口腔微生物群和人体健康

口腔微生物群作为人体微生物群的重要组成部分,其与人体健康之间的关系已成为各领域研究的焦点。口腔微生物群种类繁多、组成复杂,涵盖了细菌、真菌、古细菌和病毒等。近年来的研究显示,口腔微生物群的组成和比例与人体健康密切相关,会影响口腔疾病如龋齿、牙周病的发生。同时口腔微生物也是全身系统性疾病如肺炎、肿瘤和糖尿病等发生的危险因素之一。大量研究认为,口腔微生物群组成的改变、口腔微生物群之间的相互作用对疾病的发生有协同促进作用。本文聚焦于口腔微生物群的组成相关研究、口腔微生物组的最新进展,并对其与人体健康之间的关系进行综述。     

微生物与生命健康专题序言

人体微生物组是指人体内由微生物组成的共生生态群落,其动态平衡与人体健康密切相关。微生物组被公认为可在人体中起调节免疫、代谢、消化吸收作用的重要"器官",可与包括肺、肠道、阴道、大脑在内的多个器官产生联系,并逐步成为治疗癌症、冠心病、神经系统疾病等疑难杂症的潜在靶点。近年来,随着微生物组测序与分析技术的飞速发展,从微生物组角度发现人体微生物与多种疾病的关系并探索新的治疗方法已成为国际科研的热点与前沿。为了进一步促进人体微生物在生命健康领域的研究,《生物工程学报》特组织出版专题,重点阐述了人体微生物组的研究方法、人体微生物组与疾病以及干预方法等方面的研究进展,为推动微生物组在生命健康领域的快速发展提供理论基础。     

肠道真菌研究进展

摘要：肠道真菌是肠道微生物的重要组成部分，在肠道正常菌群中所占比例极小，主要包括假丝酵母属（Candida）、隐球酵母属（Cryptococcus）、青霉属（Penicillium）、曲霉属（Aspergillus）、红酵母属（Rhodotorula）等，对维持肠道微生态稳态和机体健康具有重要作用，也与抗生素相关性腹泻（AAD）、乙型肝炎、炎症性肠病（IBD）等疾病的发病机制息息相关。本文主要总结了目前已发现的肠道真菌属及其对人体的影响机制以及肠道真菌相关的研究方法，为肠道真菌在疾病的诊断和治疗方面的进一步研究提供依据与思路。     

肠道微生物蛋白糖基化修饰的研究进展

肠道微生物在维持人体健康和诱导疾病的发展中扮演着重要角色,其蛋白糖基化修饰深刻影响着宿主的各项生命活动。本文从糖组学的角度出发,讨论并分析了肠道微生物的组成、作用,以及肠道微生物群中代表性细菌的糖基化模式及其密切相关的生理功能,发现及归纳了糖基化对肠道微生物功能和活动的调节方式,为相关疾病的研究及诊治提供了一个新的思路。     

哈尔滨工业大学生物工程中心

正哈尔滨工业大学生物工程中心主要从事微生物基因工程、微生物发酵工程、微生物基因组学、微生物转录组学、微生物代谢组学等方面的研究工作。该中心的研究对象主要集中在对植物病原菌进行生物防治的真菌和与生物质资源化相关的真菌和细菌。对植物病原菌进行生物防治的真菌研究方面,经过20多年的努力,完成了苯并咪唑类杀菌剂抗药性     

干细胞及微小RNAs治疗肺纤维化的研究进展

肺纤维化是一种严重危害人类健康的呼吸系统常见并发症,是各种不同病因的肺间质疾病的最后共同结果。其严重影响人体呼吸功能,且随着病情和肺部损伤的加重,患者呼吸功能不断恶化,其发病率和死亡率逐年增加。干细胞作为一种具有自我复制能力的多潜能细胞,近年研究发现其与微小RNAs在治疗肺部疾病中均具有重要作用,了解干细胞及微小RNAs与肺纤维化治疗之间的关系具有重要意义。本文将主要介绍几种干细胞及微小RNAs治疗肺纤维化的相关作用机制,此综述结果将为预防和治疗肺纤维化提供新的研究方向。     

