湖南土家族的体质特征

以20至69岁的湖南土家族人为观察测量对象,根据1392人(男896,女496)的身高,1038人(男668,女370)的头部测量,364人(男235,女129)的五官测量和观察结果,分析该民族的体质特征,并与国内其他民族相比较。     

一种新的医学成像技术——电阻抗体层成像

目前,许多技术都可应用于人体组织的图像产生。其中X线放射成像是应用最古老且最广泛的技术,它根据人体吸收的X线的分布情况产生图像。测量X线吸收系数的X线计算机体层成像术(CT扫描)是一项可产生更多信息量的较新技术。其它技术有测量人体组织声阻抗变化的超声显像技术、放射性同位素显像技术、磁共振显像技术(MRI)和自动热摄影成像技术。电阻抗显像利用了电阻率作为测量参数,它通常称作电阻抗体层成像术(EIT)。 EIT(Electrical Impedance Imaging)是将组织的电阻作为测量参数,通过测量外     

荧光相关谱测量技术研究

荧光相关谱(fluorescence correlation spectroscopy,FCS)是对处于热平衡态条件下的荧光分子发出的荧光强度涨落进行时间相关处理的一种单分子检测方法,能够直接测量分子在溶液里的扩散系数和浓度.影响FCS测量扩散系数准确性的因素有分子量子效率,测量时间,样本折射率和温度偏差等.用FCS分别测量溶有荧光染料罗丹明6G(rhodamine 6G,Rh.6G)和青色素Cy5甘油水溶液的粘滞系数,实验结果表明:荧光分子的量子效率是影响测量准确性的重要因素,要求其每秒发射的光子数目(photon counts per second,cps)至少达到1 000(photons/s).     

无创测量大鼠收缩压和舒张压的新仪器和新方法

无创测量大鼠等小动物的动脉压,是生物医学领域中清醒动物心血管功能研究必备的一项技术方法。国外于本世纪中期提出的尾套测压技术(tail-cuff technique)及研制的脉搏描记器(sphygmograph)已被有关研究工作者广泛采用。该仪器可准确测量大鼠收缩压,但不能测量舒张压的精确数值。为了取代这种昂贵的进口仪器(tail-cuff sphygmograph),并解决舒张压的无创准确测量问题,我们参照尾套技术的原理,设计制作了一种清醒大鼠尾动脉压测量     

山西省忻州市游邀遗址夏代居民牙齿的测量与观察

对于现代中国人牙齿的测量和形态观察,王惠芸(1959、1965)、克力等(1980)、张世采(1985)和魏博源等(1987)均作过有关的研究。但是,对我国古代居民牙齿的测量和观察工作,目前尚鲜见报道。仅有的一些研究成果亦多限于对旧石器时代人类牙齿化石等零星材料的个别报道。本文拟通过对游邀遗址出土的夏代人类牙齿进行观察和测量,以期为了解我国早期青铜时代人类牙齿的形态特征提供一份科学的资料。     

用双滑线法测量股骨颈扭转角

股骨颈扭转角是由上面观察平分股骨颈的直线与股骨内、外侧髁后面切线的夹角。该角在人类学、放射科学、外科学等学科有极为重要的参考意义,在人工髋关节的设计、制造方面也有重要的参考价值。该角的测量方法较多,国内多以吴汝康、吴新智(1965)编著的《人体骨骼测量方法》一书中介绍的方法,采用南昌青云谱生产的人体骨骼测量仪(平行定点仪)进行测量(张怀等,1982),也有用钢针测量法(雷琦,1963)测量,还有用扭转角激光测量仪(邵象清,1980)测量。以往的测量方法,有的费事、费时,测量精度不高,有的因设备较贵,不易普及。本文作者试用双滑线法测…     

蘑菇属九个种担孢子的电镜观察

蘑菇属 (Agaricus L.)的分类中 ,担孢子形态和大小是区分种的一个重要指标。虽然现在世界许多研究所都在运用分子生物学技术和相互亲和性来重新评价该属的分类 ,但担孢子的大小仍然是种划分的重要指标。介绍了一种新的供扫描电镜观察担孢子的简易的样品制作技术 ,并对野蘑菇 (A.arvensis) ,大紫蘑菇 (A.augustus) ,双孢蘑菇 (A.bisporus) ,A.essettei,短柄蘑菇 (A.maleolens) ,白杵蘑菇 (A.nivescens) ,双环林地蘑菇(A.placomyces) ,亚绒毛蘑菇 (A.subf loccosus)和白林蘑菇 (A.sylvicola)共 9个种的担孢子进行观察测量 ,发现 :(1 )用扫描电镜测量的结果与用光镜测量的结果具有较一致的线性相关关系 (R2 =0 .985 7) ;(2 )在种间或者种内菌株间的孢子形态和大小存在着较大的差异 ,可以作为分类的一个重要指标 ;(3 )在精确的孢子测量方面扫描电镜是一种快速、方便的方法。     

