Improved method for the cryopreservation of human red cells in liquid nitrogen with hydroxyethyl starch.

Refinement of a method described previously (Cryobiology12, 110–118, April, 1975) made possible routine freezing of full units of packed erythrocytes after separation of platelet rich plasma, and buffy coats. The volume frozen was 405 ml which included packed red cells (190–220 ml), plasma (43–73 ml), and cryo-HES (142 ml, final concentration 14% $\text{w}\text{v}$). The units could be frozen with or without shaking by direct immersion in liquid nitrogen. Thawing was accomplished by transferring units quickly from liquid nitrogen storage to a shaking water bath at 54 °C. The average yield from units of red cells was 98.4%. The stability to a 50-fold dilution in 0.15 m NaCl was 87.8%. Thawing rate was the critical variable in producing the most stable thawed cells. Plasma expander HES was usable but the thawed units were more viscous and about 7% less stable. Red cells prewashed with 0.15 m NaCl and frozen without plasma showed no significant changes in cellular yield or stability. The optimum resuspension medium was 3% glucose. A morphologic study of cells fixed in 1% glutaraldehyde revealed that before freezing red cells were partially dehydrated in 14% HES. These were smooth, flat discs. Cells fixed on thawing were extensively dehydrated and seen as large, thin, smooth, flat discs with approximately 10% echinocytes. On dilution with 6% glucose (1:1) these swelled and reverted to biconcave discocytes except for approximately 5% echinocytes. Storage in liquid nitrogen measured in groups of three units of 15 units for 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 weeks revealed normal postthawed oxygen delivery (P-50). The greatest measurable effect of freezing red cells in HES was a loss of cellular K⁺ compensated by a corresponding increase in Na⁺.     

Differential storage of hydroxyethyl starch (HES) in the skin: an immunoelectron-microscopical long-term study

Hydroxyethyl starch (HES) is widely used as a plasma substitute. Serious side effects occur only rarely, whereas a high incidence of severe pruritus has been reported. Moreover, tissue storage of HES has been demonstrated in various organs. The aim of the current study has been to examine precisely the intracellular uptake and long-term storage of HES in the skin. Skin biopsies from 119 patients who received HES of various preparations and cumulative dosage were obtained 30 min to 130 months after infusion therapy. The samples were analysed by ultrastructural and immunoelectron microscopy with HES-specific monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies. A characteristic vacuolisation of perivascular histiocytes was a regular finding in all skin biopsies as early as 1 day after a single infusion of 30 g. Immunoreactivity for HES was demonstrable within the vacuoles. Generally, the size and number of vacuoles in the histiocytes increased concomitantly with the cumulative dosage. Following administration of higher HES dosages, vacuoles were demonstrable in endothelial cells of blood and lymphatic vessels, basal keratinocytes, epithelia of sweat glands and in small peripheral nerves, the last mentioned being associated with pruritus. A subsequent reduction of the vacuoles in size and number could be demonstrated within 52 months. In nerves, HES deposits persisted no longer than 17 months paralleling the cessation of pruritus. Biopsies taken after 94 months exhibited no HES deposits in the skin. The condensation and final dissolution of the vacuoles may either indicate the release and subsequent redistribution of HES into the circulation or lysosomal degradation.     

Low-temperature preservation of mammalian cells in tissue culture with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), dextrans, and hydroxyethyl starch (HES)

The effects of freezing and thawing on Chinese hamster cells in tissue culture in the presence of PVP, HES, and various dextrans have been investigated. Cooling and thawing rates within a limited range (20–260 °C per min for cooling and 6–115 °C per min for thawing) were studied and best results were achieved with a cooling rate of 20 °C per min and a thawing rate of 115 °C per min in both 10% PVP, and 10% HES. Experiments demonstrated HES to be as good as, and possibly better than PVP. A number of dextrans of average molecular weight (10,000–500,000 daltons) were shown to be poor as cryoprotective agents in contrast to results obtained with this polymer with red cells and bacteria. The presence of 10% serum during all freezing and thawing procedures decreased day-to-day variability and with dextrans increased their limited effectiveness.     

Freeze preservation of platelets using hydroxyethyl starch (HES); a preliminary report.

