几丁质合酶在人类致病真菌中的研究进展

抑制真菌细胞壁的合成常作为防治真菌感染的安全有效手段。几丁质是真菌细胞壁及隔膜的重要结构成分，几丁质合酶是催化几丁质合成的关键酶。真菌细胞中几丁质合酶家族的不同成员在调控几丁质的合成中存在着差异，因此产生不同的生物学效应。本文通过综述几丁质合酶在人体三大条件致病真菌白色念珠菌、烟曲霉、新生隐球菌中的研究进展，分析了几丁质合酶对真菌致病性影响的机制，总结了几丁质合酶调控真菌细胞增殖、形态转换、病原菌与宿主的相互作用和细胞壁损伤诱导的补偿效应，展望了抗真菌感染的新策略及关于真菌几丁质合酶的未来研究方向。     

烟曲霉极性生长相关基因研究进展

极性生长在真核生物中广泛存在,烟曲霉作为一种丝状真菌,极性生长对其形态发生有重要作用,多个基因参与了烟曲霉的极性生长过程。细胞壁是真菌与周围环境接触的第一环节,也是重要的抗真菌药物靶点,且随着耐药的不断发生,研究烟曲霉致病机制以及新的抗真菌药物靶点十分迫切。该文选取参与烟曲霉极性生长且引起细胞壁成分含量变化或影响细胞壁塑型的部分基因进行综述。     

真菌原生质体融合技术的进展

原生质体已被证明是真菌遗传学中很有价值的研究工具。因细胞壁在细胞与细胞间相互作用中起重要作用,故去除细胞壁显然有很特殊的意义。利用分子“胶”聚乙二醇或电融合法可进行种内、种间及属间的原生质体融合。因此该技术开辟了一个在基础和应用上都很重要的新研究领域。引言在过去的十年里,原生质体对真菌遗传学产生了很大影响。1975年首次由 Anné等和 Fe-     

烟曲霉相关基因、转录因子在其细胞壁重塑、稳态和生长定位中的作用

<正>烟曲霉（Aspergillus fumigatus）是一种腐生的丝状真菌,其营养菌丝存在于土壤、空气和有机物质中,是免疫功能严重受损患者最常见的感染性死亡原因之一。烟曲霉细胞壁是一个动态的结构,这种动态结构成为其对抗环境的主要防线[1]。由于支持烟曲霉生长和繁殖的自然过程的变化或者所处环境应激反应,其细胞壁会经历持续的生物合成和重塑[2]。研究发现,许多基因可通过改变细胞壁成分含量而使细胞壁结构重塑。烟曲霉分生孢子的形成也会伴随着孢子细胞壁的重塑[3-4]。另外,相关基因、转录因子会控制细胞壁的生物合成,调节烟曲霉细胞壁的稳态[5-6]。分生孢子发展形成菌丝的过程、基因的正确定位对烟曲霉的致病相当关键[7]。抵抗宿主环境压力的机械强度主要由其细胞壁提供,所以细胞壁的破坏对菌丝形态有深远的影响。鉴于烟曲霉细胞壁在真菌生理学中的重要作用,它被认为是抗真菌药物的一个极好的靶点。     

烟曲霉关键致病因子研究进展

烟曲霉是侵袭性真菌病常见的致病菌之一。近年来一些细胞表面蛋白（如GPI锚定蛋白）以及分泌的毒素被认为是烟曲霉的关键致病因子。现从烟曲霉的细胞壁蛋白、多糖,细胞外基质成分,烟曲霉的分泌产物几方面综述已发现的烟曲霉关键致病因子,并对未来的研究方向进行展望。     

Th17细胞在侵袭性烟曲霉病中双向调节作用的研究进展

辅助性T细胞17(Th17)在机体侵袭性肺烟曲霉病中有防御和破坏性作用,一方面经常可以观察到曲霉菌感染后Th17细胞数量的增加,IL-17水平升高、或者Th17细胞促稳定因子IL-23的升高,其机制可能为分泌特异的细胞因子、介导自身免疫反应或者趋化效应性T细胞等几个方面;另一方面体内Th17细胞免疫反应可导致免疫损伤,其机制中主要包含直接作用和间接作用两种,直接作用表现为IL-17在体内外均可以促进烟曲霉生长,间接作用表现为IL-17可通过上调促炎介质、抑制Th1免疫反应或促进Th2免疫反应等机制促进炎症发生发展。Th17细胞对侵袭性肺烟曲霉病的这种双向调节作用主要与烟曲霉与感染环境如宿主免疫状态、感染时间、真菌细胞壁的特异成分的相互作用等有关。     

