使用陷阱采样在蜘蛛生态学研究中的应用

介绍1种国外常用的研究地面活动蛛知生态学的采样的方法，即陷阱采样。对如何制作和排布陷阱做了比较详细的说明，并对使用陷阱研究的生境以及通过陷阱所获得的类群做了介绍，同时，通过举例对如何使用陷阱及由陷阱得到的数据的数学处理作了说明。     

东灵山区阎甲物种多样性研究

本文研究了北京东灵山区阎甲科（Coleptera;Histeridae）特种多样性,野外设样地调查共获标本2224头,分属于6属17种,Saprinus niponicus、Onthophilus foueipennis、Margarinotus niponicus和M.reichardti的个体数量均大于总数的10%, 4种共占总体个数的88.22%,是本地区常见种。本研究采用4种采集方法分别统计,肉诱法捕获的种类和数量最多,共12种占总数的70.19%,杯诱法和堆草诱法都捕到8种,分别占总数的23.61%和4.81%,肉筛法采到的标本仅有2种占总数的1.39%,研究优势物种Onthophilus foueipennis的季节性变化发现,该种集中分布在小龙门林区的阔叶混交林内,个体数量在5月和9月呈现2个季节峰值,其中9月达到全年最高峰。对小龙门林区内肉诱捕获的阎甲类群的物种多样性分析表明,阔叶林中的阎甲多样性指数和均匀度指数较高,混交林的丰富度和个体数量较高,针叶林的多样性系数和个体数量较低,混交林的均匀度指数较低,而相似性分析表明,空间距离是决定小龙门林区内森林生境类型间腐生性阎甲群落相似性程度的因素,生境类型自身对相似性没有显著影响,梨园岭退耕区阎甲的物种多样性指数和均匀度指数高于小龙门林区,但物种个体平均数量低于小龙门林区。以上结果表明,东灵山地区阎甲群落的分布受生境保护程度,干扰程度以及空间距离等因素的影响,保护并提高该地区的森林植被环境对提高阎甲物种多样性有重要意义。     

The effects of rainforest canopy loss on arboreal dung beetles in Borneo: implications for the measurement of biodiversity in derived tropical ecosystems

We examine the effect of selective timber extraction, and corresponding forest canopy loss, on arboreal dung beetles in the tropical rainforests of Sabah, Malaysian Borneo. Changes in vertical distribution of beetles are measured through differences in the abundance of beetles in ground-based pitfall traps in primary, logged and plantation forest. Previous research has demonstrated that arboreal dung beetles are not generally collected in pitfall traps in primary forest, but are present in large numbers above the ground in canopy vegetation: the presence of arboreal beetles in pitfalls in areas of reduced or modified canopy cover may therefore reflect a response to the absence or modification of their usual habitat, and the proliferation of these beetles nearer to the ground. In this paper, statistically significant differences are found in the abundance of beetles in ground pitfall traps from logged forest compared to primary forest. Results show that virtually no arboreal dung beetles are recorded in primary forest traps, with an increased abundance of arboreal dung beetles in traps from logged and plantation forest, with 1.72% of the total number of arboreal beetles recorded from primary forest, 22.32% from logged forest, and 75.96% from plantation forest. The presence of arboreal dung beetles in plantations demonstrates that arboreal dung beetles can survive outside their normal habitat, and we relate these observations to adaptations to upper rainforest canopy conditions, and proliferation of these microclimatic conditions in man-made habitats. Results are also discussed in terms of their relevance to the measurement of species richness and diversity in logged and other derived ecosystems, where mixing of the ground-based and arboreal faunas occurs.     

Can Malaise traps be used to sample spiders for biodiversity assessment?

Malaise traps are typically used to sample a range of flying insect groups; however non-target taxa such as spiders may also be collected in large numbers. In this study, spiders were sampled in peatlands and wet grasslands and catches in Malaise and pitfall traps were compared in order to determine the adequacy of Malaise traps for use in spider biodiversity assessment. Overall, the number of species and individuals caught in Malaise and pitfall traps were comparable, although more species were sampled in Malaise traps in locations with a greater structural diversity of the vegetation. The spider fauna sampled by the Malaise traps differed from that of the pitfall traps, but both methods consistently separated the species assemblages by biotope. These results demonstrate that Malaise traps are effective at sampling spiders and indicate that they can be used in biodiversity assessment. In addition the complementary species sampled by each method mean that employing both techniques will be useful where a full inventory of the species is required. The authors do not suggest that Malaise traps should be used solely to sample spiders; however, if traps are set to collect insects, identification of the spiders sampled may reduce the need to employ additional sampling techniques.     

