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1.
Age and growth estimates for the shortfin mako, Isurus oxyrinchus, derived from vertebral centra of 258 specimens (118 males, 140 females), ranging in size from 64 to 340 cm fork length (FL) were compared with data from 22 tag–recaptured individuals (74–193 cm FL) and length–frequency data from 1822 individuals (1035 males, 787 females; 65–215 cm FL). Annual band-pair deposition, confirmed by a concurrent bomb radiocarbon validation study, was used as the basis for band interpretation. Validation was further confirmed with a tetracycline-injected male shortfin mako recaptured after being at liberty off South Africa for 1 year and aged at 18 years. Growth rates from tag–recapture analysis (GROTAG) were higher than those derived from vertebral annuli and were only available from sharks up to 193 cm FL at recapture. Modal length–frequency data were used to verify the first four age classes. Growth curves were fit using both von Bertalanffy and Gompertz models. The 3-parameter version of the von Bertalanffy growth function produced the most biologically reasonable values for males, based on observed data (L  = 253 cm FL, K = 0.125 year?1 (estimated longevity = 21 year), and L 0 = 72 cm). The 3-parameter version of the Gompertz growth function produced the most biologically reasonable estimates, for females (L  = 366 cm FL, K = 0.087 year?1 (estimated longevity = 38 year) and L 0 = 88 cm. Males and females were aged to 29 (260 cm FL) and 32 years (335 cm FL), respectively. Both sexes grew similarly to age 11 (207 cm FL, 212 cm FL for males and females, respectively) when the curve leveled in males and continued to rise in females. Age at 50% maturity was estimated at 8 years for males (185 cm FL) and 18 years for females (275 cm FL). The species grows slower, matures later and has a longer life span than previously reported in North Atlantic waters.  相似文献   

2.
The age, growth, reproduction, sexual maturity and stomach content of John Dory (Zeus faber), caught in the Bay of Saros (North Aegean Sea) between September 2006 and September 2008, were investigated. The female‐male ratio was 1.6 : 1. The total length of females ranged from 13.8 cm to 52.8 cm, and of males from 12.2 cm to 42.9 cm. The length‐weight relationship was W = 0.0174*L2.936. Age data derived from vertebral centra readings were used to estimate the growth parameters of the von Bertalanffy equation. Growth parameters for females were L = 58.50 cm K = 0.11 year?1, t0 = ?0.99 year and for males L = 45.01 cm, K = 0.13 year?1, t0 = ?1.17 year. Maximum age was 18 years for females and 17 years for males. Length at first maturity for both females and males was 25.4 cm. Monthly values of the gonadosomatic index indicated that spawning occurred mainly in two peaks: one between January and June, and the other from August to September. Stomach content analysis showed the most‐preferred prey to be Pisces (IRI% 97.3).  相似文献   

3.
Two tagged‐and‐recaptured tiger sharks Galeocerdo cuvier, measuring 172 and 304 cm total length (LT) and at age 0·75 and 3·50 years, exhibited unmatched growth rates of 118·4 and 55·5 cm year?1, respectively. The larger fish was nearly mature, indicating that G. cuvier off Brazil could mature considerably earlier than conspecifics from other regions.  相似文献   

4.
Age and growth estimates were determined for the sandbar shark, Carcharhinus plumbeus, from Oahu, Hawaii in the central Pacific Ocean. Age estimates were obtained through vertebral centra analysis of 187 sharks. We verified our age estimates through marginal increment analysis of centra and oxytetracycline marking methods of at liberty sandbar sharks. Sizes of sampled sharks ranged from 46 to 147 cm pre-caudal length. Four growth models were fitted to length-at-age data; two forms of the von Bertalanffy growth model, the Gompertz growth model, and a logistic growth model. Males and females exhibited statistically significant differences in growth, indicating that females grow slower and attain larger sizes than males. Growth parameter estimates revealed slower growth rates than previously estimated (based on captive specimens) for Hawaiian sandbar sharks. The von Bertalanffy growth model using empirical length-at-birth provided the best biological and statistical fit to the data. This model gave parameter estimates of L = 138.5 cm PCL and k = 0.12 year−1 for males and L = 152.8 cm PCL, k = 0.10 year−1 for females. Male and female sandbar sharks mature at approximately 8 and 10 years of age, respectively.  相似文献   