热脉冲技术3种方法组合在测量树干液流中的应用

利用树干液流方法获取树木蒸腾特征对理解树木水分生理、森林生态和森林系统水分交换具有重要意义.利用广泛应用于土壤热参数和土壤蒸发测量的
三针热脉冲探头,基于热比率法(HRM)、最大温度法(T_Max)和单针热脉冲法(SHPP)同时实现了旱柳液流密度的测定,并与热扩散探针(TDP)测量结果进行对比分析.结果表明： 三针热脉冲探头安装约5周后进入稳定测量阶段,3种方法初期测量结果比稳定测量阶段高135%~220%,HRM、T_Max和SHPP法与TDP测量结果具有显著的线性相关性,R2分别为0.93、0.73和0.91,SHPP与HRM法测定结果的R²达到0.94.HRM在低速和逆向液流时测量具有较高的精度;SHPP探头配置简单、测量精度高,但无法甄别液流方向,是测定液流非常有前途的方法;T_Max测量液流误差较大,无法测量<5 cm³·cm^-2·h^-1的液流,不建议单独用于液流测量,但其能够准确测定树干热扩散系数,并可用于其他方法液流计算.建议根据试验目的,选取不同方法或者几种方法组合进行树干液流测量.     

ALLEGRO Oculyzer与IOL Master测量角膜曲率及前房深度的比较

目的:比较ALLEGRO Oculyzer与IOLMaster两种非接触性检查仪器的角膜曲率及前房深度测量结果.方法:随机选取符合入选条件的门诊患者80例160眼,分别用ALLEGRO Oculyzer与IOLMaster进行角膜曲率及前房深度(anterior chamber depth,ACD)测量,并对测量结果进行配对t检验,分析两种检查方法测量结果的差异.结果:ALLEGRO Oculyzer测得的最陡峭径线曲率半径(R1)、最平坦径线曲率半径(R2)与平均曲率半径(Rm)分别为7.78±0.28 mm、7.51±0.27 mm与7.64± 0.25 mm:IOLMaster相应的测量结果分别为7.78± 0.29 mm、7.50± 0.28 mm与7.64± 0.26 mm.经配对t检验,两种方法测得R1、R2、Rm结果差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).ALLEGRO Oculyzer与IOLMaster测得的ACD分别为3.46± 0.38 mm与3.33±0.39 mm,两者测量结果差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论:ALLEGRO Oculyzer与IOLMaster测得的角膜曲率在正常人群都具有较高的准确性,但ACD测量结果有一定差异,在使用ACD数据进行IOL计算、术前评估等临床应用时应注意.     

高灵敏液体闪烁计数器的进展

一、引言自1946年利比首先用测~(14)C的方法来测定年代以来,~(14)C低水平测量问题提到了历史日程上。在水文、地质、地理、气象和海洋等学科的研究中,环境水中氚的测量是共同的基础技术。另外,随着核爆炸、核电站及其它核设备的建立,环境中~3H、~(14)C和~(55)Fe等核素的低比活性β放射性的测量已成为环境监测的主要内容之一。由于以上各方面的需要,低水平、高灵敏液体闪烁计数技术蓬勃发展起来了。     

侗族成人Heath-Carter法体型研究

为探讨我国侗族成人的体型特征,本文采用Heath-Carter人体测量法对广西壮族自治区三江侗族自治县林溪乡515例（男254,女261）20—60岁的土著侗族成人进行了体型评定。结果表明：1）侗族成人男女的平均体型值分别为2.2—4.5—2.4和4.3—4.2—1.5,侗族成人男女分别属均衡的中胚层体型和内胚层—中胚层均衡体型;2）侗族成人男女间SAD值为2.33,T为11.9,男女间的体型有非常显著性差异（P<0.001) ;3) 与国内 、外资料相比, 侗族男女的内、中因子值和男性外因子值居中, 女性外因子值最低。     

