Temperature and nutrient availability interact to mediate growth and body stoichiometry in a detritivorous stream insect

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中温-暖温带表土碳氮磷生态化学计量特征的空间变异性——以河北省为例

解析区域土壤碳氮磷元素的生态化学计量特征的空间分异格局有助于土壤养分的综合管理与利用。运用传统统计学和地统计学分析方法,以河北省为例分析了中温-暖温带表土(0—30cm)碳氮磷元素的生态化学计量特征的空间变异性及影响因素。结果显示:(1)土壤有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TSN)、全磷(TSP)其摩尔比率的变异系数均介于0.1—1之间,表明其在空间上存在中等程度的变异性。此外,C∶N的变异系数较小,表明C∶N较稳定。(2)表土TSP和C∶N具有小范围、强烈的空间自相关性,SOC、TSN、C∶P和N∶P具有较大范围、中等程度的空间自相关性,结构性因素是土壤碳氮磷含量及其摩尔比率空间变异的主要影响因素。从空间分布规律来看,表土碳氮磷含量及其摩尔比率均没有呈现明显的递增或递减的变化规律,SOC、TSN、C∶P和N∶P具有相同的空间分布趋势,高值区主要分布在冀北地区,分布面积较小,低值区分布范围较广;C∶N的高值区零星分布在冀北地区,TSP的高值区和低值区呈现斑块状分布。(3)土壤C∶N、C∶P和N∶P受到土壤理化性状、土地利用方式、人类扰动、气候及地形等因素的调控。此外,不同气候带的C∶N、C∶P和N∶P也存在一定的差异,研究区土壤C∶N与高寒带较接近,同时与其他气候带没有显著的差异;C∶P和N∶P与温带沙漠区较接近,与其余气候带存在显著的差异性,说明不同气候带之间的C∶N较C∶P和N∶P稳定。     

Silicon supply modifies C:N:P stoichiometry and growth of Phragmites australis

Silicon is a non-essential element for plant growth. Nevertheless, it affects plant stress resistance and in some plants, such as grasses, it may substitute carbon (C) compounds in cell walls, thereby influencing C allocation patterns and biomass production. How variation in silicon supply over a narrow range affects nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) uptake by plants has also been investigated in some detail. However, little is known about effects on the stoichiometric relationships between C, N and P when silicon supply varies over a broader range. Here, we assessed the effect of silicon on aboveground biomass production and C:N:P stoichiometry of common reed, Phragmites australis, in a pot experiment in which three widely differing levels of silicon were supplied. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that elevated silicon supply promoted silica deposition in the epidermis of Phragmites leaves. This resulted in altered N:P ratios, whereas C:N ratios changed only slightly. Plant growth was slightly (but not significantly) enhanced at intermediate silicon supply levels but significantly decreased at high levels. These findings point to the potential of silicon to impact plant growth and elemental stoichiometry and, by extension, to affect biogeochemical cycles in ecosystems dominated by Phragmites and other grasses and sedges.     

西双版纳外来入侵植物及其共存种叶片氮、磷化学计量特征

诊断外来植物和本地种的资源利用方式是入侵生态学研究的热点问题。叶片氮(N)、磷(P)含量和化学计量特征可以反映受侵地区植物的N、P吸收能力和限制状况, 为把握外来植物的入侵能力、为本地植物共存或消失的机制提供基础科学依据。该研究以我国西南地区典型外来入侵植物(飞机草(Chromolaena odorata)、紫茎泽兰(又叫破坏草, Ageratina adenophora))及其共存的本地植物为对象, 探讨不同入侵条件下入侵种及其共存的本地植物的N、P利用策略。在云南西双版纳孔明山研究区, 调查了无入侵条件下和飞机草与紫茎泽兰的不同入侵程度(按入侵种生物量比例划分)下的物种数量和生物量, 分析了主要植物的叶片N、P含量和N:P值。结果显示: 尽管群落地上生物量随飞机草和紫茎泽兰入侵程度增加而增加, 但本地植物种数随飞机草和紫茎泽兰入侵程度增加而显著减少。飞机草与紫茎泽兰的叶片N、P平均含量无显著差异, 但均显著高于无入侵条件下的本地植物以及与其共存的本地植物。两种入侵植物的N、P含量均随它们所占样方总生物量的比例增大而升高, 本地植物N含量也有相似的变化趋势。当对比入侵和无入侵两类样方的同种植物N、P和N:P变化时发现多数本地种叶片P含量呈降低趋势, N含量和N:P呈升高趋势。根据叶片N、P绝对含量和N:P值及其随入侵的变化规律, 推测入侵可能提高了植物的N可利用性, 但本地植物仍然受N限制; 入侵植物N:P值总体小于10与其具有相对于N吸收的较高的P吸收能力有关。该研究揭示了西南典型外来入侵植物具有较强的N、P吸收富集能力。     

