝结构、泡囊结构、菌丝结构和侵入点结构等发育特征;分析了A型丛枝结构、P型丛枝结构、泡囊结构和根外菌丝结构与促进寄主植物养分吸收和生长、提高植物抗旱性、耐涝性、耐盐性、抗高温、拮抗病原物、提高植物抗病性、抗重金属毒性、分解有毒有机物、修复污染与退化土壤等功能的关系,及其所发挥的重要作用;探讨了影响AM结构与功能的因子,以及基于AM不同结构所发挥功能的作用机制.旨在为系统研究AM真菌发育特征、AM真菌效能机制,以及评价和筛选AM真菌高效菌种提供依据.     

菌根学对生物类学科发展的意义

菌根（mycorrhiza）是真菌与植物之间形成的最广泛的共生体。菌根真菌（rnycorrhizal fungi）具有丰富遗传多样性、形态多样性、物种多样性、生态系统多样性和功能多样性。菌根真菌与植物协同进化,发挥生理生态功能,对促进农林牧业生产、保持生态系统的稳定及其可持续生产力具有重大而不可替代的作用。经过一个多世纪的研究发展,菌根学（mycorrhizology）——菌物学与植物学的杂交学科终于在21世纪诞生了。随着研究的深入,人们发现菌根学不仅与菌物学和植物学关系极为密切,而且还与生态学、土壤学、保护生物学、植物保护学、微生物学、食用菌学、园林园艺学、作物栽培与耕作学、昆虫学等密切相关。作为一门新兴学科,菌根学自身发展的同时,也大大促进了相关学科的进展。本文系统总结了菌根学对其他学科发展所作的贡献,旨在进一步加强菌根学与其他学科的交叉渗透,为菌根学与其他学科协同进化奠定理论基础、促进多学科合作研究,为21世纪生物学的更大发展注入新的活力。     

Effects on plant growth of inoculation of stored stripmining topsoil in North Dakota with mycorrhizal fungi contained in native soils

Stored topsoil from stripmining operations in western North Dakota was inoculated with mycorrhizal fungi contained in native prairie soil. The effects on plant mycorrhizal infection percentage, growth as shoot dry weight, and phosphorus uptake were determined. The studied topsoil piles were found to contain little or no vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungal inoculum at a depth of 120 cm. The inoculum soil was mixed into the stored soil at rates of 10% and 1%, or surface-applied at 1%. In control pots, sterilized inoculum soil was used. Corn plant (Zea mays) bioassays were used. After 30 days growth the percent VAM fungal infection of the test plants increased with both the 10% and 1% soil inocula. Phosphorus concentrations were generally increased by inoculation with 10% soil mixtures but not 1%. Shoot dry weights of the plants were not measurably different between 10% and 1% inoculation. However, when the plant growth period was increased to 60 days, all three parameters were increased over the check plants. When the inoculum was not mixed into the soil, but layered on the surface, there were no differences in any of the parameters.     

A petunia mutant affected in intracellular accommodation and morphogenesis of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

The regulation of the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis is largely under the control of a genetic programme of the plant host. This programme includes a common symbiosis signalling pathway that is shared with the root nodule symbiosis. Whereas this common pathway has been investigated in detail, little is known about the mycorrhiza-specific regulatory steps upstream and downstream of the common pathway. To get further insight in the regulation of the AM symbiosis, a transposon-mutagenized population of Petunia hybrida was screened for mutants with defects in AM development. Here, we describe a petunia mutant, penetration and arbuscule morphogenesis1 (pam1), which is characterized by a strong decrease in colonization by three different AM fungi. Penetrating hyphae are frequently aborted in epidermal cells. Occasionally the fungus can progress to the cortex, but fails to develop arbuscules. The resulting hyphal colonization of the cortex in mutant plants does not support symbiotic acquisition of phosphate and copper by the plant. Expression analysis of three petunia orthologues of the common SYM genes LjPOLLUX, LjSYMRK and MtDMI3 indicates that pam1 is not mutated in these genes. We conclude that the PAM1 gene may play a specific role in intracellular accommodation and morphogenesis of the fungal endosymbiont.     

Nested multiplex PCR—A feasible technique to study partial community of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in field-growing plant root

Plant can be infected by different arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, but little is known about the interaction between them within root tissues mainly because different species cannot be distinguished on the basis of fungal structure. Accurate species identification of Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) colonized in plant roots is the comerstone of mycorrhizal study, yet this fundamental step is impossible through its morphological character alone. For accurate, rapid and inexpensive detection of partial mycorrhizal fungal community in plant roots, a nested multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was developed in this study. Five discriminating primers designed based on the variable region of the 5′ end of the large ribosomal subunit were used in the experiment for testing their specificity and the sensitivity in nested PCR by using spores from Glomus mosseae (BEG12), Glomus intraradices (BEG141), Scutellospora castaneae (BEG1) and two unidentified Glomus sp. HAUO3 and HAUO4. The feasibility assay of nested multiplex PCR was conducted by use of spore mixture, Astragalus sinicum roots co-inoculated with 4 species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi from pot cultures and 15 different field-growing plant roots respectively after analyses of the compatibility of primers. The result indicated that the sensitivity was in the same range as that of the corresponding single PCR reaction. Overall accuracy was 95%. The efficiency and sensitivity of this multiplex PCR procedure provided a rapid and easy way to simultaneously detect several of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal species in a same plant root system.     

3种农业措施对柑橘丛枝菌根发育的影响

研究了土施N肥(2L 0.5%尿素)、覆草(5~6cm厚杂草)和翻耕(20cm表层土翻耕2次)三种措施,对田间条件下的国庆1号/枳和国庆4号/枳的菌根侵染率和孢子密度的影响。结果表明,覆草极显著地提高了2种柑橘根系的孢子密度,而对菌根侵染率无显著影响;施N肥极显著降低2种柑橘的孢子密度;翻耕极显著抑制了2种柑橘的菌根侵染率。2种柑橘的根系菌根侵染率和孢子密度间都存在显著或极显著正相关。     

Nested multiplex PCR——A feasible technique to study partial community of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in field-growing plant root

Plant can be infected by different arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, but little is known about the interaction between them within root tissues mainly because different species cannot be distinguished on the basis of fungal structure. Accurate species identification of Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) colonized in plant roots is the comerstone of mycorrhizal study, yet this fundamental step is impossible through its morphological character alone. For accurate, rapid and inexpensive detection of partial mycorrhizal fungal community in plant roots, a nested multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was developed in this study. Five discriminating primers designed based on the variable region of the 5′ end of the large ribosomal subunit were used in the experiment for testing their specificity and the sensitivity in nested PCR by using spores from Glomus mosseae (BEG12), Glomus intraradices (BEG141), Scutellospora castaneae (BEG1) and two unidentified Glomus sp. HAUO3 and HAUO4. The feasibility assay of nested multiplex PCR was conducted by use of spore mixture, Astragalus sinicum roots co-inoculated with 4 species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi from pot cultures and 15 different field-growing plant roots respectively after analyses of the compatibility of primers. The result indicated that the sensitivity was in the same range as that of the corresponding single PCR reaction. Overall accuracy was 95%. The efficiency and sensitivity of this multiplex PCR procedure provided a rapid and easy way to simultaneously detect several of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal species in a same plant root system.     

Herbivore-driven disruption of arbuscular mycorrhizal carbon-for-nutrient exchange is ameliorated by neighboring plants

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