药用植物内生真菌研究现状和发展趋势

药用植物内生真菌普遍存在于健康植物组织和器官中,种类繁多,分布广泛。到目前为止,人们已从大量药用植物中分离出不同类型的内生真菌,这些植物广泛分布于除南极洲以外的各种陆地生态系统中。随着现代科学技术的迅速发展,药用植物内生真菌的研究也取得了长足的进步。由于内生真菌对于药用植物的重要性,其相关研究也受到了世界各国学者的高度关注。本文总结现阶段药用植物内生真菌相关研究,并对未来研究的发展趋势做出展望。     

药用植物内生真菌研究进展

药用植物内生真菌具有抗肿瘤、抗菌、抗病毒、抗氧化等活性,能够产生植物生长素、细胞激动素、赤霉素等促植物生长物质促进植物生长,从而使研究药用植物内生真菌成为寻找新型拮抗菌、抗肿瘤、抗氧化活性药物的重要资源。本文对药用植物内生真菌的多样性、分离鉴定、产生的次生代谢产物及其功能等做一综述。     

几种药用植物内生真菌抗真菌活性的初步研究

从三尖杉,南方红豆杉及香榧中分离出172株内生真菌,对其进行抗菌活性检测,结果表明共90株内生真菌对一种或多种植物病原真菌,如红色面孢霉（Neurospora sp.）,木霉(Trichoderma sp.）,镰刀菌（Fusarium sp.）等有抑制作用,来自三尖杉、南方红豆杉和香榧的抗菌活性菌株比例分别为40％,54.2%及57.1%。其中平板抑菌圈直径大于15mm的高抗菌株有35株。按Ainsworth等鉴定系统和方法进行鉴定,具有抗菌活性的内生真菌主要分布于心青霉属、镰孢菌属等18个属中。     

药用植物内生真菌及活性物质多样性研究进展

药用植物具有丰富的物种多样性,是人类生存与发展的重要自然资源。内生真菌广泛存在于健康植物组织内部,是植物微生态系统的重要组成部分,各种药用植物中蕴藏着非常丰富的内生真菌。通过与药用植物的“协同进化”,某些内生真菌具有了产生与宿主植物相同或相似的生物活性物质的能力。内生真菌产生的各种活性物质,在生物制药、农业生产、工业发酵等方面都表现出美好的应用前景,受到世界各国专家的广泛关注。利用内生真菌发酵实现生物活性物质的工业化生产,可以提高产量、降低产品成本,满足人们日益增长的需求;同时有利于珍稀、濒危药用植物资源的保护,对减少野生药用植物多样性的破坏具有重要意义。本文从药用植物内生真菌物种多样性与产生生物活性物质多样性等方面总结近年最新的研究进展,提出了内生真菌及活性物质研究的未来发展方向。     

内生真菌天然活性产物的研究进展

药用植物内生真菌能够产生许多结构新颖的活性次级代谢产物,已成为发现新天然活性物质的重要源泉。结合作者的工作,文中通过对内生真菌天然产物的分类,对这一领域的研究进展进行综述。     

三种药用植物内生真菌抗真菌活性的研究

从雪上一枝蒿(Aconitumbrachypodum)、刺五加(Acanthopanaxsenticosus)和大血藤(Sargentodoxacuneata)分离获得的162株内生真菌进行抗真菌活性检测,结果具有抗菌活性菌株有74株,雪上一枝蒿15株,刺五加23株,大血藤36株,分别占3种植物各自内生真菌的44.12%,48.94%和44.44%。将具有抗菌活性的菌株进行分类鉴定,分属于6目、7科、23属。     

药用植物内生真菌多样性及生态分布

从北京植物园4科6种药用植物的1144个组织块中分离到内生真菌973株,根据形态特征将778株产生孢子的菌株鉴定为21个分类单元,其中腔孢菌11种、子囊菌6种、丝孢菌4种．从每种植物中分离的内生真菌种数为5～8种,其中Alternaria alternata是这6种植物内生真菌的优势种,同时Microsphaeropsis conielloides也是杜仲的优势种．这6种植物具有较高的内生真菌定殖率（47．9％．63．1％）和分离率（0．70～0．93）,而且枝条的内生真菌定殖率和分离率明显高于叶片;随着枝条年龄的增长,内生真菌的定殖率和分离率呈明显递增趋势．内生真菌群落组成的相似性和聚类分析结果表明,部分内生真菌具有一定的宿主和组织偏好性．     