鞘脂在植物-真菌互作中的分子调控机制研究进展

鞘脂是细胞生物膜结构的重要组分, 鞘脂及其代谢产物参与许多重要的信号转导过程。在植物-真菌互作中, 植物鞘脂的主要作用是诱导细胞发生程序性死亡; 真菌鞘脂既能引起植物死亡, 也能诱导植物产生抗病性。该文总结了植物和真菌鞘脂的结构及代谢特点, 综述了鞘脂参与调控植物-真菌互作的分子机制研究进展, 并展望了植物-真菌共生关系中鞘脂作用的研究方向。     

鞘脂在植物-真菌互作中的分子调控机制研究进展

鞘脂是细胞生物膜结构的重要组分, 鞘脂及其代谢产物参与许多重要的信号转导过程。在植物-真菌互作中, 植物鞘脂的主要作用是诱导细胞发生程序性死亡; 真菌鞘脂既能引起植物死亡, 也能诱导植物产生抗病性。该文总结了植物和真菌鞘脂的结构及代谢特点, 综述了鞘脂参与调控植物-真菌互作的分子机制研究进展, 并展望了植物-真菌共生关系中鞘脂作用的研究方向。     

小GTPase蛋白在烟曲霉耐药性和致病力中作用的研究进展

<正>烟曲霉是广泛存在于自然环境中的腐生真菌,其产生大量的分生孢子易被人体吸入肺中,在一定条件下可造成艾滋病患者和器官移植患者等免疫低下人群的感染。已有研究显示,临床中侵袭性曲霉感染致死率达50%以上,而造成这种高致死率的原因与烟曲霉菌丝极性生长、压力应激和免疫逃逸等过程有关^[1-2]。此外,临床上也面临烟曲霉对抗真菌药物(如三唑类和棘白菌素类等)耐受水平不断升高的棘手难题,这其中重要的耐药分子机制包括药物靶点突变/靶点高表达、药物应激反应等^[3-4]。因此,阐明烟曲霉在药物耐受和致病力等方面的重要分子机制,有助于临床和科研工作中防治烟曲霉感染和开发新型的靶点药物。目前的证据显示,小GTPase蛋白可能是参与调控致病真菌耐药性和致病力的关键分子基础^[5]。该蛋白在真菌细胞中多以单体形式(21～30kD)保守存在,可通过水解GTP实现开关模式转换,并以此参与细胞生长和分化、应激外界压力刺激等关键生命过程^[5]。小GTPase蛋白根据分子特征和功能等分为Rab、Ras、Arf、Rho和Ran...     

菌寄生真菌分子生物学研究进展

菌寄生真菌（mycoparasites）是一类具重要理论和应用价值的真菌．它们不仅对植物病害有防治潜力,而且对阐明生物间的寄生现象及信号传递有重要意义．近几年,菌寄生真菌的研究有较大进展,重点有两个方面。一个属理论研究领域,研究方向集中在菌寄生真菌与寄主真菌相互识别的分子机制;另一个属应用研究领域,集中在菌寄生真菌产生的细胞壁降解酶的调节、纯化、基因克隆以及外源细胞壁降解酶基因转人菌寄生真菌中等方面．本文论述如下．1菌寄生真菌与寄主真菌相互识别的分子机制生物间相互识别的分子基础是当今生命科学研究的热门,也是生…     

压力应激影响烟曲霉致病力的研究进展

烟曲霉是环境中广泛存在的腐生真菌,是重要的机会致病菌。近年来随着免疫受损人群的增多,烟曲霉引起侵袭性曲霉病不断增加,在深部丝状真菌感染中居于首位。由于宿主体内环境与自然环境存在诸多差异,使得烟曲霉孢子适应体内环境条件是其能够生存并致病的前提。研究发现烟曲霉适应宿主环境的能力,如温度、氧化应激、渗透压、缺氧、营养缺乏等,与其致病力密切相关。对压力应激与致病力关系的研究有助于解析烟曲霉的致病机制,可为研发烟曲霉感染诊治的新途径提供理论基础。本文对烟曲霉的压力应激与其致病力的关系进行了综述。     

