首次自肉毒中毒食品中分离的一株产生E型肉毒毒素的酪酸梭菌

对某卫生防疫站委托本研究室分离病原菌的一份引起肉毒中毒的食品一＂黄豆冬瓜酱＂进行检测和病原菌的分离,从中再次检出了Ｅ型肉毒毒素并分离到一产毒菌种,对该菌种的生物学及生化学特性进行检查,并检测其毒素基因（ＰＣＲ试验）。结果：该分离菌能产生Ｅ型肉毒毒素,ＰＣＲ检测结果也证明其具有Ｅ型肉毒神经毒素基因,但其多项生化特性与Ｅ型肉毒梭菌有明显差异,而与酪酸梭菌完全一致。结果说明该分离菌系产生Ｅ型肉毒毒素的酪酸梭菌,而非Ｅ型肉毒梭菌。由酪酸梭菌引起的食物中毒型肉毒中毒并从中毒食品中分离到该病原菌,这在国际上尚属首次报告。     

黄精褐斑病的病原生物学特性

为明确发生在贵州省施秉县的黄精叶斑类病害的病原菌,通过形态学和分子生物学方法对病原菌进行了鉴定,并对其生物学特性进行了初步研究。形态特征及rDNA-ITS、β-tubulin和tef1多基因序列分析表明,该病原菌为棕榈拟盘多毛孢Pestalotiopsis trachicarpicola。生物学特性研究结果表明,该菌菌丝体适宜生长温度为15-30℃,最适温度为28℃;最适pH值为5;以葡萄糖为碳源、酵母浸膏为氮源比较适合菌丝体的生长;菌丝体生长的最佳培养基为PDA;光照对菌丝体生长无明显影响;菌丝体致死温度为45℃。     

蛹虫草病原真菌虫草生齿梗孢Calcarisporium cordycipiticola的生物学特性研究

蛹虫草已经成为我国乃至东南亚地区极其重要的食药用真菌,虽然其子实体已经实现规模化生产,但在产业发展中遇到许多问题,真菌病害为其中之一,如引起蛹虫草“白毛病”病害的虫草生齿梗孢Calcarisporium cordycipiticola。本研究以虫草生齿梗孢为对象,研究了其生物学特性、发病特性及侵染特点。结果表明：该病原菌菌丝分枝较多,短时间内产生大量分生孢子;最适生长温度为25℃,此温度有利于该病害快速传播;其分生孢子比蛹虫草分生孢子耐紫外能力强。栽培过程中该病害多发生在蛹虫草生长发育后期,可以侵染培养基表面、子实体底部、中部和顶端等各个部位。人工接种发现该病原菌可以侵染蛹虫草生长发育的任意阶段,后期子实体被白毛覆盖。对峙实验发现虫草生齿梗孢菌丝逐渐生长到蛹虫草菌丝上,但未发现两菌丝互相缠绕的现象。对该病原菌基本生物学研究,将为建立该病害的早期检测及预防方法提供依据。     

鱼腥草褐斑病的病原及其生物学特性

在贵州省施秉县鱼腥草上发生一种新的叶斑类病害,有危害加重趋势。为明确该病的病原菌,本研究采用组织分离法和离体接种法进行了病原菌分离培养和致病性测定,通过形态特征观察及rDNA ITS和Tef1两个核苷酸片段序列分析,将该病菌鉴定为拟盘多毛孢Pestalotiopsis sp.,系鱼腥草上首次报告。对该病原菌的生物学特性进行了研究。发现葡萄糖和蛋白胨最适于该菌菌丝体生长,菌丝体最适生长温度为25℃,最适宜pH 8,病菌在玉米粉培养基上生长最快,光照有利于菌丝体生长。     

斑玉蕈蛛网病的病原菌及其生物学特性

近期在福建省一家斑玉蕈厂发现一种新病害。为明确该致病菌,通过感病子实体组织分离获得一株病原菌,经过形态特征观察和r DNA-ITS序列分析,确定该病原菌为金黄菌寄生Hypomyces aurantius,该病害名为蛛网病。这是金黄菌寄生所致斑玉蕈蛛网病在国内的首次报道。通过对该病原菌生物学特性的研究,发现其菌丝体最佳生长条件为20℃,p H5.5,葡萄糖为碳源,蛋白胨为氮源,光照对菌丝体生长有一定抑制作用。在出菇过程中严格控制低温条件,同时加强通风和环境卫生管理有助于预防该病害发生。     

桔梗新病害——匍柄霉叶斑病的病原生物学特性及药剂敏感性分析

桔梗匍柄霉叶斑病是近年来发现的新病害,病原菌为桔梗匍柄霉Stemphylium platycodontis。为了更好地了解病害的发生规律,本研究对该病原菌的生物学特性及药剂敏感性进行了分析。结果表明：25℃为该病原菌的最适生长温度和产孢温度;菌丝生长最适pH值为4,而最适合产孢的pH值为8;24h黑暗处理,对病原菌的菌丝生长和产孢都最有利;PCA培养基对菌丝生长最有利,而桔梗汁液培养基对病原菌产孢最有利;可溶性淀粉对菌丝生长最有利,而蔗糖最利于病原菌产孢;乙酰铵对病原菌生长及产孢都最有利;26.8μg/mL氟硅唑对桔梗匍柄霉的抑制效果最好,毒力持效性最强。     

