视前区儿茶酚胺神经末梢损毁对针刺镇痛的影响

本实验在家兔双侧视前区内注入6-羟基多巴胺(6-OH-DA,4μg/每侧),选择性损毁该区儿茶酚胺(CA)神经末梢后,观察对针刺镇痛的影响。实验结果表明,注药后第二、四天,针刺镇痛效应较针前或对照组均有明显提高。注药后第十天,针刺镇痛效应基本恢复到对照组水平。用甲醛诱发荧光组织化学法显示视前区 CA 末梢,可见6-羟基多巴胺组的 CA 末梢明显减少。结果提示,视前区 CA 含量减少有利于针刺镇痛作用。     

兔蓝斑下核内注入6—羟基多巴胺后视前区阿片受体的变化

本文在家兔双侧蓝斑下核内注入6-羟基多巴胺(6-OHDA)20~d后,用甲醛诱发荧光组织化学法显示视前区儿茶酚胺(CA)神经末梢明显减少,其中以内侧区较明显;与此同时,受体放射自显影结果表明,视前区与~3H-埃托啡特异结合的阿片受体密度也明显减少,亦以视前内侧区较显著。上述结果提示,视前区(尤其内侧区)CA 神经末梢上分布有阿片受体。     

Effect of 6-hydroxydopamine on the electrical characteristics of snail neurons in long-term sensitization

Studies of the influence of neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine selectively destroying the catecholamine terminals on long-term sensitization, and the role of dopamine in manifestation of characteristics of a membrane of identified neurons during elaboration of plasticity, were fulfilled. Injection of saline was used as the control. It is shown that preliminary injection of 6-hydroxydopamine reduces duration of long-term sensitization, but does not block it completely. It was shown that injection of 6-hydroxydopamine prevents diminishing of membrane and threshold potentials in withdrawal interneurons during formation of long-term sensitization. The experiments demonstrate that shift of electrical characteristics of withdrawal interneurons caused by injection of neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine to both naive snails and sensitized snails, statys during at least 10 days.     

Changes of releases of beta-endorphin-like immunoreactive substances and noradrenaline in rabbit's preoptic area during acupuncture analgesia

RIA and HPLC-ECD were used respectively to detect beta-endorphin-like immunoreactive substances (beta-EPIS), noradrenaline and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyloglycol (MHPG), a noradrenaline metabolite, in the perfusate from the rabbit's preoptic area before and after 10 min of electroacupuncture (EA). It was found that, the content of beta-EPIS in the perfusate increased during acupuncture analgesia, while those of noradrenaline and MHPG decreased. A negative correlation (r = -0.831; P less than 0.05) was shown between the changes of beta-EPIS and MHPG contents during acupuncture analgesia, indicating that beta-endorphin may be related to the inhibition of noradrenaline release during acupuncture analgesia.     

针刺对部分背根切断后猫脊髓Ⅱ板层SP、CCK、L－ENK和5－HT神经纤维可塑性的影响──免疫组化定量分析

本研究用免疫组化结合图像分析观测了针刺对切除一侧Ｌ１－Ｓ２背根（保留Ｌ６背根）猫脊髓Ｌ５Ⅱ板层内含Ｐ物质（ＳＰ）、胆囊收缩素（ＣＣＫ）,亮氨酸脑啡肽（Ｌ－ＥＮＫ）和５－羟色胺（５－ＨＴ）神经纤维可塑性的影响。结果如下：非针刺组手术侧Ⅱ板层ＳＰ和ＣＣＫ阳性面积分别为非手术侧的７７％和４６％,而针刺组手术侧ＳＰ已恢复到非手术侧水平,ＣＣＫ为非手术侧的６６％,均比非针刺组明显增加。术后３０天再切断Ｌ６备用根后两组动物手术侧ＳＰ和ＣＣＫ阳性面积显著下降,表明针刺促进备用根中ＳＰ和ＣＣＫ神经纤维发生可塑变化;手术切断背根上Ｌ－ＥＮＫ阳性面积无影响,而针刺后有所增加,表明针刺能影响中间神经元的Ｌ－ＥＮＫ神经纤维发生可塑性变化;背根切断后下行投射的５－ＨＴ阳性面积明显增加,而针刺无进一步促进作用。     

