Cryptostomid Bryozoans From The Sassito Formation,Upper Ordovician Cool‐Water Carbonates of the Argentinean Precordillera

Abstract: Two new bryozoan species are described from the Upper Ordovician Sassito Formation of the Argentinean Precordillera: Moyerella  spinata sp. nov. and Phylloporina  sassitoensis sp. nov. The bryozoans are found in cool‐water carbonates. The Silurian genus Moyerella is reported the first time in the Ordovician, showing palaeobiogeographic connections with Estonia and Siberia.     

Molecular criteria for determining new hybrid species--an application to the Sonneratia hybrids

The possible hybrid origin of new species can usually be corroborated by molecular means. Here, we suggest that the segregation patterns of the molecular markers be further analyzed. A true hybrid species should show the patterns under continuous breeding among its members, at least beyond the F2 generation. We applied the guidelines to the putative hybrid species of Sonneratia, a widespread mangrove genus, and concluded that all the observed hybrids in this genus are simple F1's. Thus, S. x gulngai and S. x hainanensis are not true hybrid species. The segregation patterns of molecular markers should be heeded in interpreting the existence of hybrid species.     

Application of "Microring AN" to "Level 1": presumptive identification of anaerobic gram-negative bacilli]

Commonly isolated anaerobic gram-negative rods (4 genus 64 strains), some other important gram-negative anaerobic species (9 genus 45 strains), and cigar-shaped clostridia (11 strains) were studied on their susceptibility patterns to 6 agents on "Microring AN". Some modifications were made in the methods and interpretation of results. Susceptibility patterns to erythromycin, rifampicin, colistin, benzylpenicillin, kanamycin, and vancomycin were following (sensitive [S], intermediate [I], resistant [R], variable [V]): for Bacteroides fragilis group, V, S, R, R, R, R, respectively; for non-pigmented Prevotella, V, S, V, V, R, R, respectively; for pigmented Prevotella, S, S, SR, V, V, R, respectively: for Fusobacterium nucleatum/necrophorum, R(S), S(I), S(IR), S(R), S, R, respectively; and for F. varium, R, R, S/I, R(S), S, R, respectively. Some results were different from that in the data table in the instruction of "Microring AN", because of differences of methodology and changes of susceptibility of those species during years. As to the other groups, that are not included in the data table in the instruction, results were following: for Bilophila wadsworthia, R, R, S, R, S, R, respectively; Desulfovibrio, V, R(S), R, R, S, R, respectively; for cigar-shaped clostridia, V, S(R), R, R, S(R), S, respectively. "Microring AN" was useful for presumptive identification in genus, species, or group level, though morphological observation and some additional simple tests such as bile-sensitivity and catalase were essential.     

A synoptical revision of Solandra (Solanaceae)

Taxonomic account of Solandra , a neotropical genus ranging from Mexico and West Indies to South America, with phytochemical, ethnobotanical and ornamental interest. Its systematic position and affinities are discussed in connection to Trianaea , the other genus of the tribe Solandreae. Ten species are recognized: S. boliviano, S. brachycalyx, S. brevicalyx, S. grandiflora, S. longiflora, S. maxima, S. nizandensis, S. paraensis, S. guerrerensis and 5. guttata.     

A study on Chinese Sparganium

Sparganium is a genus of about 18 species, largely distributed in temperate and cool regions of the northern hemisphere, with a couple of species extending to tropical Asia, Australia and New Zealand. In China, four species have hitherto been reported. To them another six species, including three new ones, are added in the present paper, based on our recent collections. They may be divided into four sections: I. Sect. Sparganium 1. S. stolon ferum (Graebn.) Buch-Ham. 2. S. stenophyllum Maxim. ex Meinsh. 3. S. limosum Y. D. Chen, sp. nov. II. Sect. Natantia Aschers. et Graebn. 4. S. fallax Graebn. 5. S. simplex Huds. 6. S. glomeratum Least ex Beurl. III. Sect. Conferta Y. D. Chen, sect. nov. 7. S. confertum Y. D. Chen, sp. nov. IV. Sect. Minima Aschers, et Graebn. 8. S. yunnanense Y. D. Chen, sp. nov. 9. S. angustifolium Michx. 10. S. minimum Wallr. It is interesting to note that S. confertum is of great phylogenetic importance, because, apart from its habit, it has certain characters, such as spike-like inflorescence, pellucid and membranous scales with lobed margines, stalked ovary and sterile female flowers on pistillate heads, which suggest those in Typha, especially in T. orientalis Presl. Apparently, the discovery of this intensely interesting species, which forms aconnecting link between Sparganium and Typha, makes it unacceptable that they are treated as two separate families.     