鳗鲡烂尾病病原菌的研究

鳗鲡烂尾病是鳗鲡养殖中的一种常见病,主要流行于夏季。在日本报道了由枉状屈桡杆菌引起的鳗鲡烂尾病。本文记述了用TYE培养基从广东潮安养鳗场病鳗中分离到的另外一种引起烂尾病的病原菌,并研究了该病原菌的致病作用,生物学和生理生化特性,鉴定为点状产气单胞杆菌(Aeromonas punctata)。该菌对青霉素、新生素、磺胺噻唑不敏感,而对呋唑唑酮、土霉素、氯霉素、合霉素和金霉素等敏感。     

灵芝蛛网病病原菌及其生物学特性

为明确吉林省蛟河市灵芝Ganoderma lingzhi栽培主产区发生的疑似灵芝蛛网病的病原菌,作者通过罹病灵芝子实体病原物的分离纯化、致病性测定、形态学和分子生物学鉴定以及病原菌的生物学特性研究,证明引起吉林省蛟河市灵芝蛛网病的病原菌为嗜菌枝葡霉Cladobotryum mycophilum。该菌营养体最适生长条件为温度25℃、pH 5、蔗糖作碳源、酵母浸粉作氮源,光照对菌丝体生长有一定的抑制作用,完全黑暗最适宜生长。本文研究结果为进一步研究该病害的发生规律和防治措施提供了理论参考。     

马铃薯干腐病菌硫色镰孢的生物学特性

从碳源、氮源、酸碱度及生长温度等方面对引起马铃薯干腐病的硫色镰孢Fusarium sulphureum的生物学特性进行了研究。结果表明,该病原菌在不同发育阶段对营养和环境条件的要求存在差异。在固体培养基上,菌落生长最佳碳源为葡萄糖、麦芽糖,最佳氮源为蛋白胨,pH8?为最佳;在液体培养基中,菌丝体生长以麦芽糖为最佳碳源,以硝酸钠为最佳氮源,pH6?为最佳;在分生孢子萌发阶段,在以羧甲基纤维素钠、蛋白胨和谷氨酸为碳、氮源的营养液中,分生孢子萌发率最高,最适pH 6–8。该病菌最适生长温度为25℃,分生孢子致死     

当归根腐病主要病原菌生物学特性及室内毒力测定

为探究当归(Angelica sinensis)根腐病的病原菌种类、生物学特性并筛选其防治药剂。采用常规组织法分离培养病原菌,利用柯赫氏法则验证其致病性,通过形态学和分子生物学相结合的方法进行病原菌的鉴定、生物学特性分析;采用菌丝生长速率法对病原菌进行室内毒力测定。结果表明,当归根腐病菌菌落毛毡状,在三种培养基上大型分生孢子呈镰刀形,大小为(27.5～47.5)μm×(3.8～7.5)μm(n=50),隔膜数1～5;小型分生孢子在PDA和SNA培养基上呈椭圆形、肾型、纺锤形,在CLA培养基上肾型,(3.8～15.0)μm×(2.5～7.5)μm(n=50),隔膜数0～3;厚垣孢子在CLA培养基上呈串生,PDA培养基上呈不规则形,SNA培养基上厚垣孢子着生方式多样,串生、圆形、不规则形,大小为(2.5～3.8)μm×(2.5～5.0)μm(n=50)。EF-1α、RPB1和RPB2联合序列系统发育树表明,该菌为锐顶镰刀菌(Fusarium acuminatum),其最适生长温度为25℃,最适生长初始pH为9,光照对其生长无显著影响。室内毒力测定显示10%苯醚甲环唑(WG)对其抑制效果最好...     

247例颌面部感染的细菌学研究

采用需氧和厌氧培养方法,分离培养２４７例颌面部感染标本的细菌。结果表明口腔颌面部感染以牙源性颌面部感染最多见,其感染率为８７９％。颌面部感染的细菌学特点是：①厌氧菌感染为主,其感染率在牙源性感染为９６％,非牙源性感染为７３７％,可培养的优势厌氧菌是普氏菌、叶啉单胞菌、梭杆菌、消化链球菌,其次是放线菌、优杆菌和二氧化碳噬纤维菌、口腔链球菌群细菌是主要的兼性厌氧菌,其次是嗜血菌。②由定植于口腔的细菌引发的内源性感染。③复数菌和混合菌感染为主     

长白山阔叶红松林不同采伐强度与森林病害的发生

长白山阔叶红松林不同采伐强度与森林病害的发生袁志文,王庆礼,代力民,钟兆康,赵敏（中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所１１００１５）ＤｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔＣｕｔｔｉｎｇｉｎｔｅｎｓｉｔｉｅｓａｎｄＩｎｃｉｄｅｎｃｅｏｆＦｏｒｅｓｔＤｉｓｃａｓｅｓｉｎＢｒｏａｄＬ...     