Optimal metabolic regulation along resource stoichiometry gradients

Most heterotrophic organisms feed on substrates that are poor in nutrients compared to their demand, leading to elemental imbalances that may constrain their growth and function. Flexible carbon (C)‐use efficiency (CUE, C used for growth over C taken up) can represent a strategy to reduce elemental imbalances. Here, we argue that metabolic regulation has evolved to maximise the organism growth rate along gradients of nutrient availability and translated this assumption into an optimality model that links CUE to substrate and organism stoichiometry. The optimal CUE is predicted to decrease with increasing substrate C‐to‐nutrient ratio, and increase with nutrient amendment. These predictions are generally confirmed by empirical evidence from a new database of c. 2200 CUE estimates, lending support to the hypothesis that CUE is optimised across levels of organisation (microorganisms and animals), in aquatic and terrestrial systems, and when considering nitrogen or phosphorus as limiting nutrients.     

Changes in rainfall level and litter stoichiometry affect aquatic community and ecosystem processes in bromeliad phytotelmata

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Allometric and trait‐based patterns in parasite stoichiometry

We measured the elemental content (%C, N and P) and ratios (C:N, C:P, N:P) of a diverse assemblage of parasitic helminths to ask whether taxonomy or traits were related to stoichiometric variation among species. We sampled 27 macroparasite taxa, spanning four phyla, infecting vertebrate and invertebrate hosts from freshwater ecosystems in New Jersey. Macroparasites varied widely in elemental content, exhibiting 4.7‐fold variation in %N, 4.6‐fold variation in %P, and 11.5‐fold variation in N:P. Across all species, parasite %P scaled negatively and C:P scaled positively with body size. Similar relationships between parasite P content and body size occurred at the phylum level and within individual species. The allometric scaling of P across species supports the growth rate hypothesis, which predicts that smaller taxa require more P to support relatively higher growth rates. Life cycle stage was related to %N and C:N, with non‐reproductive parasite stages lower in %N and higher in C:N than actively reproducing parasites. Parasite phylum, functional feeding group, and trophic level did not explain elemental variation among species. Organismal stoichiometry is linked to ecological function, and wide variation in macroparasite stoichiometry likely generates diverse patterns in host–parasite nutrient dynamics and variable relationships between parasitism and nutrient cycling.     

生态化学计量学研究进展

生态化学计量学结合生物学、化学和物理学等基本原理,研究能量和碳、氮、磷等化学元素在生态系统中,特别是各种生态系统过程(如竞争、捕食、寄生、共生等)参与者中的变化,以及它们之间的动态平衡,并分析这种平衡对生态系统的影响。目前,C∶N∶P化学计量学研究已深入到生态学的各个层次(细胞、个体、种群、群落、生态系统)及区域等不同尺度。近年来,由于认识到化学计量学研究可以把生态实体的各个层次在元素水平上统一起来,因此生态化学计量学已成为许多生态系统的新兴研究工具。其中,C∶N∶P化学计量学是各种生态过程研究中的核心内容。论述了生态化学计量学在物种、群落、生态系统等各层次的应用现状,并指出了C∶N∶P化学计量学研究的应用前景和发展趋势,以期引起同行的重视并推动该领域的进一步发展。     