PHOTOSYNTHETIC SENSITIVITY TO TEMPERATURE IN POPULATIONS OF TWO C4 BOUTELOUA (POACEAE) SPECIES NATIVE TO DIFFERENT ALTITUDES

The relationships between photosynthesis, flowering, and growth temperatures were examined experimentally in four populations of the C₄ grass genus Bouteloua. Field-collected plants were grown under two temperature regimes, cool (20 C day/6 C night) and warm (30/16), representative of the extreme populations. Populations collected from the warm climates had significantly lower photosynthetic capacity when grown in the cool chamber relative to the warm chamber, while photosynthetic capacity in the cool climate populations did not differ between the growth conditions. Additionally, exposure to a 2-day cold temperature treatment (10/-2), representative of late-season frosts in high altitude sites, resulted in further reductions in photosynthesis in the warm climate plants, but not in the cool climate plants. This effect was greater for plants grown in the cool growth chamber. Flowering was reduced by 70% in the warm climate plants grown in the cool chamber, and was correlated with photosynthetic inhibition following the short-term cold temperature treatment. These results indicate that genetic differentiation for photosynthetic temperature sensitivity has occurred in the cool climate populations, and that long-term exposure to cool temperatures coupled with short-term relatively extreme low temperatures results in greater photosynthetic inhibition in nontolerant populations.     

Studies on the Genus Schizopepon Maxim. (Cucurbitaceae)

The classical and numerical taxonomy, palynology and the geographical distribution of the Genus Schizopepon are dealt with in the present paper. Having commented on various opinions regarding the systematic position of the genus, the present authors consider that C. Jeffrey’s treatment of Schizopepon as a new and monogeneric tribe, Schizopeponeae, should be supported. The gross morphological characters in the genus are assessed from the taxonomic point of view. Some characters, such as stamens with an elongated connective or not, different insertions of ovules and various forms of ovaries and fruits, may be used for distinguishing subgenera. The pollen grains of all the species were observed under light microscope (LM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results show that a strong differentiation has taken place in the pollen of the genus, and in consequence it may be regarded as an important basis for dividing subgenera and species. Especially it should be pointed out that degrees of development of colpi and positions of ora are positively correlated with the external characters used for distinguishing subgenera. According to the morphological and palynological characters, the genus Schizopepon may be divided into three subgenera and eight species: 1. Subgenus Schizopepon: 5 species, S. bryoniaefolius Maxim., S. monoicus A. M. Lu et Z. Y. Zhang, S. dioicus Cogn., S. longipes Gagnep. and S. macranthus Hand.-Mazz.; 2. Subgenus Rhynchocarpos A. M. Lu et Z. Y. Zhang: 1 species, S. bomiensis A. M. Lu et Z. Y. Zhang; 3. Subgenus Neoschizopepon A. M. Lu et Z. Y. Zhang: 2 species, S. bicirrhosus (C. B. Clarke) C. Jeffrey and S. xizangensis A. M. Lu et Z. Y. Zhang. The 8 OTU’s including all the species of this genus and 31 characters, of which 16 are morphological characters and 15 palynological characters, were used in the numerical taxonomic treatment. After standardization of characters, the correlation and distance matrices were computed. The correlation matrices are made to test the various clustering methods. At last, the UPGMA clustering method was selected and its result is shown in the form of phenogram. The result of numerical analysis is similar to that of the classical classification. Schizopepon Maxim. is a genus of East Asia-Himalayan distribution. China has all 8 species and 2 varieties, of which 6 species are endemic. Based on the statistics of spedies number, the distribution centre of the genus is considered to be in the Hengduan Mountains (Yangtze-Mekong-Salwin water divides) and the adjacent areas of the southwest China.     

《本草纲目》菊科植物考

本文初步考证了《本草纲目》中菊科植物,计有44属、78种、2变种。     

Integrated polymerase chain reaction-based procedures for the detection and identification of species and subspecies of the Gram-positive bacterial genus Lactococcus

AIMS: Five species of the Gram-positive bacterial genus Lactococcus (Lactococcus lactis, L. garvieae, L. plantarum, L. piscium and L. raffinolactis) are currently recognized. The aim of this work was to develop a simple approach for the identification of these species, as well as to differentiate the industrially important dairy subspecies L. lactis subsp. lactis and L. lactis subsp. cremoris. METHODS AND RESULTS: Methods were devised based on specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplifications that exploit differences in the sequences of the 16S ribosomal RNA genes of each species, followed by restriction enzyme cleavage of the PCR products. The techniques developed were used to characterize industrial cheese starter strains of L. lactis and the results were compared with biochemical phenotype and DNA sequence data. CONCLUSIONS: The PCR primers designed can be used simultaneously, providing a simple scheme for screening unknown isolates. Strains of L. lactis show heterogeneity in the 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequence. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This work provides an integrated set of methods for differentiation and identification of lactococcal species associated with agricultural, veterinary, medical and processed food industries.     