药用植物二色补血草内生真菌分离及其抑菌活性初步研究

对药用植物二色补血草内生真菌进行分离,以番茄灰霉病菌、黄瓜枯萎病菌、枸杞黑果病菌、黄瓜立枯病菌、小麦全蚀病菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和铜绿假单胞菌为靶标菌,采用对峙法和改进的菌块法进行抗菌活性初步筛选。结果表明:(1)从二色补血草根、茎、叶组织器官中分离出18株内生真菌,其中以叶部最多,根部和茎部次之;经形态学初步鉴定归于2目,2科,4属。(2)有10株内生真菌对2种或多种植物病原真菌有不同程度的抑制作用,占分离菌株总数的55.6%;8株内生真菌对1种或多种供试细菌具有不同程度的抑制作用,占分离菌株总数的44.4%;菌株LBEFL001和LBEFL006分别对5种供试真菌具有明显抑制作用,属于曲霉属和青霉属;菌株LBEFR006、LBEFS002分别对金黄色葡萄球菌和铜绿假单胞菌2种供试细菌具有明显抑制作用,属于梭孢霉属;菌株LBEFL004对枯草芽胞杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌2种供试细菌具有明显抑制作用,属于曲霉属。研究发现,二色补血草具有较为丰富的内生真菌资源,对植物病原真菌具有明显的抑菌活性,且抑菌范围较宽;对病原细菌抑制作用具有一定的选择性,总体上对金黄色葡萄球菌抑制作用明显。     

云南12种药用植物内生真菌分离及抗肿瘤活性菌株筛选

从马尾树、断肠草和白花蛇舌草等十二种云南药用植物中共分离到内生真菌263株,以卤虫模型对其中130株进行了抗肿瘤活性筛选,结果表明,有56.9%的菌株LD50≥4,39.2%的菌株LD50≥8,25.4%的菌株LD50≥16。以人胃癌细胞株BGC-823对LD50≥16的高活性菌株进行MTT法复筛,结果表明,有12株菌显示了细胞毒活性,抑制率从39.24%到100%不等。进一步研究表明,菌株D126和MT13对人白血病细胞株K562显示了较强的细胞毒活性,IC50分别为1∶438和1∶919。在12种植物中,小桐子的抗肿瘤活性菌株比率最高,为37.5%,其次为曼陀罗,为25.0%,而乌头、木瓜红、大花八角和重楼中未分离到抗肿瘤活性菌株。经鉴定,抗肿瘤活性菌株分属于12个分类单元     

植物内生真菌化感作用的研究现状

植物内生真菌能产生酚类、萜类和生物碱类等多种类型的化感物质,它们在植物的生长发育、抗生物胁迫和非生物胁迫方面发挥重要作用。对植物内生真菌的化感作用及其所产生的化感物质进行了综述,并展望了其化感作用的应用前景。     

一株特殊生境荒漠药用植物沙蓬内生真菌Rhinocladiella similis中苯甲酸大环内酯化合物

从一株特殊生境荒漠药用植物沙蓬的内生真菌Rhinocladiella similis中分离得到4个苯甲酸大环内酯化合物,包括2个新化合物rhinoclactones E（2）和F（1）、2个已知化合物8,9-dihyrogreensporone D（3）和8,9-dihydrogreensporone A（4）。基于高分辨质谱与核磁共振谱数据以及相关文献比对,确定了新化合物与已知化合物的结构。化合物1和2是一对立体异构体,在大环内酯环中并有一个呋喃环,这种环系统在自然界比较稀少。化合物1-4对3株肿瘤细胞株和植物病原真菌没有抑制活性。本结果进一步丰富了该真菌的化学成分研究,暗示特殊生境荒漠植物内生真菌具有产生结构新颖的次级代谢产物的潜力,是发现新活性天然产物的一个新的重要宝库;此外,根据化合物的结构特征与生物活性结果,本文还探讨了这些化合物潜在的生态学功能。     

Bioactive metabolites from the endophytic fungus Ampelomyces sp. isolated from the medicinal plant Urospermum picroides

Extracts of cultures grown in liquid or on solid rice media of the fungal endophyte Ampelomyces sp. isolated from the medicinal plant Urospermum picroides exhibited considerable cytotoxic activity when tested in vitro against L5178Y cells. Chromatographic separation yielded 14 natural products that were unequivocally identified based on their ¹H and ¹³C NMR as well as mass spectra and comparison with previously published data. Six compounds (2, 4, 5, 7, 9 and 11) were natural products. Both fungal extracts differed considerably in their secondary metabolites. The extract obtained from liquid cultures afforded a pyrone (2) and sulfated anthraquinones (7 and 9) along with the known compounds 1, 3, 6 and 8. When grown on solid rice medium the fungus yielded three compounds 4, 5 and 11 in addition to several known metabolites including 6, 8, 10, 12, 13 and 14. Compounds 4, 8 and 10 showed the strongest cytotoxic activity against L5178Y cells with EC₅₀ values ranging from 0.2–7.3 μg/ml. Furthermore, 8 and 10 displayed antimicrobial activity against the Gram-positive pathogens, Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis and Enterococcus faecalis at minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of 12.5 μg/ml and 12.5–25 μg/ml, respectively. Interestingly, 6 and 8 were also identified as constituents of an extract derived from a healthy plant sample of the host plant U. picroides thereby indicating that the production of bioactive natural products by the endophyte proceeds also under in situ conditions within the host plant.     