CHANGES IN CENTRAL NORADRENALINE NEURONSADMINISTRATION AFTER SYSTEMIC 6-HYDROXYDOPAMINE ADMINISTRATION

—Intravenous injection of a large dose of 6-hydroxydopamine (100 mg/kg) to adult rats caused a significant and long-lasting reduction (about 30 per cent) of the in oirro uptake of [³H]NA in the cerebral cortex and spinal cord, while no changes were seen in the hypothalamus. The endogenous NA in whole brain was similarly reduced (about 20 per cent). Fluorescence histochemistry revealed catecholamine accumulations which are degenerative signs, induced by 6-hydroxydopamine, in axons of the dorsal NA bundle innervating the cerebral cortex. It is concluded that the blood–brain barrier in adult rats is not completely protective with respect to the neurotoxic action of systemically injected 6-hydroxydopamine, which can produce degeneration of a significant number of NA nerve terminals in the cerebral cortex and spinal cord. Previous studies have shown that 6-hydroxydopamine caused a permanent and selective degeneration of a large number of central NA nerve terminals when injected systemically up to 1 week after birth, due to an incompletely developed blood-brain barrier. This barrier for 6-hydroxydopamine develops between the 7th and 9th day after birth (Sachs , 1973). In the present study 6-hydroxydopamine was found to cause a small transient reduction in [³H]NA uptake in cerebral cortex of rats between 9 and 28 days of age, while in older rats the damage produced by 6-hydroxydopamine was long-lasting. Thus, the NA nerves ascending to the cerebral cortex seem to possess a regenerative capacity to a 6-hydroxydopamine-induced degeneration up to about 28 days postnatally, but which later disappears or is markedly retarded.     

NORADRENALINE NERVE TERMINALS IN THE CEREBRAL CORTEX: EFFECTS ON NORADRENALINE UPTAKE AND STORAGE FOLLOWING AXONAL LESION WITH 6-HYDROXYDOPAMINE

The ascending noradrenaline-containing neuronal system from the locus coeruleus to the cerebral cortex was unilaterally lesioned by an intracerebral injection of 8 μg 6-hydroxydopamine in the dorsomedial reticular formation in the caudal mesencephalon. The 6-hydroxydopamine caused injury to axons of the dorsal catecholamine bundle associated with its specific neurotoxic action, while very limited unspecific tissue necrosis was observed. Following this treatment the endogenous noradrenaline in the ipsilateral cerebral cortex (neocortex) increased acutely (up to 2 days), as observed both with noradrenaline assay and fluorescence histochemistry. The noradrenaline concentration then gradually decreased to 15 per cent of the contralateral side 15 days after the lesion. At this time interval and up to at least 90 days no fluorescent catecholamine nerve terminals could be detected. The acute noradrenaline increase could be blocked partially by tyrosine hydroxylase inhibition produced by α-methyl-p-tyrosine. The disappearance of endogenous noradrenaline following tyrosine hydroxylase inhibition was also reduced after the 6-hydroxydopamine lesion. Studies on the in vitro uptake of [³H]noradrenaline (0.1 μM for 5 min) in slices from the neocortex after the 6-hydroxydopamine lesion showed a gradual decline in uptake reaching maximal reduction (35-40 per cent of the contralateral side) after 15 days. No recovery of [³H]noradrenaline uptake was seen up to 90 days after the lesion. The formation of [³H]noradrenaline from [³H]dopamine in vitro was reduced to 15 per cent of the contralateral side after a chronic lesion. The present results indicate that the disappearance of noradrenaline uptake-storage mechanisms in the neocortex is due to an anterograde degeneration of axons and nerve terminals of the dorsal catecholamine bundle. The data on endogenous noradrenaline and noradrenaline synthesis suggest that approx. 15 per cent of the noradrenaline nerve terminals in the neocortex remain intact following the lesion, while the [³H]noradrenaline uptake data reflect uptake in other tissue structures in addition to noradrenaline nerve terminals, e.g. dopamine nerve terminals, pericytes and/or glial cells.     

Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Activity of the Preoptic Area and Hypothalamus Is Influenced by the Serotonergic System

The effect of the serotonergic system on glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) activity of the preoptic area and the hypothalamus was studied in female rats on the day of proestrus. A circadian rhythm of GAD activity was observed with higher values in rats killed at 1130 h than in rats killed at 1500 h. In rats bearing lesions of the median raphe nucleus (MRn), a nucleus that sends 5-hydroxytryptamine nerve terminals to the areas under study decreased GAD activity. On the contrary, electrochemical stimulation of the MRn enhanced GAD activity in intact rats killed at 1500 h, but not in those killed at 1130 h, an effect that was prevented by the injection of the 5-hydroxytryptamine antagonist, methysergide. Furthermore, the injection of 5-hydroxytryptamine into the third ventricle, either in intact rats in the afternoon or in MRn-lesioned rats in the morning, also increased GAD activity. The results of the present study suggest that activation of the serotonergic system increases GAD activity in the preoptic area and hypothalamus.     

Catecholamine-containing nerve terminals of the eccrine sweat glands of macaques

Summary A loose network of catecholamine-containing nerves was demonstrated with a fluorescence histochemical method (Falck-Hillarp) in the coiled portion of eccrine sweat glands in the digital pads of macaques after the injection of nialamide and noradrenaline. In the skin of untreated control animals, fluorescent fibers appear only in some of the glands. A systemic administration of reserpine and a local injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) or 5-hydroxydopamine (5-OHDA) into the digital pad cause a complete disappearance of fluorescent fibers around the glands and blood vessels. Electron micrographs reveal many unmyelinated varicose axon profiles outside the basement membrane of secretory tubules. Most of these profiles contain many small agranular vesicles and a few large dense-cored vesicles (cholinergic terminal), and some have numerous small granular and a few large densecored vesicles (adrenergic terminal).The local injection of 6-OHDA causes various degenerative changes in the adrenergic terminals but the cholinergic ones and the rest of the cellular structure remain intact. The injection of 5-OHDA induces a significant increase of electron-dense granules in the vesicles of adrenergic terminals.The presence of catecholamine and the effects of 6-OHDA and 5-OHDA in the nerve terminals indicate that the innervation of the eccrine sweat glands of macaques consists of cholinergic as well as adrenergic terminals.Publication No. 783 of the Oregon Regional Primate Research Center supported in part by Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health Grant RR 00163 of the Animal Resources Branch, Division of Research Resources.We acknowledge the excellent assistance of Tsutomu Yoshida, Tsuneka zu Fuse, John Ochsner, and Nickolas Roman.     

神经节苷脂对6-OHDA损毁交感神经末梢的对抗作用

单次6-OHDA (15mg/kg.i.p.)注射后24h,可使雌性成年小鼠颌下腺内儿茶酚胺荧光神经末梢几乎完全消失;同时用 HPLC 测得腺体内去甲肾上腺素(NA)和多巴胺(DA)的含量下降至正常值的3—4%以下。随着受损交感神经末梢再生过程,NA 和 DA 水平有缓慢的恢复。在损毁2周时 NA 和 DA 含量分别达到正常水平的50%和28%,且在4周时完全恢复。在注射6-OHDA 的同时,和在损伤后12h 内给动物注射4次神经节苷脂(每次50mg/kg.i.p.)并在其后的一周內每天注射一次,可使颌下腺内 NA 含量维持在正常水平;在损毁后4h 及损毁前4d 开始施用神经节苷脂,也可不同程度地对抗交感神经末梢损伤,但作用强度不如前者。实验结果提示:(1)神经节苷脂通过减弱6-OHDA 及其代谢产物的损伤效应能够保护交感神经末梢膜,它可能还有促损伤末梢再生性长芽的作用;(2)损伤后神经节苷脂处理得越早,其效果越好。