阴道微生物组：种群特征与疾病干预治疗

高通量测序技术的发展显著加快了对人类微生物组的理解。将人体微生物组与疾病关联,力求阐明疾病的发生进程,是推进个性化精准医疗的重要研究方向。近年来,栖居于女性阴道的微生物菌群日益受到关注,发现其生态失调与疾病发生、演变密不可分。文中综述了阴道微生物组与生殖道疾病发生、进展和治疗的最新进展,同时对阴道微生物组培养组、益生菌工程化改造以及合成菌群在阴道微生物组学研究以及疾病干预与治疗方面的前景进行了展望。     

长寿人群肠道微生态与细胞衰老的关系简析

肠道微生物与人体共生共存,是人体重要的"器官",与人体健康和疾病密切相关。越来越多的研究开始关注肠道微生物在不同疾病中的作用,并发现在某些疾病的发生发展中,人体肠道微生物及其代谢产物是非常关键的一环。肠道微生物与衰老也息息相关。衰老是每个人都必须经历的过程,整体来看是健康的器官功能逐步退化的过程,在细胞层面上是细胞的衰老。本文主要分析了长寿人群肠道微生物的分布特征,并分析了与长寿密切相关的部分肠道微生物及其影响细胞衰老的机制。     

外生菌根真菌促生微生物生态功能研究进展

菌根的形成及功能与菌根促生功能微生物密切相关。外生菌根不仅在森林生态系统中发挥至关重要的作用,而且部分外生菌根类大型真菌具有良好的食药用经济价值。根据已有研究,本文系统阐述了外生菌根真菌相关促生功能微生物对外生菌根真菌菌根化、菌丝生长及子实体形成的促进作用及机制;解析促生功能微生物对外生菌根真菌的特异定殖机制;探讨外生菌根真菌相关促生性微生物的作用条件特异性及生态功能,对外生菌根真菌和相关促生功能微生物的互作进行综述,并展望了外生菌根真菌促生微生物的研究前景。希望为外生菌根真菌生长、发育及其生态功能研究提供新的思路。     

肠道微生物群对肺部免疫微环境稳态影响的研究进展

肠道微生物群是与宿主共生的最大的微生态系统的重要组成部分,它们通过调节宿主的内分泌、代谢、神经和免疫微环境影响人体的多种基本功能。近年来,肠道微生物群对机体局部和远端免疫器官的影响引起了科学家们的广泛关注。肠道微生物和肺之间的相互作用被称为“肠-肺轴”,对肺部免疫微环境稳态的维持至关重要。研究表明,肠道微生物群失调与哮喘、肺炎和囊性纤维化等多种肺部疾病密切相关。本文将对肠道微生物群对肺部免疫微环境稳态的影响及在多种肺部疾病中的作用进行阐述,为临床通过调整肠道微生物群来治疗肺部疾病和维持肺部免疫微环境稳态提供理论依据。     

组学视角下养殖动物消化道微生物组结构与功能研究进展北大核心

养殖动物消化道中含有大量的微生物,不仅参与动物对营养物质的消化和吸收,还对宿主生长发育及免疫起重要调节作用。动物消化道微生物组研究是目前国内外的热点领域,取得了一系列重要研究进展。深入了解养殖动物消化道微生物组的结构与功能,将为今后调控和应用消化道微生物、提高动物生产性能、改善动物胃肠道健康和实现绿色健康养殖奠定理论基础。本文以4种代表性养殖动物(牛、羊、猪和鸡)为主体,对组学视角下其消化道微生物群落结构、功能等研究进展进行总结和分析;并对未来研究方向进行展望。     