Insect diversity in Gonggeom‐ji,the first protected paddy field wetland in Korea

Gonggeom‐ji pond is the first protected paddy field wetland area, designated by the Ministry of Environment of Korea in 2011, because of its high biodiversity and historic value. It contains reservoirs, paddy fields, and a forest site that provides diverse niches for insects. Quantitative methods were used in this study to estimate the insect diversity of this region. A transect of 50 m was designated in each site (reservoirs, paddy fields, and a forest site). Data were collected using sweeping and pitfall traps along each transect in May, August, and November 2017, representative of the seasons—spring, summer, and autumn, respectively. As a result, a total of 1079 individual insects representing 170 species from 60 families within nine orders were collected. Diversity, richness, and evenness indices were the highest in the forest site in May (4.77, 8.6, and 0.91, respectively). The dominance index was the highest in the forest site in November (0.64). Similarity index was the highest in the reservoir in May and August (0.519). These results would help compare different sites and their vegetation to assess relationships between insects and habitats.     

甘肃子午岭天然次生林区三种植被类型中土壤蜘蛛群落的组成及多样性

2004年4—10月,在甘肃子午岭天然次生林区采用巴氏诱罐法采集土壤蜘蛛2164头,隶属于19科43种。研究表明辽东栎林(Quercusliaotungensis)、油松林(Pinustabulaeformis)和杨树林(Populusdavidiana)3种森林植被类型中土壤蜘蛛群落组成有明显的差异;不同生境蜘蛛群落的组成成分和多样性指数各异;从各生境中捕获的蜘蛛个体数量分析,皿蛛科、平腹蛛科和科狼蛛科的数量最多,优势类群的组成相似;各生境类型中蜘蛛功能集团的组成及多样性也有明显差异。同时,分析了影响蜘蛛群落组成和多样性的主要因子是生境的植被类型和生境异质性。     

Unexpectedly diverse forest dung beetle communities in degraded rain forest landscapes in Madagascar

Tropical forests, which harbor high levels of biodiversity, are being lost at an alarming speed. Madagascar, a biodiversity hotspot, has lost more than half of its original forest cover. Most of the remaining forests are small fragments of primary and secondary forest with differing degrees of human impact. These forests, as well as coffee and fruit plantations, may be important in supporting the forest-dependent biodiversity in Madagascar but this has been little studied. In Madagascar, dung beetles, which offer important ecosystem services, are largely restricted to forests. We examined the ability of fragmented and degraded forests to support dung beetle diversity, compared to the large areas of primary forest in eastern Madagascar. We found a general trend of a reduction of species with a loss of forest connectivity. In contrast, a higher level of forest disturbance was associated with higher species diversity. In several sites of low-quality forest as many or more species were found as in less disturbed and primary forests. The average size of dung beetles was smaller in the lower quality localities than in the primary forests. These findings suggest that many forest dung beetles in Madagascar are better adapted to forest disturbance than earlier expected, although they require some level of connectivity to surrounding forest.     

Distribution of ground-dwelling beetles in fragmented tropical habitats

The conservation of biodiversity is increasingly dependent on human-altered habitats. In a fragmented forest landscape in northern Costa Rica within the Mesoamerican Biological Corridor, an area of great conservation importance, we compared the diversity and composition of ground-dwelling beetle communities in five habitat types along a gradient of increasing disturbance: primary forest, logged forest, secondary forest, plantation (Gmelina arborea) and pasture. Using pitfall trapping we captured a total of 1,877 beetles (Coleoptera), comprising 422 morphospecies in 26 families. The plantation sites had the lowest number of species followed by secondary forest and pasture. Multivariate analysis separated the beetle fauna according to land use, and suggested that only the logged forest maintains a similar species assemblage to primary forest. However, each habitat harboured a number of unique species indicating the conservation value of the mosaic of habitats found in fragmented landscapes. Our results suggest that to maintain forest beetle species diversity it is essential that areas of natural forest are conserved. However, other land uses also provide beetle habitats and in fragmented areas active management to maintain a mosaic of land uses will contribute to the conservation of beetle diversity.     