Utility of a microsatellite assay for identifying clonally related outbreak isolates of Aspergillus fumigatus

A microsatellite assay based on short tandem repeats (STRAf) has been recently described as a discriminatory, high throughput assay for fingerprinting Aspergillus fumigatus isolates. However, the STRAf assay has not been tested for its utility in outbreak settings where it is critical to distinguish clonal clusters from genetically unrelated genotypes. In the present study, employing a panel of epidemiologically linked A. fumigatus isolates obtained from 6 different outbreaks of invasive aspergillosis (IA), we demonstrate that the STRAf assay can be a valuable molecular tool to support epidemiological investigations. We also report for the first time the detection of microvariation events in the A. fumigatus population studied.     

Purification, N-Terminal Amino Acid Sequence and Partial Characterization of A Cu,Zn Superoxide Dismutase From the Pathogenic Fungus Aspergillusfumiga Tus

A superoxide dismutase (SOD) has been purified to homogeneity from the fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus using a combination of cell homogenization, isoelectric focusing and gel filtration FPLC. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of the purified enzyme demonstrated substantial homology to known Cu, Zn superoxide dismutases for a range of organisms, including Neurospora crassa and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The enzyme subunit has a pl of 5.9, a relative molecular mass of 19 kDa and a spectral absorbance maximum of 550nm. The non reduced enzyme has a relative molecular mass of 95 kDa. The enzyme remained active after prolonged incubation at 70°C and was pH insensitive in the range 7-11. Potassium cyanide and diethyldithiocarbamate, known Cu, Zn SOD inhibitors, caused inhibition of the purified enzyme at working concentrations of 0.25 mM, whilst sodium azide and o-phenanthroline demonstrated inhibition at higher concentrations (10-30 mM). SOD activity was also detectable in culture filtrate of A. fumigatus. This enzyme may have a potential role as a virulence factor in the avoidance of neutrophil and phagocyte oxidative burst killing mechanisms.     

Genes encoding multiple drug resistance-like proteins in Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus flavus

Polymerase chain reaction using degenerate primers was used to identify genes encoding proteins of the ATP-binding cassette superfamily in Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus flavus. In A. fumigatus, two genes (AfuMDR1 and AfuMDR2) encoding proteins of the ATP-binding cassette superfamily were identified. One gene (AflMDR1) was isolated from A. flavus and is the apparent homologue to AfuMDR1. AfuMDR1and AflMDR1 encode proteins of molecular weights 148 000 and 143 000, respectively, each containing 12 putative transmembrane regions and two ATP-binding sites. These proteins are arranged in two homologous halves, each half consisting of a hydrophobic region (encoding six putative transmembrane domains) and an ATP-binding site. The AfuMDR1 and AflMDR1-encoded proteins bear a high degree of similarity to the Schizosaccharomyces pombe leptomycin B resistance protein and to human MDR1. The second gene identified in A. fumigatus, AfuMDR2, encodes a protein of molecular weight 85 000, containing four putative transmembrane domains and an ATP binding domain. The encoded protein is similar to those encoded by MDL1 and MDL2, two MDR-like genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Expression of AFUMDR1 in S. cerevisiae conferred increased resistance to the antifungal agent cilofungin (LY121019), an echinocandin B analog.     

Retrotransposon insertion-site context (RISC) typing: a novel typing method for Aspergillus fumigatus and a convenient PCR alternative to restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis

Retrotransposon(-like) sequences in Aspergillus fumigatus have been used as typing targets through restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)/Southern blotting approaches. Differences in fingerprints between unrelated isolates are the result of variations in copy-number and differences in the regions flanking the retrotransposon elements. Here, we present retrotransposon insertion-site context (RISC) typing as a novel and convenient PCR-based typing alternative to the RFLP approach. RISC typing aims at amplifying the sequences flanking the retrotransposon-like sequences in A. fumigatus and allows large numbers of isolates to be analyzed in a timely fashion with excellent discriminatory power.     