湖北侗族的体质人类学

对448例(男232例,女216例)湖北侗族进行了90项体质人类学特征的调查(观察项目32项,测量项目58项),计算出40项体质指数,对身高和10项指数进行了分型统计。结果表明,1)湖北侗族上睑皱褶出现率88.11%,蒙古褶出现率47.13%,达尔文结节出现率82.14%;多数人前额发际为三角形;颧部与颏部突出不甚明显;头发浓密,黑而平直;眼裂上斜型,高度中等;鼻根及鼻翼高度中等,鼻梁男多直形、女多凹形,鼻基与鼻尖上翘型居多;口裂男性较宽,女性中等;上唇皮肤部多正唇且红唇较厚;耳壳多椭圆或卵圆形,耳垂以圆形为主。2)体质特征表现为身材矮短;瘦长体型;中躯干型;窄肩型;中腿型;宽手型;圆头型、高头型、中头型;阔鼻型;阔面型。3)与我国南方其他36个少数民族群体进行聚类分析,结果显示湖北侗族体质特征与湖南侗族和贵州布依族最接近。湖北侗族具有典型的蒙古人种的南亚类型体质特征。     

广西三江侗族自治县侗族体质调查

对三江县男性22岁和女性20岁至60岁且三代均为侗族的404人(男203、女201)进行了活体观察与测量,计算出49个测量项目的均数和标准差、38个指数值和16个观察项目的百分率,总结出三江侗族的体质特征。用Rm值与国内一些民族相比较,三江侗族与广西巴马县瑶族、广西德峨彝族、湖南江华县瑶族及广西德峨苗族人较相似。     

湖南侗族体质现状及其与30年前资料的比较

对湖南通道侗族自治县326(男118,女108)例正常成年侗族进行了活体观察与活体测量,分析了侗族的体质特征及其对应分型,通过与30年前同一地区的资料进行动态比较分析显示,湖南侗族身高没有明显变化,头面部的形态有向长窄高变化的趋势,女性体质特征变化较男性更明显。同时,湖南侗族与我国南方其他19个群体聚类分析结果表明,湖南侗族体质特征与广西侗族、湖北侗族、广西彝族和瑶族,以及贵州三都布依族较接近。     

Prevalence of dyslipidemia and mean blood lipid values in Taiwan: results from the Nutrition and Health Survey in Taiwan (NAHSIT, 1993-1996)

This paper reports the blood lipid status of people aged 4 years and older in Taiwan. The data is based on the Nutrition and Health Survey in Taiwan (NAHSIT: 1993-1996), which adopted a multi-stage, stratified clustering sampling scheme. Altogether, 5097 subjects (2451 males and 2646 females) had data on triglyceride and 5643 subjects (2736 males and 2907 females) had data on cholesterol. We found that (a) cholesterol levels of males were lower than females in mid-to old age group (> or = 45 years old); (b) triglyceride values of females were lower than males in young adulthood (19-44 years), but higher than males after the age of 45 years, and (c) adult females had higher HDL-C value and lower ratio of total cholesterol to HDL-C than males. The prevalence of hypercholesterolemia was 10.2% in adult males and 12.6% in mid-to-old aged men, and that in females was 11.2% and 24.4%, respectively. The prevalence of hypertriglyceridemia was 13.4% and 6.1% in adult males and females (> or = 19 years as a whole), respectively. It was 12.3% in mid-to-old aged men (> or = 45 years), and 11.9% in women. The mean cholesterol values were similar to values of several previous surveys in different areas of Taiwan. But it was higher than those in some areas of Mainland China, and lower than those of western countries. People in metropolitan cities had a higher level of blood cholesterol than other areas. The average triglyceride values of males and females were higher than those of previous studies in Taiwan and of people in Mainland China. Mountainous stratum with predominantly aboriginal residents had higher level of triglycerides and body mass index (BMI) than other strata. The associations between dietary intakes of men and women and blood lipids were examined controlling for age and BMI. Result showed that Keys score, which was derived from saturated fat, polyunsaturated fat and dietary cholesterol of a 24-hour recall, was positively related to blood cholesterol and LDL-C in men, but not in women. Average alcohol intakes per day were related to HDL-C positively, but LDL-C negatively in men and women. The regional differences in blood lipid profiles in Taiwan are consistent with the dietary and life-style variations island-wide.     