5.
Ruditapes philippinarum, a venerid clam, is a dominant species in the sandy and muddy areas in the coastal waters of the Marmara Sea. Intensive commercial harvesting of this species is conducted in these regions. We studied the population dynamics of R. philippinarum on the southern coast of the Marmara Sea (Band?rma). Samples were collected on a monthly basis between September 2012 and August 2013. Seasonal von Bertalanffy growth parameters using the length–frequency distribution of R. philippinarum were estimated at L  = 67.50 mm and K = 0.33 year?1, and the seasonal oscillation in growth rate was 0.53. The slowest growth period was in January. The growth performance index and potential lifespan were 3.182 and 8.06 years, respectively. The growth relationship was confirmed to have a positive allometric pattern. The average total mortality rate was estimated to be 0.777 year?1, whereas the natural and fishing mortality rates were 0.539 and 0.238 year?1, respectively. The current exploitation rate of R. philippinarum was 0.306. The recruitment pattern peaked during June–August, and spawning occurred between May and August. The results of this study provide valuable information on the status of R. philippinarum stocks.  相似文献   

6.
Skates are prevalent in fisheries worldwide, but rarely are they identified to species. This is of conservation and management concern since skates exhibit a broad range of life history characteristics. The present study investigated the age and growth of the Starry Skate, Raja stellulata, and compared it to other regional skates inhabiting the U.S. West Coast. Age and growth parameters were determined using two vertebral preparation techniques: gross sectioning and histological sectioning. Gross section age estimates ranged from zero to 11 years and growth was described by the two parameter von Bertalanffy growth function (2 VBGF; L ?=?915 mm total length (TL) and k?=?0.13 year-1; n?=?189). Histological section age estimates ranged from zero to 15 years and growth was also described by the 2 VBGF (L ?=?1092 mm TL, k?=?0.06 year-1; n?=?68). Histological section results reflect a more conservative life history, specifically a lower von Bertalanffy growth coefficient, but had slightly biased results and a smaller sample size than the gross section results. An age and depth trend was found within the central California skate assemblage, in which habitat depth and maximum age were positively correlated.  相似文献   

7.
Pomacea flagellata is a gastropod conspicuous in freshwater environments, and represents a fishing resource. To assess their abundance, distribution, and secondary production, monthly samplings were carried out in Bacalar Lake from June 2012 to May 2013 at 12 sampling sites. In each site, three random transects were marked parallel to the shore. All snails on transect were collected and shell length and wet weight measured. The highest density occurred in September (1.27 ind.m?2), lowest in October (0.47 ind.m?2). Shell lengths ranged from 2 to 56 mm, with recruitment in January–March. Growth parameters were L 59.50 mm, K 0.65.year?1; the lifetime span was 3 years. Average biomass reached 5.57 wet g.m?2 and secondary production was 6.025 wet g.m?2.year-1; annual renewal rate P/B 1.08. Highest abundance and secondary production was contributed by individuals between 31 and 41 mm in length. A potential biomass of 25.06 tons of snails was estimated in the lake. Snail densities, secondary production, and turnover were very low during the year, indicating that it is not viable to consider a commercial catch without affecting the population. A ban of 10 years is proposed, and aquaculture practices of snails are recommended to recover the resource.  相似文献   

8.
Age and growth of Rhizoprionodon acutus were estimated from vertebrae age bands. From December 2009 to November 2010, 423 R. acutus between 37 and 112 cm total length (LT) were sampled along the Senegalese coast. Marginal increment ratio was used to check annual band deposition. Three growth models were adjusted to the length at age and compared using Akaike's information criterion. The Gompertz growth model with estimated size at birth appeared to be the best and resulted in growth parameters of L = 139·55 (LT) and K = 0·17 year?1 for females and L = 126·52 (LT) and K = 0·18 year?1 for males. The largest female and male examined were 8 and 9 years old, but the majority was between 1 and 3 years old. Ages at maturity estimated were 5·8 and 4·8 years for females and males, respectively. These results suggest that R. acutus is a slow‐growing species, which render the species particularly vulnerable to heavy fishery exploitation. The growth parameters estimated in this study are crucial for stock assessments and for demographic analyses to evaluate the sustainability of commercial harvests.  相似文献   