Interspecific competition alters leaf stoichiometry in 20 grassland species

The extensive use of traits in ecological studies over the last few decades to predict community functions has revealed that plant traits are plastic and respond to various environmental factors. These plant traits are assumed to predict how plants compete and capture resources. Variation in stoichiometric ratios both within and across species reflects resource capture dynamics under competition. However, the impact of local plant diversity on species‐specific stoichiometry remains poorly studied. Here, we analyze how spatial and temporal diversity in resource‐acquisition traits affects leaf elemental stoichiometry of plants (i.e. the result of resource capture) and how flexible this stoichiometry is depending on the functional composition of the surrounding community. Therefore, we assessed inter‐ and intraspecific variations of leaf carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) (and their ratios) of 20 grassland species in a large trait‐based plant diversity experiment located in Jena (Germany) by measuring leaf elemental concentrations at the species‐level along a gradient in plant trait dissimilarity. Our results show that plants showed large intra‐ and interspecific variation in leaf stoichiometry, which was only partly explained by the functional group identity (grass or herb) of the species. Elemental concentrations (N, P, but not C) decreased with plant species richness, and species tended to become more deviant from their monoculture stoichiometry with increasing trait dissimilarity in the community. These responses differed among species, some consistently increased or decreased in P and N concentrations; for other species, the negative or positive change in P and N concentrations increased with increasing trait difference between the target species and the remaining community. The strength of this relationship was significantly associated to the relative position of the species along trait gradients related to resource acquisition. Trait‐difference and trait‐diversity thus were important predictors of how species’ resource capture changed in competitive neighbourhoods.     

Changes of the relationships between soil and microbes in carbon,nitrogen and phosphorus stoichiometry during ecosystem succession

AimsThe carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) stoichiometry (C:N:P) of soil profoundly influences the growth, community structure, biomass C:N:P stoichiometry, and metabolism in microbes. However, the relationships between soil and microbes in the C:N:P stoichiometry and their temporal dynamics during ecosystem succession are poorly understood. The aim of this study was to determine the temporal patterns of soil and microbial C:N:P stoichiometry and their relationships during ecosystem succession.MethodsAn extensive literature search was conducted and data were compiled for 19 age sequences of successional ecosystems, including 13 forest ecosystems and 6 grassland ecosystems, from 18 studies published up to May 2016. Meta-analyses were performed to examine the sequential changes in 18 variables that were associated with soil and microbial C, N and P contents and the stoichiometry. Important findings (1) There was no consistent temporal pattern in soil C:N along the successional stages, whereas the soil C:P and N:P increased with succession; the slopes of the linear relationships between soil C:N:P stoichiometry and successional age were negatively correlated with the initial content of the soil organic C within given chronosequence. (2) There was no consistent temporal pattern in microbial C:N:P stoichiometry along the successional stages. (3) The fraction of microbial biomass C in soil organic C (qMBC), the fraction of microbial biomass N in soil total N, and the fraction of microbial biomass P in soil total P all increased significantly with succession, in consistency with the theory of succession that ecosystem biomass per unit resource increases with succession. (4) The qMBC decreased with increases in the values of soil C:N, C:P, or N:P, as well as the stoichiometric imbalances in C:N, C:P, and N:P between soil and microbes (i.e., ratios of soil C:N, C:P, and N:P to microbial biomass C:N, C:P, and N:P, respectively). The C:N, C:P, and N:P stoichiometric imbalances explained 37%-57% variations in the qMBC, about 7-17 times more than that explainable by the successional age, illustrating the importance of soil-microbial C:N:P stoichiometry in shaping the successional dynamics in qMBC. In summary, our study highlights the importance of the theories of ecosystem succession and stoichiometry in soil microbial studies, and suggests that appropriately applying macro-ecological theories in microbial studies may improve our understanding on microbial ecological processes.     