Rhizothyrium paraskicum sp. nov. (Coelomycetes), ein Blattparasit auf Araucaria araucana (Mol.) C. Koch*

Rhizothyrium parasiticum sp. nov. (Coelomycetes), a leaf parasite on Araucaria araucana (Mol.) C. Koch An imperfect fungus, which causes leaf spots on Araucaria araucana in Chile is described. The usually fairly small necrosis are soon blocked off by a woundperiderm. The placement of this pathogene in the genus Rhizothyrium Naoumoff is discussed.     

糖尿病肾病动物模型的研究进展

糖尿病肾病是糖尿病的主要并发症之一,也是终末期肾衰的元凶,其发病机制至今尚未阐明。因此,建立理想的实验动物模型是研究糖尿病肾病发病机制、疾病防治、新药开发的关键环节。本文回顾并分析了有关该疾病模型的国内外文献,从造模方法、发病机制、病理改变、适用条件、模型的优缺点等方面进行比较分析,为选择合适的动物模型应用于糖尿病肾病的研究提供参考。     

Pathogenesis of the "sentinel headache" preceding berry aneurysm rupture.

Pathologic examination in a case of fatal intracerebral hemorrhage from a berry aneurysm showed that the "sentinel" or warning headache in this patient was due to the leakage of blood into the subarachnoid space through a previous small tear in the wall of her saccular aneurysm. Oribital pain, transient, dysphasia, dizziness and, later, meningismus might have prompted the performing of a lumbar puncture to determine the presence of blood in the cerebrospinal fluid. This type of event is the likely pathogenetic mechanism for the premonitory headache that may precede a lethal rupture of a saccular aneurysm.     

Mitochondrial functional complementation in mitochondrial DNA-based diseases

Mitochondria exist in networks that are continuously remodeled through fusion and fission. Why do individual mitochondria in living cells fuse and divide continuously? Protein machinery and molecular mechanism for the dynamic nature of mitochondria have been almost clarified. However, the biological significance of the mitochondrial fusion and fission events has been poorly understood, although there is a possibility that mitochondrial fusion and fission are concerned with quality controls of mitochondria. trans-mitochondrial cell and mouse models possessing heteroplasmic populations of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplotypes are quite efficient for answering this question, and one of the answers is “mitochondrial functional complementation” that is able to regulate respiratory function of individual mitochondria according to “one for all, all for one” principle. In this review, we summarize the observations about mitochondrial functional complementation in mammals and discuss its biological significance in pathogeneses of mtDNA-based diseases.     

Protein--carbohydrate interactions: learning lessons from nature

Protein--carbohydrate interactions are at the heart of many important biological processes including signalling, recognition and catalysis. A deeper understanding of these interactions at the molecular level will enable the development of novel, effective and highly selective therapeutics. Glycosyltransferases and glycosidases, carbohydrate-processing enzymes responsible for the synthesis and breakdown of oligosaccharides, have emerged as important targets in the fight against bacterial and fungal pathogenesis, cancer and AIDS. Binding and recognition phenomena are essential processes by which the body exerts control over complex biological functions. In this regard, heparin has retained ongoing interest reflecting its importance as a major pharmaceutical. Recent studies on heparin have shed light onto the mechanisms of cross-reactivity that cause life-threatening side effects and have provided impetus for the development of more selective anti-clotting agents. Important targets for therapeutic intervention are the binding processes mediated through multivalent protein--carbohydrate interactions, such as the interactions of bacterial toxins with cell-surface receptors.     

Pathophysiological roles and applications of glycosphingolipids in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer diseases

Glycosphingolipids (GSLs) are major amphiphilic glycolipids present on the surface of living cell membranes. They have important biological functions, including maintaining plasma membrane stability, regulating signal transduction, and mediating cell recognition and adhesion. Specific GSLs and related enzymes are abnormally expressed in many cancer diseases and affect the malignant characteristics of tumors. The regulatory roles of GSLs in signaling pathways suggest that they are involved in tumor pathogenesis. GSLs have therefore been widely studied as diagnostic markers of cancer diseases and important targets of immunotherapy. This review describes the tumor-related biological functions of GSLs and systematically introduces recent progress in using diverse GSLs and related enzymes to diagnose and treat tumor diseases. Development of drugs and biomarkers for personalized cancer therapy based on GSL structure is also discussed. These advances, combined with recent progress in the preparation of GSLs derivatives through synthetic biology technologies, suggest a strong future for the use of customized GSL libraries in treating human diseases.