9.
Age and growth estimates for the smooth skate, Malacoraja senta, were derived from 306 vertebral centra from skates caught in the North Atlantic off the coast of New Hampshire and Massachusetts, USA. Males and females were aged to 15 and 14 years, respectively. Male and female growth diverged at both ends of the data range and the sexes required different growth functions to describe them. Males followed a traditional growth scenario and were best described by a von Bertalanffy curve with a set L o (11 cm TL) where L inf  = 75.4 cm TL, K = 0.12. Females required the use of back-calculated values to account for a lack of small individuals, using these data they were best described by a von Bertalanffy curve where growth parameters derived from vertebral length-at-age data are L inf  = 69.6 cm TL, K = 0.12, and L o  = 10.  相似文献   

10.
Growth models describe the change in length or weight as a function of age. Growth curves in tunas can take different forms from relatively simple von Bertalanffy growth curves (Atlantic bluefin, albacore tunas) to more complex two- or three-stanza growth curves (yellowfin, bigeye, skipjack, southern bluefin tunas). We reviewed the growth of the principal market tunas (albacore, bigeye, skipjack, yellowfin and the three bluefin tuna species) in all oceans to ascertain the different growth rates among tuna species and their implications for population productivity and resilience. Tunas are among the fastest-growing of all fishes. Compared to other species, tunas exhibit rapid growth (i.e., relatively high K) and achieve large body sizes (i.e., high L ). A comparison of their growth functions reveals that tunas have evolved different growth strategies. Tunas attain asymptotic sizes (L ), ranging from 75 cm FL (skipjack tuna) to 400 cm FL (Atlantic bluefin tuna), and reach L at different rates (K), varying from 0.95 year?1 (skipjack tuna) to 0.05 year?1 (Atlantic bluefin tuna). Skipjack tuna (followed by yellowfin tuna) is considered the “fastest growing” species of all tunas. Growth characteristics have important implications for population dynamics and fisheries management outcomes since tunas, and other fish species, with faster growth rates generally support higher estimates of Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY) than species with slower growth rates.  相似文献   

11.
Age and growth estimates for sand tiger sharks, Carcharias taurus, in the western North Atlantic were derived from 96 vertebral centra collected from sharks ranging from 94 to 277 cm total length (TL), and compared to previously published age and growth data. The oldest female and male sand tiger sharks aged in this study were 17 and 15 years of age, respectively. von Bertalanffy growth parameters derived from vertebral length-at-age data are L = 295.8 cm TL, k = 0.11 year−1, and t 0 = −4.2 years for females, and L = 249.5 cm TL, k = 0.16 year−1, and t 0 = −3.4 years for males. Sexual maturity is estimated to be 9–10 years for females and 6–7 years for males. Weight-to-length relationships determined for female and male sand tiger sharks in the western North Atlantic are; W = 1.3 × 10−4 × L 2.4 (r 2 = 0.84, n = 55) and W = 9.0 × 10−5 × L 2.5 (r 2 = 0.84, n = 47), respectively, and 7.9 × 10−5 × L 2.5 (r 2 = 0.84) for the sexes combined. Our results show sand tigers possess a slower rate of growth than previously thought. This information is crucial for accurately assessing this population’s ability to recover, and further justifies the need for this species to be fully protected.  相似文献   

12.
Coarse woody debris (CWD) is an important component of the forest carbon cycle, acting as a carbon pool and a source of CO2 in temperate forest ecosystems. We used a soda-lime closed-chamber method to measure CO2 efflux from downed CWD (diameter ≥5 cm) and to examine CWD respiration (R CWD) under field conditions over 1 year in a temperate secondary pioneer forest in Takayama forest. We also investigated tree mortality (input to the CWD pool) from the data obtained from the annual tree census, which commenced in 2000. We developed an exponential function of temperature to predict R CWD in each decay class (R 2 = 0.81–0.97). The sensitivity of R CWD to changing temperature, expressed as Q 10, ranged from 2.12 to 2.92 and was relatively high in decay class III. Annual C flux from CWD (F CWD) was extrapolated using continuous air temperature measurements and CWD necromass pools in the three decay classes. F CWD was 3.0 (class I), 17.8 (class II), and 13.7 g C m?2 year?1 (class III) and totaled 34 g C m?2 year?1 in 2009. Annual input to CWD averaged 77 g C m?2 year?1 from 2000 to 2009. The budget of the CWD pool in the Takayama forest, including tree mortality inputs and respiratory outputs, was 0.43 Mg C ha?1 year?1 (net C sink) owing to high tree mortality in the mature pioneer forest. The potential CWD sink is important for the carbon cycle in temperate successional forests.  相似文献   