Taxonomic and regional patterns in benthic macroinvertebrate elemental composition in streams

1. Ecological stoichiometry has been used to better understand dynamics in consumer growth and the role of consumer‐recycled nutrients because it focuses on more than one element. Most research has focused on pelagic rather than benthic consumers. Variation in elemental composition among benthic consumer taxa would suggest that taxa differ in their susceptibility to nutrient limitation or in their role in recycling nutrients. 2. We collected benthic macroinvertebrates from streams in two regions (Indiana–Michigan and Wisconsin, U.S.A.) to examine taxonomic and regional variation in benthic macroinvertebrate body carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) concentrations and ratios. 3. Elemental composition varied little within taxa common to both regions. In contrast, elemental composition differed greatly among taxa and appeared to be related to phylogeny. The elemental composition of macroinvertebrates clustered into three distinct groups: insects, mollusks, and crustaceans. To a lesser extent, insects and mollusks also differed in elemental composition among genera. 4. Functional feeding groups (FFGs) differed in elemental composition, with predators having a higher N content than other groups. Substantial elemental imbalances between C and N were found between most primary consumers and their likely food sources, and the magnitude of the imbalance depended in part on the FFG. 5. Our results support an assumption of most ecological stoichiometry models that, within a species, the elemental composition of aquatic invertebrates is relatively constant. Variation in elemental composition among taxa at various higher taxonomic levels suggests that susceptibility of stream invertebrates to nutrient limitation and their role in nutrient cycling will strongly depend on phylogeny.     

Salt accumulation in vegetative organs and ecological stoichiometry characteristics in typical halophytes in Xinjiang,China

AimsStudying salt accumulation in vegetative organs and carbon (C), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) stoichiometry in halophytes contributes to understand the adaptive strategy to saline environment and the distribution mechanism of nutrients and salinity of the halophytes.MethodsFour typical dominant species, including three perennial shrubs (Halocnemum strobilaceum, Suaeda microphylla and Kalidium foliatum) and an annual herb (Salicornia europaea) were selected for analyzing the salt accumulation and C, N, P stoichiometry relationships.Important findings 1) The salt accumulation showed “salt island” effect at peak growing stage; Na⁺, Cl^- and electrical conductivity all showed significant positive trends, when salt ions were transported from the root to the shoot of 4 halophytes. 2) P was the limiting growth element of perennial shrubs, while both N and P were limiting factors for the annual herb. 3) Different organs, species and their interactions affected C, N, P stoichiometry and salt icons except Mg²⁺. 4) C was negatively correlated with N and P, but there was a significant positive correlation between N and P. 5) Electrical conductivity, Na⁺and K⁺ were positively correlated with N, N:P ratio, and negatively correlated with C, C:N and C:P ratios, and yet K⁺, CO₃^2- had significant positive correlation with P. These results implied that there were some kind of mutual promoting relationships between nutrients and salinity in halophytes in the saline environment, and fertilizing with N could promote sodium chloride desalination.     

海洋浮游生物的生态化学计量学研究进展

生态化学计量学可以简单定义为从分子到生物圈的元素生物学,其跨越了环境和生命的各个层次,是构建从分子到生态系统统一化理论的新思路,是生态科学发展的必然趋势.海洋生物占地球生物圈总生物量的50%,是全球生物地球化学循环的重要组成部分,而浮游生物作为海洋生态系统物质循环和能量流动的重要环节,在海洋生态系统元素循环过程中起着关键作用.但是目前关于海洋浮游生物生态化学计量学的研究较零散和缺乏.因此,本文从限制元素影响海洋浮游生物的生态现象和机理、生化物质对营养限制的响应、营养限制的食物链传递与反馈4方面,对海洋浮游生物化学计量学研究进行综述,分析了该领域当前存在的问题,并对我国海洋浮游生物生态化学计量学研究的发展重点提出了展望.
     