贵州布依族体质人类学研究

本文对773名(男379人,女394人)生活在贵州的布依族进行活体观察和测量(观察项目28个,测量项目64个)。调查对象年龄20—55岁三代均为布依族。分析结果表明:布依族中头型多见;男性多为中面型,女性以阔面型为主;属阔鼻型;亚中等偏矮型身材。布依族与我国南方其他29个民族群体10项头面部体部测量数据聚类分析,结果显示布依族的体质特征与广西壮族、海南黎族最为接近,与湖南土家族、瑶族、贵州苗族、广西彝族次之,与湖南侗族、贵州毛南族、白裤瑶较远。布依族属蒙古人种南亚类型,具有现代黄种人的容貌特征。     

水族的体质特征研究

对贵州三都县水族男性２２岁和女性２０岁至６０岁且三代均为水族的４０７人（男２０３、女２０４）进行了活体调查。测量５２项,观察１７项。经计算总结出水族的体质特征。用Ｒｍ值和欧氏距离系数（ｄ）与国内一些民族相比较,水族与贵州仡佬族、广西仡佬族、侗族、苗族、瑶族、彝族、壮族和湖南土家族等较接近,与新疆哈萨克族等较远。     

云南蚊科三新种 （双翅目：蚊科）

记述了采自云南蚊科3新种,即：蓝带蚊属伪费蚊亚属一新种瞿氏蓝带蚊Uranotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) qui Dong, Dong et Zhou, sp. Nov.,采自西双版纳优乐山竹穴积水中,与新糊蓝带蚊Ur. Novobscura Barraud和二斑蓝带蚊Ur. Bimaculata Leicester近缘;领蚊属一新种类孟连领蚊Heizmannia (Heizmannia) menglianeroides Dong, Dong et Zhou, sp. Nov.,采自云南省景洪县森林竹筒积水中,与孟连领蚊Hz. Menglianensis Lu et Gong, 1986为近缘;库蚊属泰蚊亚属一新种陈氏库蚊Culex (Thaiomyia) cheniDong, Wang et Lu, sp. Nov.,采自云南西北部海拔1795 m的腾冲县竹筒积水,与海南库蚊Cu. (Th.) hainaensis Chen, 1977近缘。讨论了各新种与近缘种的鉴别特征。新种分别存放在云南省疟疾防治研究所和贵阳医学院微生物教研室。     

Ontogenetic changes and the stability of rhesus monkey dominance relationships

Dominance relationships were studied in a rhesus monkey group during five consecutive years. The group consisted of eight stable matriarchies and an adult male class which was replaced at the start, and again at the midpoint, of the study. Immature males were selectively harvested to maintain a sex ratio typical of natural troops. Maximum group size during the study was 77 animals.Dominance relationships were remarkably stable, with only 4.4% of dyads failing to show unidirectional relationships. Despite this stability, a linear ranking of all group members was not possible. Male dominance relationships with other males were among the most stable, following the fighting which ensued on male introductions. Male introductions did not disrupt female dominance relationships.Adult female dominance relationships were also quite stable, but immature females slowly achieved dominance over older sisters and females subordinate to their mothers. Such reversals were the result of processes lasting over many months. Many dominance assertions occurred prior to puberty but a significant number occurred following sexual maturity. Maturing females did not reverse dominance relationships according to any particular hierarchial order and, as a consequence, many were subordinate to animals that were dominated by others that they dominated.Although there was an alpha male that was dominant to all animals in the group, adult females dominated most adult males. Adult males, however, often reciprocated aggression directed at them. They almost invariably threatened or countercharged aggressive immature animals regardless of matriarchial membership. Adult males dominated some adult and most young females, even in families containing matriarchs and adult females to which the adult males always submitted.The dominance relationships of young males were similar to those of their sisters, until puberty. Young males did not necessarily bypass adult males that their mothers outranked, and often failed to win against adult females that their mothers dominated. Adolescent female aggression against females is seldom interfered with by adult males, and females may actively aid one another against males. In contrast, the aggression of young males often elicits interference by adult males, and young males often become the targets of redirected aggression in the group. As a consequence, whereas young females rise in rank to positions adjacent to their mothers, adolescent males often suffer losses to animals that they had dominated as juveniles.     

Reproductive success, mortality and sexual size dimorphism in the adder, Vipera berus

From 1981 to 1986 an isolated adder population was studied in the extreme south of Sweden. During this period 48 adult males and 44 adult females were marked. Male adders did not grow as large as the females. Large males had a significantly higher annual mating success and were engaged in more combats than smaller males. The mean length of recaptured males was significantly lower than that of those not recaptured, indicating a higher motality of larger males. Females brood size was positively correlated with body size. In females there was no difference in mean length of recaptured vs not recaptured individuals. The adder is one of the few snake species with male combat where males are smaller than females. I suggest that this is due to stronger selective advantages for large body size in females than in males.