Carabid beetle (Coleoptera: Carabidae) assemblages in the intermediate successional stage after Mt. Bandai eruption of 1888: Effects of environmental variables on carabid beetles in the Urabandai area

We studied carabid beetle assemblage structure and species diversity in an intermediate successional stage (seral) forest established in areas affected by the 1888 eruption of Mt. Bandai and a climax forest that had not been affected by the eruption at the Urabandai area, Fukushima Prefecture, Japan. In total, 2,131 carabid beetles representing 31 species were collected using pitfall traps without bait. A comparison of carabid beetle assemblages between the two forest types revealed that the number of species observed was comparable, but their abundance was greater in the seral forest. The assemblage structure clearly differed between the two forest types. In the seral forest, forest generalists, such as Synuchus arcuaticollis and Pterostichus prolongatus, along with forest specialists including Carabus vanvolxemi and Pterostichus asymmetricus, were collected. In the climax forest, forest generalists, such as Synuchus cycloderus and Carabus albrechti tsukubanus, were more abundant than forest specialists. This suggests that the current seral forest in the Urabandai area possesses environmental variables that enable the coexistence of both forest specialist and generalist beetle species. A redundancy analysis showed that six species from the genera Synuchus and Pterostichus were associated with high canopy openness and high understory vegetation cover, whereas species recorded only in the climax forest were associated with deep litter. Therefore, it seems likely that carabid beetles in the Urabandai area were affected by these three environmental variables.     

笼捕法和陷阱法对森林小型兽类多样性监测效率比较

<正>小型兽类包括食虫目(Insectivora)、啮齿目(Rodentia)、翼手目(Chiroptera)、兔形目(Lagomorpha)等,物种数量多,分布广,适应能力强,对环境变化敏感,因此其群落组成和种群数量变化可较好地反映生境变化的质量和人类活动的干扰程度(肖治术等,2002;李俊生等,2003;仝磊和路纪琪,2010)。小型兽类多样性一直是生物多样性和生态环境监测与评价的重要指示类群之一(周立志和马勇,2002)。统计动物毛发、粪便、巢穴、叫声、足迹等动物痕迹以及直接观察等方法已被广泛用于兽类物种监测和种群密度估计(Eberhardt and Van Etten,1956;Bider,1968;Gannon     

Influence of land use on the taxonomic and functional diversity of dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeinae) in the southern Atlantic forest of Argentina

The degradation and replacement of native ecosystems affects both their taxonomic and functional biodiversity. However, native species may find a gradient of habitat suitability in different land uses within a region. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of land use on the taxonomic and functional diversity of dung beetle assemblages in the southern Atlantic forest of Argentina. Dung beetles were sampled in both the native forest (control) and different land uses (Pine and Yerba mate plantations and cattle pastures) during the 2014 summer, using pitfall traps baited with human feces and rotten meat. Samplings were taken from 20 different sites, with five replicates of each land use and the native forest (100 pitfall traps in total). A total of 1699 beetles of 27 species were captured. Canthon quinquemaculatus, Canthon conformis and Dichotomius sericeus were the most abundant species. Cattle pastures were the land use most negatively affected in their taxonomic and functional diversity, particularly large paracoprid dung beetles. Pine plantations maintained their taxonomic and functional diversity in relation to the native forest and Yerba mate plantations showed, in general, an intermediate situation. Microclimatic conditions (average temperature and humidity and maximum temperature) were correlated with functional diversity (the proportion of large paracoprid dung beetles decreased with increasing temperature) and are probably good predictors to explain the observed patterns of functional diversity of dung beetles. The development of sustainable production systems that preserve the native biodiversity requires the conservation of key components from the ecological niche of native species, especially microclimatic conditions.     

Evaluation of three methods for sampling ground-dwelling Ants in the Brazilian Cerrado

Few studies have evaluated the efficiency of methods for sampling ants, especially in regions with highly variable vegetation physiognomies such as the Cerrado region of central Brazil. Here we compared three methods to collect ground-dwelling ants: pitfall traps, sardine baits, and the Winkler litter extractor. Our aim was to determine which method would be most appropriate to characterize the ant assemblages inhabiting different vegetation types. More species were collected with pitfall traps and with the Winkler extractor than with sardine baits. Pitfall traps collected more species in the cerrado (savanna) physiognomies, particularly in those with a poor litter cover, whereas the Winlker extractor was more efficient in the forest physiognomies, except the one subject to periodic inundations. There was a low similarity in species composition between forest and cerrado physiognomies, and this pattern was detected regardless of the method used to sampling ants. Therefore, even the use of a single, relatively selective method of collection can be enough for studies comparing highly distinct habitats and/or conditions. However, if the purpose of the sampling is to produce a more thoroughly inventory of the ant fauna, we suggest the use of a combination of methods, particularly pitfall traps and the Winkler extractor. Therefore, the Ants of the Leaf-Litter (ALL) Sampling Protocol appear to be an adequate protocol for sampling ants in the highly-threatened Brazilian cerrado biome.     