锦鸡儿属植物分布研究

依据每个种的地理分布范围,确定了出六种分布类型,并编制了属的分布密度图。结合各类发布特点及其形态特征,认为东亚西南部为其起源中心,而中亚来其变异分化中心。起源第三纪中期的原始类群Ser.Caragana,在寒旱主要压力下分化适应,形成现代化布格局。     

A New Approach to Separate the Genus Photobacterium from Vibrio with RFLP Patterns by HhaI Digestion of PCR-Amplified 16S rDNA

A new approach to separate members of the genus Photobacterium from the genus Vibrio with RFLP (Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism) patterns by HhaI digestion of PCR-amplified 16S rDNA was developed in the present study. It was clearly shown that these patterns of the genus Photobacterium were unique and distinguishable from Vibrio species. This method is very simple and does not need other supporting procedures, such as Southern transfer and probe hybridization. It can be applied not only to luminous species, but also to non-luminous Photobacterium spp. This result promises a rapid tool to distinguish the genus Photobacterium from Vibrio and should be useful in routine identification system. Received: 21 July 1997 / Accepted: 26 August 1997     

A widespread cyanobacterium supported by polyphasic approach: proposition of Koinonema pervagatum gen. & sp. nov. (Oscillatoriales)1

Several new genera originally classified as the genus Phormidium, a polyphyletic and taxonomically complex genus within the Oscillatoriales, were recently described. The simple morphology of Phormidium does not reflect its genetic diversity and the delimitation of a natural group is not possible with traditional classification systems based on morphology alone. Therefore, this study used morphological, ecological, and molecular approaches to evaluate four populations morphologically similar to Ammassolinea, Kamptonema, and Ancylothrix (simple, curved, and gradually attenuated at the ends trichome), found in subtropical and tropical Brazilian regions. 16S rRNA gene sequences grouped all the strains in a highly supported clade with other two European strains isolated from thermal springs surrounding areas. The 16S‐23S ITS secondary structure corroborated the phylogenetic analysis with all the strains having similar structures. Consequently, a genetically well‐defined and cryptic new genus, Koinonema gen. nov., is proposed containing the aquatic, mesophilic, and morphologically homogeneous new species, Koinonema pervagatum sp. nov.     

Phylogeny and biogeography of ice crawlers (Insecta: Grylloblattodea) based on six molecular loci: designating conservation status for Grylloblattodea species

Ice crawlers (Insecta: Grylloblattodea) are rarely encountered insects that consist of five genera representing 26 species from North America and Asia. Asian grylloblattids are the most diverse, but North American ice crawlers (genus Grylloblatta) are known for their adaptation to cold conditions. Phylogenetic relationships among grylloblattid species and genera are not known. Six genes were sampled in 35 individuals for 18S rRNA, 28S rRNA, histone 3, 12S rRNA, 16S rRNA, and cytochrome oxidase II from 21 populations of Grylloblatta, three populations from Japan (genus Galloisiana), and three populations from Russia (genus Grylloblattina). Phylogenetic analysis of these data with two mantophasmid outgroups in POY supported monophyletic genera, with Grylloblatta as sister to Grylloblattina. Grylloblatta was shown to contain two major lineages: a clade in Northern California and Oregon and a clade in Washington and Oregon. One new species and six candidate species are proposed. IUCN Red List Conservation Criteria were implemented to designate conservation status for each lineage.     