2016年动物胃肠道微生物组研究十大亮点成果

动物胃肠道微生物对生产性能提高具有重要的作用,因此营养、微生物组与生产表型的互作研究已经成为国际研究热点。综述了2016年动物胃肠道微生物组学研究取得的十项重要成果,这些成果通过组学方法,研究了瘤胃纤维分解菌和尿素分解菌的功能基因多样性,揭示了微生物群落与日粮营养素、宿主基因型、环境的互作关系,阐明了反刍动物生产表型相关的瘤胃微生物种类和功能;首次构建猪肠道微生物组参考基因集,解析猪全肠道黏膜微生物组成,阐明了猪增重相关肠道微生物种类。这十大亮点成果将为国内动物营养学家开展动物胃肠道微生物组学研究提供参考。     

Focus: Microbiome: Human Microbiota and Ophthalmic Disease

The human ocular surface, consisting of the cornea and conjunctiva, is colonized by an expansive, diverse microbial community. Molecular-based methods, such as 16S rRNA sequencing, has allowed for more comprehensive and precise identification of the species composition of the ocular surface microbiota compared to traditional culture-based methods. Evidence suggests that the normal microbiota plays a protective immunological role in preventing the proliferation of pathogenic species and thus, alterations in the homeostatic microbiome may be linked to ophthalmic pathologies. Further investigation of the ocular surface microbiome, as well as the microbiome of other areas of the body such as the oral mucosa and gut, and their role in the pathophysiology of diseases is a significant, emerging field of research, and may someday enable the development of novel probiotic approaches for the treatment and prevention of ophthalmic diseases.     

The Lung Microbiome in Moderate and Severe Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is an inflammatory disorder characterized by incompletely reversible airflow obstruction. Bacterial infection of the lower respiratory tract contributes to approximately 50% of COPD exacerbations. Even during periods of stable lung function, the lung harbors a community of bacteria, termed the microbiome. The role of the lung microbiome in the pathogenesis of COPD remains unknown. The COPD lung microbiome, like the healthy lung microbiome, appears to reflect microaspiration of oral microflora. Here we describe the COPD lung microbiome of 22 patients with Moderate or Severe COPD compared to 10 healthy control patients. The composition of the lung microbiomes was determined using 454 pyrosequencing of 16S rDNA found in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Sequences were analyzed using mothur, Ribosomal Database Project, Fast UniFrac, and Metastats. Our results showed a significant increase in microbial diversity with the development of COPD. The main phyla in all samples were Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria. Principal coordinate analyses demonstrated separation of control and COPD samples, but samples did not cluster based on disease severity. However, samples did cluster based on the use of inhaled corticosteroids and inhaled bronchodilators. Metastats analyses demonstrated an increased abundance of several oral bacteria in COPD samples.     

Overview of the rules of the microbial engagement in the gut microbiome: a step towards microbiome therapeutics

Human gut microbiome is a diversified, resilient, immuno-stabilized, metabolically active and physiologically essential component of the human body. Scientific explorations have been made to seek in-depth information about human gut microbiome establishment, microbiome functioning, microbiome succession, factors influencing microbial community dynamics and the role of gut microbiome in health and diseases. Extensive investigations have proposed the microbiome therapeutics as a futuristic medicine for various physiological and metabolic disorders. A comprehensive outlook of microbial colonization, host–microbe interactions, microbial adaptation, commensal selection and immuno-survivability is still required to catalogue the essential genetic and physiological features for the commensal engagement. Evolution of a structured human gut microbiome relies on the microbial flexibility towards genetic, immunological and physiological adaptation in the human gut. Key features for commensalism could be utilized in developing tailor-made microbiome-based therapy to overcome various physiological and metabolic disorders. This review describes the key genetics and physiological traits required for host–microbe interaction and successful commensalism to institute a human gut microbiome.     

The human microbiome: at the interface of health and disease

Interest in the role of the microbiome in human health has burgeoned over the past decade with the advent of new technologies for interrogating complex microbial communities. The large-scale dynamics of the microbiome can be described by many of the tools and observations used in the study of population ecology. Deciphering the metagenome and its aggregate genetic information can also be used to understand the functional properties of the microbial community. Both the microbiome and metagenome probably have important functions in health and disease; their exploration is a frontier in human genetics.     