Sampling indigenous ground‐living beetles in a stand of non‐native tree privet (Ligustrum lucidum) in New Zealand raises new management questions

Small urban forest reserves in New Zealand have been shown to have value in conserving indigenous beetle diversity. However there is little information available on the ability of non‐native vegetation areas such as tree privet to support indigenous beetle assemblages. To investigate this for one site, ground‐living beetles were collected using pitfall traps over a year at a small urban forest of the invasive tree Ligustrum lucidum (tree privet) in Auckland, New Zealand. A total of 815 beetles were found, from 20 families and 42 relative taxonomic units. Using monthly data, there was no correlation between soil moisture and diversity index (P = 0.805) or species richness (P = 0.375). These results raise the question of whether urban patches of non‐native tree privet may have potential as reservoirs of beetle diversity, if only until they are replaced with native vegetation.     

Geospatial modelling approach for identifying disturbance regimes and biodiversity rich areas in North Western Himalayas, India

The present study is a comprehensive effort for making spatially explicit vegetation type information, one of the basic inputs for species and habitat conservation, readily available to the decision makers, resource managers and nature conservationists. The present study was carried out to understand the vegetation composition and structure in Doda area of Western Himalayas, India. During the study, vegetation types were mapped using on-screen image interpretation technique of multispectral high resolution satellite data. A total of ten types of vegetation were delineated from the satellite data. Phytosociological data was collected for the forest, pasture and scrub classes using nested-quadrat approach to characterize the vegetation. A total of ten phytosociological parameters were analyzed. Pinaceae, Rosaceae and Asteraceae were the dominant plant families with most of the identified plant species having a very high medicinal value. Other important component of the study involved landscape modelling, using the Spatial Landscape Analysis Model for identifying disturbance regimes and biodiversity rich landscapes in the area. The model results indicate that most of the area contains a very rich biodiversity repository with only a few areas showing signs of disturbance where terrain is either complex or where the anthropogenic pressures on forest resources are apparent. The forest and nature conservation managers could use the conservation measures suggested on the basis of these research findings for developing biodiversity conservation strategies in the region.     

The importance of streamside sandbars to ground beetle (Coleoptera, Carabidae) communities in a deciduous forest

We used pitfall traps to sample ground beetles on sandbars along a small woodland stream and in the adjacent floodplain forest (Oglethorpe Co., GA, USA). We captured a total of 1,477 ground beetles representing 41 species. Twenty-two species were exclusive to sandbars, while eight were found only in the forested habitat. Ground beetles were captured in significantly greater numbers from sandbars, especially Brachinus janthinipennis and Omophron americanum. The B. janthinipennis record represents a new state record for the species. This study demonstrates that many unique species can be found in specialized microhabitats and emphasizes the need for biodiversity assessment surveys to include a wide range of these microhabitats within a survey area. In addition, it appears that many generalist forest species might use sandbars seasonally to exploit available resources. The U.S. Government's right to retain a non-exclusive, royalty-free license in and to any copyright is acknowledged.     

Scorpion diversity in two different habitats in the Arid Chaco,Argentina

Scorpions are one of the most important taxa of predators in terms of density, biomass, and diversity in various areas of the world. In this study, we compared population- and community-level data between a mature and a secondary forest in the Chancaní Reserve (Córdoba, Argentina). Scorpions were collected using pitfall traps (54 nights per site), and their nocturnal activity was observed by means of UV light (26 nights per site) over 7 months. Seven species of scorpions (1964 individuals) were observed in the study area (Bothriuridae and Buthidae). Brachistosternus ferrugineus composed >74 % of all individuals and was numerically dominant in most months. It was the most common species sampled with UV light method in all months (85.73 % in mature and 81.80 % in secondary forest). Timogenes elegans was the most common species sampled with the pitfall traps method in secondary forest (48.58 %). General sex ratio (males:females) for B. ferrugineus was 1:1.24 and for T. elegans was 1:0.53. The Shannon index was not significantly different between sites. Species richness was similar, and the Jaccard index was Cs = 0.86, indicating that both sites share 86 % of the species. Tityus confluens was the only species not shared between sites. Our results indicate that species composition in regenerating forest resembles that of primary forest after c. 15 years, but the relative abundances of these species differ.     