Isolation of taxol producing endophytic fungus Alternaria brassicicola from non-Taxus medicinal plant Terminalia arjuna

World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology - Shigella type III effector OspF, a nuclear translocation protein, has been showed to have an essential role in Shigella flexneri infection and...     

植物内生真菌: 获取抗癌药物白藜芦醇的新途径

白藜芦醇(Resveratrol)是一种含有芪类结构的非黄酮类多酚化合物,以游离态和糖苷结合态(白藜芦醇苷)两种形式存在于植物中,是植物受到病菌感染或环境恶化时产生的应激产物.常见的含有白藜芦醇(苷)的植物有葡萄、虎杖、花生、桑椹、藜芦、决明等.近年的研究表明,白藜芦醇(苷)具有显著的抗炎、抗氧化、神经保护和心血管保护等作用,可预防和治疗多种疾病,有较高的使用安全性,已成为抑制和治疗组织癌变和肿瘤发生的最有前途的药物之一.     

Meroterpenes isolated from the endophytic fungus Guignardia mangiferae

Two new guignardones and one tricycloalternarene derivatives, named guignardone D, E (2–3) and tricycloalternarene F (4), and the known guignardone A (1) were isolated from Guignardia mangiferae, an endophytic fungus from the leaves of Viguiera arenaria (Asteraceae), after fermentation in Czapek medium. Structures were established on the basis of their spectroscopic data, including ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, HMQC, HMBC and HRESI-MS.     

Gentiopicrin-producing endophytic fungus isolated from Gentiana macrophylla

Gentiana macrophylla is a traditional Chinese medicinal plant. Its dominant active constituents are secoiridoids, mainly gentiopicrin. The objective of this study was to determine whether endophytic fungi isolated from this plant produce the bioactive ingredient gentiopicrin. Primary screening was done by Dragendorff's reaction and the strain re-selection was done with thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to identify the fermentation products of the selected strains. In this study, 20 strains of endophytic fungi were isolated from G. macrophylla, and the extracts from five strains had a positive Dragendorff's reaction. Two strains (QJ16 and QJ18) had a component with the same R_f value in TLC as that of authentic gentiopicrin and one ingredient of the QJ18 extract had a retention time identical with that of authentic gentiopicrin in HPLC. Therefore, the fungus appears to produce the bioactive ingredient gentiopicrin, as does its host plant, and could be used for the production of gentiopicrin by fermentation.     

Bioactive metabolites from Chaetomium globosum L18, an endophytic fungus in the medicinal plant Curcuma wenyujin

An endophytic fungus, strain L18, isolated from the medicinal plant Curcuma wenyujin Y.H. Chen et C. Ling was identified as Chaetomium globosum Kunze based on morphological characteristics and sequence data for the internal transcribed spacer (ITS-5.8S-ITS2) of the nuclear ribosomal DNA. A new metabolite named chaetoglobosin X (1), together with three known compounds erogosterol (2), ergosterol 5α,8-peroside (3) and 2-methyl-3-hydroxy indole (4), were isolated from C. globosum L18. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods including NMR, UV, IR and MS data and comparison with published data. Chaetoglobosin X (1) is hitherto unknown, whereas 2-methyl-3-hydroxy indole (4) is reported for the first time as a fungal metabolite, and erogosterol (2) and ergosterol 5α,8-peroside (3) are known fungal metabolites previously identified in other genera. Chaetoglobosin X (1) exhibited a broader antifungal spectrum and showed the strongest cytotoxic activity against H22 and MFC cancer cell lines.     

源于植物内生无花果拟盘多毛孢真菌的新色原酮类次生代谢产物研究

从植物内生真菌无花果拟盘多毛孢菌株(Pestalotiopsis fici;AS3.9138=W106-1)的放大发酵粗提物中分离得到4个异戊二烯基取代的色原酮类新结构次生代谢产物pestaloficiolsM-P(1-4),并应用质谱和核磁共振技术确定了上述化合物的结构。生物活性测试结果表明化合物2能够抑制HIV-1病毒在C8166细胞中的复制;化合物3和4对宫颈癌细胞(HeLa)具有细胞毒活性;另外,化合物3对烟曲霉Aspergillus fumigatus也具有较强的抑制活性。     

Phenolic compounds from the Mongolian medicinal plant Scorzonera radiata

Chromatographic separation of a crude extract obtained from aerial parts of the Mongolian medicinal plant Scorzonera radiata yielded fifteen natural compounds, including two new flavonoids and one new quinic acid congener, as well as four flavones and eight quinic acid derivatives, all of which are known natural compounds. The structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated on the basis of NMR (1H, 13C, COSY, HMBC, ROESY, and TOCSY) and mass spectrometric data. The antioxidant activities of the quinic acid derivatives were evaluated by the DPPH assay.