肺孢子菌肺外感染的临床表现和诊治研究进展CSCD

肺孢子菌肺炎(Pneumocystis pneumonia,PCP)是HIV患者最常见的机会性感染,临床上肺外组织肺孢子菌感染少见且容易误诊,多为个案报道。本文通过文献检索和分析,总结宿主肺外感染肺孢子菌的临床表现及诊治结果。结果表明肺外孢子菌感染的临床表现多不典型,但可以累及单个或多个系统,PCR技术及宏基因检测可有助于早期诊断并提高重症患者救治的成功率。治疗上仍以复方磺胺甲噁唑治疗为首选,尽早识别肺孢子菌肺外感染和提高多系统受累患者的救治受到临床关注。     

艾滋病合并侵袭性肺真菌病的诊治

近年来,侵袭性真菌感染的发病率不断增加,其中肺真菌感染居首位,己成为免疫功能下降或缺陷宿主常见的死亡原因。艾滋病是经典免疫功能缺陷性疾病,合并真菌感染时需及时识别、治疗,以降低其病死率。国内、外各种有关侵袭性真菌感染诊治指南的不断问世,极大地提高了临床医生对侵袭性真菌病的认识和诊治水平。该文就艾滋病常见侵袭性肺真菌病:肺念珠菌病、肺孢子菌肺炎、肺马内菲青霉病、肺隐球菌病、肺曲霉病的诊断及治疗进展进行综述。     

ICU常见机会性真菌感染CSCD

重症监护室(ICU)收治的患者多数都有免疫功能受损,是真菌感染的易感人群,这类人群发生真菌感染后病情严重,预后较差。ICU常见的机会性真菌感染有念珠菌、曲霉菌、隐球菌、马尔尼菲蓝状菌和组织胞浆菌等,主要与艾滋病、器官移植、恶性肿瘤、使用皮质类固醇激素和免疫抑制剂等因素相关,这些真菌感染临床症状常无特异性,容易被忽视而延误诊治。因此,熟悉ICU常见真菌感染的诊治原则,确保早期诊断和及时治疗,是降低真菌感染发生率和死亡率的关键。     

ICU常见机会性真菌感染

重症监护室(ICU)收治的患者多数都有免疫功能受损,是真菌感染的易感人群,这类人群发生真菌感染后病情严重,预后较差。ICU常见的机会性真菌感染有念珠菌、曲霉菌、隐球菌、马尔尼菲蓝状菌和组织胞浆菌等,主要与艾滋病、器官移植、恶性肿瘤、使用皮质类固醇激素和免疫抑制剂等因素相关,这些真菌感染临床症状常无特异性,容易被忽视而延误诊治。因此,熟悉ICU常见真菌感染的诊治原则,确保早期诊断和及时治疗,是降低真菌感染发生率和死亡率的关键。     

侵袭性毛孢子菌感染的诊断和治疗

侵袭性毛孢子菌感染主要包括真菌血症、单个器官感染和播散性毛孢子菌病,常发生于免疫低下人群,尤其因患有血液病或化疗而出现中性粒细胞减少的患者,诊断需结合临床表现、组织病理活检和血培养等。由于毛孢子菌属种间鉴定的困难和标准化体外药敏试验的缺乏,毛孢子菌病的最佳治疗方案尚未确定,应根据体外药敏试验制定个体化治疗方案。     

肺孢子菌的新命名

肺孢子菌可以在免疫低下人群如人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)感染者、器官移植或恶性肿瘤患者中引起严重的肺部感染.尤其在HIV感染人群中肺孢子菌感染是最常见的机会性感染.     

血液病患者合并阿萨希毛孢子菌菌血症3例并文献回顾

毛孢子菌属是一类有“念珠菌样”特征,在自然界广泛存在的一类条件致病真菌。该类菌可以引起人类皮肤浅部感染、过敏性肺炎,在免疫损伤患者中可引起侵袭性感染,其中阿萨希毛孢子菌在毛孢子菌属中最为常见[1]。恶性血液病患者由于免疫功能受损,长期接受化疗药物并易行静脉置管,是真菌感染的好发人群,有文献报道,毛孢子菌是引起恶性血液病患者播散性感染的除念珠菌属外第二位的酵母菌[2],死亡率可高达75%以上[3]。     

球孢子菌病的临床特征及诊治策略

正球孢子菌病主要流行于美国亚利桑那州(Arizona)、加利福尼亚州(California)、新墨西哥州(New Mexico)南部及得克萨斯州(Texas)西部等地,其次为中美洲和南美洲部分地区[1]。近年,随着社会和环境变化,球孢子菌生存范围已经超出传统地理界线,世界各地亦有输入性病例及散发病例报道[2]。球孢子菌病的临床诊断方法较多,应根据具体情况进行择优选择。球孢子菌病患者临床表现差异较大,其取决于宿主机体免疫状态及感染菌量[3]。球孢子菌病的治疗可参考国外治疗指南,评估患者个体化因素,制定合理治疗方案。     