中国白蛉亚科数值分类研究（双翅目: 毛蠓科）

【目的】 对中国白蛉亚科（Phlebotominae）昆虫进行数值分类研究, 探索其在系统发育过程中的亲缘关系。【方法】 选取中国白蛉40个蛉种作为分类单元以及白蛉的68项形态特征为分类指标, 进行系统聚类分析。【结果】 聚类分析结果与传统属级及白蛉属Phlebotomus的亚属级分类一致。司蛉属Sergentomyia的亚属分类与传统分类有一些区别, 聚类分析将司蛉属分为8类, 其中尼克组nicnic group与司蛉亚属subgenus Sergentomyia和传统分类一致; 泉州司蛉S. quanzhouensis和唐氏司蛉S. tangi聚入帕蛉亚属subgenus Parrotomyia; 尹氏司蛉S. yini聚入新蛉亚属subgenus Neophlebotomus, 应氏司蛉S. iyengari、马来司蛉S. malayensis、吐鲁番司蛉S. turfanensis、兰州司蛉S. lanzhouensis和南京司蛉S. nankingensis聚为一类; 歌乐山司蛉S. koloshanensis、方亮司蛉S. fanglianensis和云南司蛉S. yunnanensis与尼克组nicnic group聚成一类, 此类群和此属中其他蛉种系统发育关系距离远。【结论】 中国白蛉亚科昆虫的聚类分析结果与传统分类基本一致, 验证了传统分类系统的可靠性, 并揭示了传统分类中一些蛉种不确定分类问题。司蛉属聚类分析结果与传统分类有差别, 提示有个别蛉种需重新考虑其分类地位。     

Comparison of 16S rRNA sequencing with conventional and commercial phenotypic techniques for identification of enterococci from the marine environment

AIMS: To compare accuracy of genus and species level identification of presumptive enterococci isolates from the marine environment using conventional biochemical testing, four commercial identification systems and 16S rRNA sequence analysis. METHODS AND RESULTS: Ninety-seven environmental bacterial isolates identified as presumptive enterococci on mEI media were tested using conventional and Enterococcus genus screen biochemical tests, four commercial testing systems and 16S rRNA sequencing. Conventional and Enterococcus genus screen biochemical testing, 16S rRNA sequencing and two commercial test systems achieved an accuracy of > or = 94% for Enterococcus genus confirmation. Conventional biochemical testing and 16S rRNA sequencing achieved an accuracy of > or = 90% for species level identification. CONCLUSIONS: For confirmation of Enterococcus genus from mEI media, conventional or genus screen biochemical testing, 16S rRNA sequencing and the four commercial systems were correct 79-100% of the time. For speciation to an accuracy of 90% or better, either conventional biochemical testing or 16S rRNA sequencing is required. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Accurate identification of presumptive environmental Enterococcus isolates to genus and species level is an integral part of laboratory quality assurance and further characterization of Enterococcus species from pollution incidents. This investigation determines the ability of six different methods to correctly identify environmental isolates.     

Taxonomic Study on Genera of Tribe Lactuceae (Compositae) from China

The Present paper is a preliminary result of study on three genera, Dubyaea, Syncalathium and Soroseris of the tribe Lactuceae (Compositae) in China. The genus Dubyaea in China so far known consists of 14 species, of which six are described here as new: D. pteroponda Shih, D. lanceolate Shih, D. muliensis Shih, D. panduriformis Shih, D. cymiformis Shih and D. jinyangensis Shih. In addition, one new combination, i.e.D. bhotanica (Hutch.) Shih, is made. There are six species in the genus Syncalathium in Chinese flora, of which one species is described here as new. This is S. orbiculariforme Shih. A new combination, S. pilosum (Hand.-Mazz.) Shih, is made in the paper. The genus Soroseris comprises nine species, of which three are described here as new, S. teres Shih, S. chrysocephala Shih and S. qinghaiensis Shih. Three new combinations, i.e.S. trichocarpa (Franch.) Shih, S. hirsuta (Anth.) Shih, and S.erysimoides (Hand.-Mazz.) Shih are made in the present paper.     

Plate tectonics and the distribution of cool temperate Southern Hemisphere macrolichens

GALLOWAY, D. J., 1988. Plate tectonics and the distribution of cool temperate Southern Hemisphere macrolichens. Several macrolichen genera in the families Lobariaceae and Pannariaceae speciate richly in cool temperate areas of the Southern Hemisphere between latitudes 35 and 55°S, being common in Nothofagus forests, subalpine shrubland, bog and grassland habitats. Affinities of southern cool temperate lichens are discussed in terms of plate tectonics and tectono-stratigraphic terranes.     

齿梗孢属(丝孢纲)5个新种及中国土壤中本属真菌已知种检索表(英文)

报道5个中国土壤中齿梗孢属新种:细基齿梗孢Scolecobasidium acutimum、不等齿梗孢S.anisomerum、弯孢齿梗孢S.curvularioides、近球齿梗孢S.spheroideum和浙江齿梗孢S.zhejiangense。对新种与各自相似种的区别进行了讨论。文末附有中国土壤中已知22种齿梗孢属真菌的检索表。新种模式标本(干制培养物)与活菌种保藏于山东农业大学植物病理学标本室(HSAUP),等模式标本(干制培养物)存放在中国科学院真菌标本馆(HMAS)。