Laurence Irving: an appreciation

Laurence Irving (1895-1979) contributed significantly over five decades to the development of environmentally oriented physiological studies. He is best known for his investigations of the physiology of diving mammals, the respiratory properties of fish blood, and cold adaptation and acclimatization in poikilotherms and homeotherms, including man. Beyond his own research contributions, Irving benefited American comparative physiology through his key roles in the immigration of Per F. Scholander and Knut and Bodil Schmidt-Nielsen to the United States. The Irving-Scholander research collaboration provides a substantial legacy for comparative physiology. Laurence Irving's administrative contributions include service as the first scientific director of the Arctic Research Laboratory at Barrow, Alaska, and as the founding director of the Institute of Arctic Biology at the University of Alaska, Fairbanks. These units have assured the implementation of his philosophy of combining laboratory and field studies in the investigation of environmentally oriented physiological problems. Laurence Irving was an ardent advocate for Alaskan research, and his efforts were an important help in the advancement of science in the state.     

Richard Clothier: an appreciation

The career of Richard Clothier is reviewed in the light of his long-standing collaboration with Michael Balls and Laurens Ruben at the University of East Anglia (UEA), the University of Nottingham, and Reed College, Portland, Oregon, USA. It began with work at UEA on the aetiology of the lymphosarcoma of Xenopus laevis, followed by studies on the effects of exposure to N-nitroso-N-methylurea on T-cell functions, which led to many contributions to comparative immunology. This was followed by the establishment of the FRAME Research Programme, which led to participation in extensive studies on the development of in vitro cytotoxicity tests and their application in acute and topical toxicity testing. A FRAME Trustee since 1983, Richard Clothier was a co-founder, and subsequently Director, of the FRAME Alternatives Laboratory in the University of Nottingham Medical School, where he led successful collaborations with a number of industrial partners and, in particular, with the European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods (ECVAM).     

Stephen Angus Hutchinson, 1914–2005: an appreciation

Stephen A. Hutchinson (1914–2005), who spent most of his academic career at the University of Glasgow, served as President of the British Mycological Society in 1970, as Honorary Treasurer from 1961–85, and as a Trustee from 1967–99. A synopsis of his academic contributions and other activities is presented, along with a complete list of his publications.     

William R. Harvey: an appreciation

Bill Harvey in Temple University days, circa 1983. From the left, Julian Dow, Michael Wolfersberger, Bill Harvey, Moira Cioffi and Dan Spaeth.

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Highlights? Bill Harvey is a clever guy. ? He is over 80, and still publishing. ? This article summarizes his career and achievements, in a nice way, without being too sycophantic.