暗色真菌感染病原学诊断方法和治疗药物研究进展

暗色真菌是一组孢子和/或菌丝的壁具有黑色素样颜色的真菌,是一种广泛存在于自然界的腐生寄生生物,包括大约70个属和150个种[1]。暗色真菌可引起皮肤组织和内部脏器深部真菌感染,导致着色芽生菌病、暗色丝孢霉病和足菌肿等。此类感染致病菌种类繁多,临床表现缺乏特异性,诊断和治疗较为困难。病原菌准确和快速的鉴定有助于早期明确诊断,新的抗真菌药物的研发可帮助临床工作者对暗色真菌的感染更加合理地选择治疗药物。本文将围绕暗色真菌感染病原学诊断方法和治疗药物研究的进展作一综述。     

PAS染色及真菌荧光染色在皮下真菌病诊断中的应用

皮下真菌病(subcutaneous mycoses)是指侵犯真皮、皮下组织和骨骼的真菌感染[1],部分可播及周边组织,如足菌肿等,有些则沿淋巴管扩散,如孢子丝菌病、着色芽生菌病,对人体造成较大危害。这类疾病病程缓慢,早期临床表现不典型,为疾病的早期诊断带来一定困难。真菌培养是其诊断的“金标准”,然而,真菌培养阳性率偏低,重要的是部分早期病例不容易考虑到真菌感染,多在组织病理提示后才考虑到深部真菌感染的可能性。     

艾滋病合并马尔尼菲青霉病256例临床研究

目的探讨艾滋病合并马尔尼菲青霉病的流行病学、临床特点、早期确诊方法及治疗方案。方法对2007年1月-2008年12月我院收治的256例艾滋病合并马尔尼菲青霉病患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果1 404例艾滋病患者中合并马尔尼菲青霉病者共256例,发生率为18.2%,患者以发热、消瘦、贫血、咳嗽、咳痰、皮疹、淋巴结肿大为主要表现,外周血CD4＋T淋巴细胞平均值为19×10^6/L,患者往往还合并其他多种机会性感染,以口腔念珠菌病、耶氏肺孢子菌肺炎、结核病等多见。两性霉素B治疗组临床疗效优于氟康唑治疗组,伴有皮疹者和无皮疹者病死率差异有统计学意义（P〈0.001）。结论马尔尼菲青霉病是广西艾滋病患者常见的机会性感染之一,主要发生于CD4＋T淋巴细胞〈50×10^6/L的患者。血培养是早期确诊马尔尼菲青霉病的最有效方法,治疗上首选两性霉素B。     

Epidemiology of Invasive Fungal Infections in Patients with Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome at a Reference Hospital for Infectious Diseases in Brazil

Invasive fungal infections (IFIs) represent one of the main causes of morbimortality in immunocompromised patients. Pneumocystosis, cryptococcosis and histoplasmosis are the most frequently occurring IFIs in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Fungi, such as Candida spp. and Aspergillus spp., may cause severe diseases during the course of an HIV infection. Following the introduction of highly active anti-retroviral therapy, there has been a marked reduction of opportunistic fungal infections, which today is 20–25 % of the number of infections observed in the mid-1990s. This study is an observational and retrospective study aimed at the characterising IFI incidence and describing the epidemiology, clinical diagnostic and therapeutic features and denouement in HIV/AIDS patients. In HIV/AIDS patients, the IFI incidence is 54.3/1,000 hospitalisation/year, with a lethality of 37.7 %. Cryptococcosis represents the main opportunistic IFI in the population, followed by histoplasmosis. Nosocomial pathogenic yeast infections are caused principally by Candida spp., with a higher candidemia incidence at our institution compared to other Brazilian centres.     

重型肝炎患者肝移植术后真菌感染临床分析

目的分析重型肝炎肝移植受体术后真菌感染情况,进一步探讨其易感因素和防治措施。方法回顾性分析我院器官移植中心2003年3月至2006年2月间89例重型肝炎肝移植患者的临床资料并进行讨论。结果89例重型肝炎肝移植患者中21例出现术后真菌感染,感染率为23.6%,较其他病种肝移植更高,其中12例为白念珠菌(57.1%),6例为光滑念珠菌(28.6%),1例为近平滑念珠菌,1例为克柔念珠菌,1例为热带念珠菌。真菌感染多发生在术后1周内,感染部位以呼吸系统为主。结论重型肝炎肝移植患者术后真菌感染以念珠菌属的早期呼吸道感染为主。术前肝性脑病与术后发生真菌感染之间存在相关关系。而一般的白念珠菌感染不会显著地影响重型肝炎肝移植患者的预后。预防性使用抗真菌药物在重型肝炎肝移植术后真菌感染的治疗中具有重要意义。     

Penicillium marneffei Infection: Knowledge, Gaps, and Future Directions

Penicilliosis is a disease caused by Penicillium marneffei, a fungus endemic to Southeast Asia. Prior to the HIV/AIDS epidemic, infection was exceedingly rare, but penicilliosis is currently one of the most common opportunistic infections in persons with HIV/AIDS in some Asian countries. This paper describes the clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and epidemiology of this emerging opportunistic infection and will focus on some gaps in our knowledge and directions for future research.     

Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in developing countries

Pneumocystis pneumonia (PcP) is a serious fungal infection among immunocompromised patients. In developed countries, the epidemiology and clinical spectrum of PcP have been clearly defined and well documented. However, in most developing countries, relatively little is known about the prevalence of pneumocystosis. Several articles covering African, Asian and American countries were reviewed in the present study. PcP was identified as a frequent opportunistic infection in AIDS patients from different geographic regions. A trend to an increasing rate of PcP was apparent in developing countries from 2002 to 2010.     

Leishmania, Trypanosoma and monoxenous trypanosomatids as emerging opportunistic agents

Immunosuppression is associated with the occurrence of a large variety of infections, several of them due to opportunistic protozoa. The parasitic protozoa of the family Trypanosomatidae vary greatly in their importance as potential opportunistic pathogens. African trypanosomiasis is no more common nor severe during AIDS. The situation with Chagas' disease, however, is much different. Although the process is not clearly understood, there appears to be a reactivation of Trypanosoma cruzi infection, which can lead to severe meningoencephalitis. In persons with AIDS, leishmaniasis is often exacerbated, particularly Leishmania infantum, which causes visceral leishmaniasis in southern Europe. Since 1990, 1,616 cases of visceral leishmaniasis/HIV co-infection have been reported, mainly from southern Europe, and particularly from Spain, southern France, and Italy. The co-infected patients are primarily young adults and belong to the risk group of intravenous drug users. Isoenzymatic identification of 272 isolates showed 18 different L. infantum zymodemes, of which 10 represent new zymodemes hitherto found only during HIV co-infection. New foci of co-infection are emerging in various parts of the world, including Brazil and East Africa. Moreover, since 1995, non-human monoxenous trypanosomatids have been found in AIDS patients, causing both diffuse cutaneous lesions and visceral infections. In countries where visceral leishmaniasis is endemic, particularly in southern Europe, immunosuppressive treatments for organ transplants or malignant diseases often result either in reactivation of asymptomatic visceral leishmaniasis or in facilitation of new infections.     

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) protease inhibitor indinavir directly affects the opportunistic fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans

Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), that includes human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) protease inhibitors (PIs), has been remarkably efficacious including against some opportunistic infections. In this report we investigated the effect(s) of the PI indinavir on protease activity by Cryptococcus neoformans, an opportunistic fungal pathogen responsible for recurrent meningoencephalitis in AIDS patients. Indinavir was also tested for potential effects on other parameters, such as fungal viability, growth ability and susceptibility to immune effector cells. It was found that indinavir impaired cryptococcal protease activity in a time- and dose-dependent fashion. The phenomenon was similarly detectable in ATCC/laboratory strains and clinical isolates. C. neoformans growth rate was also significantly reduced upon exposure to indinavir, while fungal viability was not affected and mitochondrial toxicity not detected. Furthermore, as assessed by an in vitro infection model, indinavir significantly and consistently augmented C. neoformans susceptibility to microglial cell-mediated phagocytosis and killing. Overall, by providing the first evidence that indinavir directly affects C. neoformans, these data add new in vitro insights on the wide-spectrum efficacy of PIs, further arguing for the clinical relevance of HAART against opportunistic infections in AIDS.     

抗白念珠菌感染的疫苗及抗体研究进展

白念珠菌是与人类共生的条件致病真菌,能引起免疫力低下患者皮肤黏膜和全身系统性持续感染.系统性念珠菌病是引起免疫力低下患者死亡的主要原因之一.由于临床缺乏念珠菌病的早期诊疗手段、可用的抗真菌药物种类有限且毒副作用大、耐药菌株越来越普遍、新药研发难度大等因素,抗真菌治疗依然面临着严峻挑战.目前有较多研究者致力于阐明白念珠菌感染的宿主免疫应答机制,并试图研发抗白念珠菌感染的免疫治疗方法,使免疫治疗有望成为预防和治疗真菌感染的有效手段.该文将几种抗白念珠菌感染的疫苗和抗体研究进展作简要概述,旨在为新型抗白念珠菌感染疫苗及抗体的研究提供参考.     

A review of cardiovascular complications accompanying AIDS

Manifestations of cardiovascular system involvement are not uncommon complications of HIV infection, especially in AIDS patients. However, the frequency of these manifestations is influenced by different variables including: survival prolongation in HIV-infected patients, because of advances in antiretroviral treatment; improvement of immunodepression and reduction in the occurrence of opportunistic infections; adverse effects of some drugs. At present, on the whole cardiovascular complications that are HIV correlated in the western world, including Italy, occur less frequently than in the past. However complications associated with alterations in lipometabolism prevail because they can be promoted by some protease inhibitors in predisposed subjects. The most frequently reported questions and a careful analysis of recent data in the medical literature regarding the most common HIV-correlated cardiovascular complications are discussed in this review.