曲霉高效基因编辑技术研究进展

曲霉Aspergillus spp.是自然界中分布极为广泛的一大类真菌,在工业上如黑曲霉等已经被人们广泛利用于食品添加剂等生产。因此,曲霉在工业、农业、医药领域均发挥着重要的作用。然而,有些曲霉如黄曲霉能够分泌致癌物黄曲霉毒素从而污染农产品;在临床上还有一类以烟曲霉为主的引起侵袭性真菌感染的条件致病曲霉菌。因此,曲霉就像一把双刃剑影响着人们的生活。曲霉菌丝具有发达的隔膜形成多细胞菌丝体并能在分生孢子梗上产生大量的分生孢子进行无性繁殖。研究曲霉的基因编辑技术对于控制医学和农业上有害曲霉的增殖和促进工业上有益曲霉的生长和代谢都具有非常重要的意义。长期以来,同源重组和随机整合一直是被用于研究曲霉基因功能的传统基因编辑方法,然而其操作费时费力且效率低、难以达到预期的要求。随着第三代基因编辑技术CRISPR/Cas9即成簇的规律间隔的短回文重复序列及其相关系统CRISPR/Cas9（Clustered regulatory interspaced short palindromic repeats-associated protein 9）建立以来,CRISPR/Cas9以编辑高效、操作简便等优势被广泛应用到不同物种中。目前,世界上多个研究团队已经建立了有效地用于不同曲霉物种的CRISPR-Cas9 基因编辑体系。本文概述了有关曲霉基因编辑的历史和进展,以期为尚未建立完整遗传编辑体系的其他曲霉物种或者丝状真菌引入高效CRISPR-Cas9体系提供帮助。     

Biocontrol of Acanthoscelides obtectus and Sitophilus oryzae with diatomaceous earth and Beauveria bassiana on stored grains

Combined treatment with Beauveria bassiana, and diatomaceous earth (DE) was evaluated against the bean weevil Acanthoscelides obtectus and rice weevil Sitophilus oryzae. DE from Argentina was screened both alone or in combination with water or dry fungal formulations. DE killed 100% of A. obtectus and 68% of S. oryzae showing a significantly higher insecticidal effect than the fungal dust. For A. obtectus, median lethal time (MLT) with the DE-dry fungus was significantly lower than with a fungal aqueous-suspension. In S. oryzae, powder formulations with either of B. bassiana or DE showed a MLT significantly higher than the wet treatments.     

大蜡螟医学真菌感染模型的研究现况

在研究真菌感染中建立合适的真菌感染动物模型非常重要,大蜡螟幼虫作为昆虫动物模型之一,相比于其他的动物模型具有多种技术优势,目前已被广泛用于新型隐球菌、小孢子菌、红色毛癣菌、念珠菌属、暗色真菌、马尔尼菲青霉菌、黄曲霉和烟曲霉等多种致病菌的毒力、发病机制、免疫学改变、抗菌药物的开发以及系统性真菌感染的治疗等各个研究领域。研究表明大蜡螟感染模型研究结果与哺乳动物的结果相似,因此可以用大蜡螟来替代哺乳动物进行相关研究,从而减少了实验对哺乳动物的依赖性。     

Environmental contamination with Metarhizium anisopliae from fungal bands for control of the Asian longhorned beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)

Our objective was to determine whether conidia from non-woven fiber bands impregnated with Metarhizium anisopliae F 52 could be spread to other parts of the environment, and whether Anoplophora glabripennis could become infected with conidia dispersed from fungal bands. In the field, bands containing M. anisopliae were hung at 3 m height on 15 trees. Bark samples were taken 10, 20, and 30 cm above the bands and 10, 30, and 60 cm below the bands 2, 5, and 9 days after band placement to quantify conidial densities. There were more conidia in samples taken below bands compared with samples taken above bands. A significant positive correlation was found between rainfall and the occurrence of conidia on any of the bark samples. A laboratory study was conducted to determine whether conidia from M. anisopliae fungal bands could be spread to other parts of the environment by A. glabripennis adults and whether A. glabripennis could become infected by conidia dispersed from fungal bands. One or five adult A. glabripennis were used to contaminate artificial environments with conidia. All adults subsequently exposed to contaminated environments were killed by fungal infection. Beetles exposed to environments that had been contaminated by five beetles died in fewer days compared with environments contaminated by one beetle. Beetles in both density treatments died in fewer days than beetles exposed to environments without M. anisopliae conidia. Our results indicate that environmental contamination with conidia from fungal bands can occur, and that adult A. glabripennis can acquire infection from a contaminated environment.