Relationship between environmental variables and surface activity of scorpions in the Arid Chaco ecoregion of Argentina

Many environmental factors may influence the activity of scorpions in arid ecosystems. In this study, we examined the effects of such factors on scorpion activity at a mature and a secondary forest site in the Chancaní Reserve (Arid Chaco ecoregion in Córdoba, Argentina). Scorpions were collected using pitfall traps, and their nocturnal activity was observed by means of UV light during 14 nights. Temperature, air humidity, atmospheric pressure, and wind velocity were measured, and the percentage of visible moon was estimated. A total of 440 scorpions, representing seven species belonging to two families (Bothriuridae and Buthidae), were observed in the study area. Brachistosternus ferrugineus was the species most commonly observed using both methods. Mature and secondary forest shared slightly more than 50% of species. Surface activity of scorpions observed with the two methods differed significantly between the two areas. Surface activity of all scorpions and of B. ferrugineus were negatively related to the phase of the moon and positively related to air temperature. Physical factors thus have important effects on scorpion activity.     

Ground spider diversity in the Kenting uplifted coral reef forest, Taiwan: a comparison between habitats receiving various disturbances

The effects of various disturbances on diversity and community structures of ground spiders in the Kenting National Park uplifted coral reef forest were investigated using pitfall traps. In each of the following five sampling sites, ten trap stations were established and were monitored once every month for a whole year: primary forest, primary forest with tourism activities, secondary forest, grassland with tourism activities and abandoned grassland. A total of 2237 adult spiders from 20 families and 110 species were collected, among which 86 (78.2%) were new or newly recorded species to Taiwan. Dominant species can be divided into two major groups according to temporal abundance variations: abundant in the dry season and abundant in the wet season. Habitat preference of 12 dominant species was assessed by comparing their relative abundance between sampling sites. Half of the species exhibited strong habitat preference and two species could only be found in habitats receiving no tourism disturbance. The Shannon–Weaver function, Simpson index and Evenness were not significantly different among the sites, suggesting that these sites had a similar community structure characterized by few dominant species and numerous rare species. However, the species composition differed considerably among the five sites. Results of a UPGMA analysis using pairwise Euclidean distance demonstrated that specimens from 50 trap stations can be divided into four major clusters: primary forest, secondary forest, grassland I and grassland II. Also, among 110 species obtained, 61 were distributed in one sampling site only, and each site had between 11 and 16 unique species. In addition to species composition, foraging guild composition also differed significantly among sampling sites. These results suggest that the diversity of ground spiders in the KTNP uplifted coral reef forest is quite heterogeneous, and any management activity should consider the uniqueness of each habitat type.     

A comparison of pitfall traps with bait traps for studying leaf litter ant communities.

A comparison of pitfall traps with bait traps for sampling leaf litter ants was studied in oak-dominated mixed forests during 1995-1997. A total of 31,732 ants were collected from pitfall traps and 54,694 ants were collected from bait traps. They belonged to four subfamilies, 17 genera, and 32 species. Bait traps caught 29 species, whereas pitfall traps caught 31 species. Bait traps attracted one species not found in pitfall traps, but missed three of the species collected with pitfall traps. Collections from the two sampling methods showed differences in species richness, relative abundance, diversity, and species accumulation curves. Pitfall traps caught significantly more ant species per plot than did bait traps. The ant species diversity obtained from pitfall traps was higher than that from bait traps. Bait traps took a much longer time to complete an estimate of species richness than did pitfall traps. Little information was added to pitfall trapping results by the bait trapping method. The results suggested that the pitfall trapping method is superior to the bait trapping method for leaf litter ant studies. Species accumulation curves showed that sampling of 2,192+/-532 ants from six plots by pitfall traps provided a good estimation of ant species richness under the conditions of this study.     

The small mammal fauna of Réserve Spéciale d'Analamazaotra,Madagascar: the effects of human disturbance on endemic species diversity

This study represents the first long-term small mammal survey of the mid-altitude rain forest reserve of Analamazaotra, Madagascar. Twenty-three visits were made to the reserve between April 1988 and May 1990. Live-trapping with Sherman and pitfall traps at four sites subjected to varying levels of human disturbance revealed the presence of seven endemic tenrec species, three endemic rodent species and an introduced rat. Greater species richness was demonstrated at the most undisturbed site, though individual species abundance was reduced. Human disturbance associated with tourism was correlated with a decrease in endemic species richness and an increase in abundance of introduced rats. Forest subjected to infrequent logging by local people exhibited an intermediate level of species richness. It is recommended that core areas of the reserve be left undisturbed in order to preserve small mammal species diversity.