13.
This study reports length–weight relationships and growth parameters for Chriodorus atherinoides from La Carbonera, a karstic tropical coastal lagoon on the northwestern coast of the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. A total of 667 specimens were collected between April 2009 and March 2010. The length‐weight relationship obtained was W = 0.0034Lt3.22. This study presents the first estimation of the model parameters of the von Bertalanffy growth equation (L = 27.30 cm, = 0.76 year?1 and t0 = ?0.178 years), the instantaneous total mortality (2.51 year?1) and the maximum length record (26.0 cm total length), which is greater than previously recorded.  相似文献   

14.
Fundulus grandis (Baird and Girard), the Gulf Killifish, is an abundant species throughout the marshes of the northern Gulf of Mexico. Its wide distribution and high site fidelity makes it an ideal indicator species for brackish and salt marshes, which experience a variety of anthropogenic disturbances. Despite the ecological, commercial, and scientific importance of F. grandis, age determination methods have not been validated and little is known of its growth pattern. By combining a tag-recapture study with a chemical marker to stain otoliths, we validated an ageing method for F. grandis adults (49–128 mm TL) using whole sagittal otoliths and determined growth rates of recaptured individuals in winter (n = 58) and summer (n = 36) in Louisiana. Mean somatic growth in length was significantly greater during the winter (0.085 mm d?1) than summer (0.054 mm d?1). In contrast, mean otolith growth was significantly greater in summer (1.37 μm d?1) than winter (0.826 μm d?1). The uncoupling of somatic and otolith growth may be primarily attributed to warm summer temperatures, which led to enhanced otolith growth while simultaneously reducing somatic growth. Fundulus grandis was aged to a maximum of 2.25 years. The parameters of the von Bertalanffy growth model were estimated as: L  = 87.27 mm, k = 2.43 year?1, and t 0 = ?0.022. These findings reveal essential age and growth information for F. grandis and provide a benchmark to evaluate responses to environmental disturbances.  相似文献   

15.
The stimulation by Mg2+, Na+, K+, NH4 +, and ATP of (Na+, K+)-ATPase activity in a gill microsomal fraction from the freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii was examined. Immunofluorescence labeling revealed that the (Na+, K+)-ATPase α-subunit is distributed predominantly within the intralamellar septum, while Western blotting revealed a single α-subunit isoform of about 108 kDa M r. Under saturating Mg2+, Na+, and K+ concentrations, the enzyme hydrolyzed ATP, obeying cooperative kinetics with V M = 115.0 ± 2.3 U mg?1, K 0.5 = 0.10 ± 0.01 mmol L?1. Stimulation by Na+ (V M = 110.0 ± 3.3 U mg?1, K 0.5 = 1.30 ± 0.03 mmol L?1), Mg2+ (V M = 115.0 ± 4.6 U mg?1, K 0.5 = 0.96 ± 0.03 mmol L?1), NH4 + (V M = 141.0 ± 5.6 U mg?1, K 0.5 = 1.90 ± 0.04 mmol L?1), and K+ (V M = 120.0 ± 2.4 U mg?1, K M = 2.74 ± 0.08 mmol L?1) followed single saturation curves and, except for K+, exhibited site–site interaction kinetics. Ouabain inhibited ATPase activity by around 73 % with K I = 12.4 ± 1.3 mol L?1. Complementary inhibition studies suggest the presence of F0F1–, Na+-, or K+-ATPases, but not V(H+)- or Ca2+-ATPases, in the gill microsomal preparation. K+ and NH4 + synergistically stimulated enzyme activity (≈25 %), suggesting that these ions bind to different sites on the molecule. We propose a mechanism for the stimulation by both NH4 +, and K+ of the gill enzyme.  相似文献   

16.
Based on length frequency data, the following growth and mortality parameters were derived for the stock of Indian oil sardine, Sardinella longiceps, off the southwest coast of India: L= 21 cm, K = 1.4 year-1, Z = 4.2 year-1, M = 2.0 year-1, F = 2.2 year-1 The fishing mortality (F) required to maintain the spawning stock at the optimum level was estimated to be 1.8 year-1. At this level of fishing mortality, the maximum sustainable yield per annum was estimated around 45 × 109 in numbers and 300,000 tonnes in weight.  相似文献   