生态系统演替过程中土壤与微生物碳氮磷化学计量关系的变化

土壤碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)化学计量特征会显著影响微生物的生长、群落结构、生物量C:N:P化学计量及其代谢活动。然而生态系统演替过程中土壤-微生物C:N:P化学计量的时间格局及其协调关系还不明确。为此, 该研究收集了2016年5月以前发表的文献中19个生态系统演替序列(包括13个森林、6个草地生态系统)的土壤-微生物生物量C:N:P研究结果, 整合分析了其中土壤-微生物生态化学计量的时间动态, 结果表明: (1)生态系统演替过程中土壤C:N没有一致的时间格局, 而土壤C:P和N:P均随演替进程显著增加, 其中土壤C:N:P与演替时间之间线性关系的斜率与相应演替序列的初始土壤有机C含量呈负相关关系。(2)演替进程中土壤-微生物生物量C:N:P没有一致的时间格局。(3)微生物生物量C占土壤有机C百分比(qMBC)、微生物生物量N占土壤全N百分比、微生物生物量P占土壤全P百分比均随着演替进程而显著增加, 即单位资源所能支持的微生物生物量随着演替进程而增加, 这与宏观生态系统演替理论相符。(4) qMBC随着土壤C:N、C:P和N:P以及C:N、C:P和N:P化学计量不平衡性(即土壤C:N、C:P和N:P分别除以微生物生物量C:N、C:P和N:P)的增加而减小; 其中, C:N、C:P和N:P化学计量不平衡性解释了qMBC变异性的37%-57%, 是演替时间解释率的7-17倍, 表明土壤-微生物生态化学计量关系对qMBC演替动态有重要影响。该研究强调了生态化学计量学理论和生态系统演替理论在土壤微生物时间动态研究中的重要作用, 表明适当地融合生态学宏观理论于土壤微生物研究可以加深对土壤-微生物生态过程的认识。     

内蒙古包头黄河湿地土壤碳氮磷含量及其生态化学计量学特征

为探究内蒙古包头黄河湿地土壤空间分布特征、生态化学计量学特征及其指示意义,以黄河包头段沿线从东到西的3种典型类型共6块湿地为研究对象,对其不同土层土壤碳(C)、氮(N)和磷(P)化学计量特征及环境因素进行研究分析。结果表明:1)SOC、TN和TP平均值分别为11.20、0.42、0.98 g/kg,SOC、TN含量随土层深度增加而垂直波动减小,TP含量垂直方向上差异不显著。2)土壤C/N、C/P、N/P平均值分别为25.39、9.26、0.37,与中国淋溶土、干旱土和沼泽湿地土壤相比,包头市黄河湿地土壤TN含量、C/P和N/P较低,TP含量较高。3)相关性分析结果显示,土壤TN与SOC、TP、N/P和C/P具极显著正相关(P<0.01),与C/N相关性不显著;土壤TP与SOC、TN、C/N和C/P呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),与N/P相关性不显著,TP含量高但有效性较低,TN含量及其有效性可能是限制包头黄河湿地土壤碳、氮、磷等元素循环及其生态化学计量特征的关键因子。研究结果将为包头黄河湿地的植被重建、生态修复和科学管理提供理论依据。     

Carbon and nitrogen stoichiometry and nitrogen cycling rates in streams

Stoichiometric analyses can be used to investigate the linkages between N and C cycles and how these linkages influence biogeochemistry at many scales, from components of individual ecosystems up to the biosphere. N-specific NH₄⁺ uptake rates were measured in eight streams using short-term ¹⁵N tracer additions, and C to N ratios (C:N) were determined from living and non-living organic matter collected from ten streams. These data were also compared to previously published data compiled from studies of lakes, ponds, wetlands, forests, and tundra. There was a significant negative relationship between C:N and N-specific uptake rate; C:N could account for 41% of the variance in N-specific uptake rate across all streams, and the relationship held in five of eight streams. Most of the variation in N-specific uptake rate was contributed by detrital and primary producer compartments with large values of C:N and small values for N-specific uptake rate. In streams, particulate materials are not as likely to move downstream as dissolved N, so if N is cycling in a particulate compartment, N retention is likely to be greater. Together, these data suggest that N retention may depend in part on C:N of living and non-living organic matter in streams. Factors that alter C:N of stream ecosystem compartments, such as removal of riparian vegetation or N fertilization, may influence the amount of retention attributed to these ecosystem compartments by causing shifts in stoichiometry. Our analysis suggests that C:N of ecosystem compartments can be used to link N-cycling models across streams.