The role of the microbiome in gastrointestinal inflammation

The microbiome plays an important role in maintaining human health. Despite multiple factors being attributed to the shaping of the human microbiome, extrinsic factors such diet and use of medications including antibiotics appear to dominate. Mucosal surfaces, particularly in the gut, are highly adapted to be able to tolerate a large population of microorganisms whilst still being able to produce a rapid and effective immune response against infection. The intestinal microbiome is not functionally independent from the host mucosa and can, through presentation of microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) and generation of microbe-derived metabolites, fundamentally influence mucosal barrier integrity and modulate host immunity. In a healthy gut there is an abundance of beneficial bacteria that help to preserve intestinal homoeostasis, promote protective immune responses, and limit excessive inflammation. The importance of the microbiome is further highlighted during dysbiosis where a loss of this finely balanced microbial population can lead to mucosal barrier dysfunction, aberrant immune responses, and chronic inflammation that increases the risk of disease development. Improvements in our understanding of the microbiome are providing opportunities to harness members of a healthy microbiota to help reverse dysbiosis, reduce inflammation, and ultimately prevent disease progression.     

Characterization of Staphylococcus and Corynebacterium Clusters in the Human Axillary Region

The skin microbial community is regarded as essential for human health and well-being, but likewise plays an important role in the formation of body odor in, for instance, the axillae. Few molecular-based research was done on the axillary microbiome. This study typified the axillary microbiome of a group of 53 healthy subjects. A profound view was obtained of the interpersonal, intrapersonal and temporal diversity of the human axillary microbiota. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and next generation sequencing on 16S rRNA gene region were combined and used as extent to each other. Two important clusters were characterized, where Staphylococcus and Corynebacterium species were the abundant species. Females predominantly clustered within the Staphylococcus cluster (87%, n = 17), whereas males clustered more in the Corynebacterium cluster (39%, n = 36). The axillary microbiota was unique to each individual. Left-right asymmetry occurred in about half of the human population. For the first time, an elaborate study was performed on the dynamics of the axillary microbiome. A relatively stable axillary microbiome was noticed, although a few subjects evolved towards another stable community. The deodorant usage had a proportional linear influence on the species diversity of the axillary microbiome.     

Characterization of the intestinal microbiome of Hirschsprung’s disease with and without enterocolitis

Hirschsprung’s disease (HD) is a congenital malformation of the gastrointestinal tract characterized by the absence of the distal enteric nervous system. Hirschsprung-associated enterocolitis (HAEC) is severe life threatening complication of HD. The disease pathogenesis is still unclear, but evidences suggest that the intestinal microbiota may play important role in the development of HD and HAEC. Because microbial abundance and diversity might differ in HD patients with enterocolitis, we sought to generate comparative metagenomic signatures to characterize the structure of the microbiome in HD patients with and without enterocolitis. Our experimental design is to enroll four HD patients (two with enterocolitis and two without enterocolitis). The microbiome was characterized by 16S rRNA gene, and the data obtained will be used to taxonomically classify and compare community structure among different samples. We found that the structure of the microbiome within HAEC patients are differ from those without enterocolitis. This study helps us to understand microbial contributions to the etiology of Hirschsprung-associated enterocolitis.     

非人灵长类肠道微生物研究进展与展望

肠道微生物组被誉为动物的“第二套基因组”,与动物的个体发育、营养获取、生理功能、免疫调节等重要活动密切相关。非人灵长类在生态位、社会结构、地理分布以及进化上与人类相近,开展其肠道微生物研究不仅有助于了解灵长类的生态、保护和进化,而且对深入了解肠道微生物在人类进化中所发挥的作用也具有重要的参考价值。本文总结了影响非人灵长类肠道微生物变化的因素,包括系统发育、觅食、栖息地破碎化、年龄和性别、圈养方式以及社群生活,并探讨了肠道微生物研究在非人灵长类生态、行为、保护以及适应性进化方面的应用。未来,非人灵长类肠道微生物研究将为灵长类生态、进化和人类健康的研究提供新的视角,为灵长类的保护提供新的理论基础和研究方法。