17.
The present study investigated the age, growth, mortality and morphometry of the sand smelt, Atherina boyeri, in the Mala Neretva River estuary (mid‐eastern Adriatic Sea). The study of scale annuli showed that the population is up to 4 years of age. However, most sand smelt are in their first and second year; the numbers of older individuals are very low because they migrate upstream and are heavily fished. The von Bertalanffy parameters for the total sample of sand smelt were found to be L = 13.5 cm, K = 0.37 year?1 and t0 = ?0.97. Overall total mortality was estimated at 1.81 year?1, natural mortality was 0.90 year?1 and fishing mortality was 0.91 year?1.  相似文献   

18.
Age and growth of the whiskery shark, Furgaleus macki, from southwestern Australia were examined using vertebral ageing and tag-recapture data. The readability of bands on the vertebral centra varied markedly between individuals. Four readers were used to make band counts, with the most experienced reader having the lowest index of average percent error and the highest level of agreement with final counts. Marginal increment analysis indicated that opaque bands form in January. With parturition occurring from August to October, size data suggests that the first band is probably formed 15–17 months after birth. The age at maturity was estimated to be 4.5 years for males, and 6.5 years for females. The oldest male was 10.5 years, and oldest female was 11.5 years. Von Bertalanffy growth parameters for males were L =121.5cm fork length, K=0.423 year–1, t 0=–0.472 years, were L =120.7cm fork length, K=0.369 year–1, t 0=–0.544 years for females, and were L =118.1cm fork length, K=0.420 year–1, t 0=–0.491 years for combined sexes. Data from a tag recapture study were analysed using a maximum likelihood method to verify the estimates of growth parameters from vertebral ageing. Von Bertalanffy growth parameters from the tag recapture study were L =128.2cm fork length, K=0.288 year–1, t 0=–0.654 years. The two methods of estimating growth parameters produced similar results, with rapid growth until approximately 5 years of age, after which there was little increase in length.  相似文献   

19.
Effects of oxygen transfer on recombinant protein production by Pichia pastoris under glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase promoter were investigated. Recombinant glucose isomerase was chosen as the model protein. Two groups of oxygen transfer strategies were applied, one of which was based on constant oxygen transfer rate where aeration rate was Q O/V = 3 and 10 vvm, and agitation rate was N = 900 min?1; while the other one was based on constant dissolved oxygen concentrations, C DO = 5, 10, 15, 20 and 40 % in the fermentation broth, by using predetermined exponential glucose feeding with μ o = 0.15 h?1. The highest cell concentration was obtained as 44 g L?1 at t = 9 h of the glucose fed-batch phase at C DO = 20 % operation while the highest volumetric and specific enzyme activities were obtained as 4440 U L?1 and 126 U g?1 cell, respectively at C DO = 15 % operation. Investigation of specific enzyme activities revealed that keeping C DO at 15 % was more advantageous with an expense of relatively higher by-product formation and lower specific cell growth rate. For this strategy, the highest oxygen transfer coefficient and oxygen uptake rate were K L a = 0.045 s?1 and OUR = 8.91 mmol m?3 s?1, respectively.  相似文献   

20.
The objective of this study was to determine the basic population‐specific parameters necessary for fish stock assessment in the Gulf of Annaba and to compare these with data from other Mediterranean regions. Black sea bream Spondyliosoma cantharus (Linnaeus, 1758) (N = 501) were collected monthly from January to December 2008 along the Algerian eastern coasts. More than 22 fish were collected each month and ranged in size from 13.4 to 40 cm total length, weighing from 36 to 1080 g eviscerated weight. Biological sampling included weighing and measuring the fish, gonad weighing, sex and maturity stage determination, and age estimation through otolith readings. Validity of the otolith readings for estimating age and growth was supported using the back‐calculation method. Estimated parameters of the von Bertalanffy model are: L = 33.54 cm, W = 633.46 g, = 0.52 year?1 and to = ?0.04 year. The growth performance index (φ) is: 2.76. The length‐weight relationship is: EW = 4.4.10?6 TL3.23. The spawning period occurred from February to May, while the gamete emission peaked in April. Females reached sexual maturity at 19.3 cm (2 years) and males at 21.3 cm (3 years). Sexual inversion occurs at approximately 24.3 cm. Spondyliosoma cantharus was characterized as being a protogynic hermaphrodite.  相似文献   

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