A comparative study has been made of platelets stored by freeze preservation following treatment with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) or hydroxyethyl starch (HES) with fresh platelets and platelets stored at 4 °C for 48 hr. The indices studied were platelet recovery, pH, light microscope morphology, platelet Factor 3 (PF₃) availability and the hypotonic stress response. The DMSO preserved platelets gave a better response to hypotonic stress and incurred lesser degrees of membrane damage as demonstrated by PF₃ availability. There was however a significantly higher recovery of platelets treated with HES; with DMSO the osmotic damage inflicted during removal caused considerable lysis. Platelets frozen by DMSO or HES gave consistently better in vitro results than platelets stored at 4 °C for 48 hr. A preliminary clinical trial of HES preserved platelets has confirmed haemostatic effectiveness in vivo. HES being relatively nontoxic, platelets can be infused immediately after thawing and with minimal post thaw manipulation, thus maintaining a relatively closed system. It is concluded that cryopreservation with HES is a practical and effective means for long term platelet storage.     

Cryopreservation of Azotobacteraceae in liquid nitrogen

Summary Agar-grown cultures of 144 strains of Azotobacteraceae were suspended in 0.5 ml of 10% (v/v) glycerol in glass ampoules and rapidly frozen and stored in liquid nitrogen. On revival, ampoules were rapidly warmed by agitation in a waterbath at 33°C until thawing occurred. All cultures remained viable for up to 7.5 years, grew with short lag phases on revival and suffered no apparent phenotypic changes. Quantitative assessments of representative strains of all species suffered losses in viability after 2.5 or 5 years in liquid nitrogen that were generally less than one decimal reduction from unfrozen suspensions of 10⁷–10⁹ cells/ml. The method is considerably better than freeze-drying or simple desiccation for the more-difficult species likeAzomonas insignis, A. agilis, Azotobacter beijerinckii, Azomonotrichon macrocytogenes andDerxia gummosa, and indications are that strains of all species could be preserved in this way for decades.

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Resumen Se suspendieron 144 cepas de azotobacteriaceas, cultivadas en agar, en 0.5 ml de glicerol al 10% (v/v) en viales de cristal que se congelaron rapidamente y se almacenaron en nitrógeno líquido. Para recuperar las cepas se calentaron los viales mediante agitación en un baño de agua a 33°C hasta que se deshelaron los cultivos. Todas las cepas permanecieron viables hasta 7.5 años, al recuperarlas crecieron con fases lag cortas y no sufrieron cambios fenotipicos apreciables. Las cepas representativas de todas las especies sufrieron perdidas de viabilidad inferiores a un decimal comparadas con suspensiones no congeladas de 10⁷–10⁹ células/ml; después de permanecer en nitrógeno líquido 2.5 ó 5 años. Este método es sensiblemente mejor que la liofilizatión o la simple desecación para las especies más dificiles como:Azomonas insignis, A. agilis, Azotobacter beijerinckii, Azomonotrichon macrocytogenes, y,Derxia gummosa. Existen indicios que permiten suponer que cepas de todas estas especies podrían conservarse mediante este método durante décadas.

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Résumé Les cultures sur agar de 144 souches d'Azotobacteraceae ont été suspendues, chacune, dans 0.5 ml de glycerol à 10% (vol. vol.^–1) dans des ampoules en verre, congelées rapidement et conservées dans l'azote liquide. Pour les revivifier, les ampoules ont été très rapidement réchauffées par agitation dans un bain d'eau à 33°C jusqu'au dégel. Toutes les cultures sont restées viables pour des périodes allant jusqu'à 7.5 ans, se sont développées avec des phases de latence courtes lors de la revivification et ne présentaient aucun changement phénotypique. Les souches représentatives de chaque espèce n'ont souffert en général que de pertes de viabilité inférieures à une réduction décimale, par rapport à la culture de départ qui contenait entre 10⁷ et 10⁹ cellules par ml. Cette méthode de conservation est considérablement meilleure que la lyophilisation ou la simple dessication pour les espèces plus délicates commeAzomonas insignis, A. agilis, Azotobacter beijerinckii, Azomonotrichon macrocytogenes etAzomonas gummosa. Des indices suggèrent que les souches de toutes les espèces pourraient bien être consevables pendant des décades.

     

Cryopreservation of antibody-coated human erythrocytes

Standard techniques for the preservation of human erythrocytes in liquid nitrogen can be used to preserve red blood cells coated with anti-Rh₀(D) and −K antibodies. Such cells are easily recovered and appear to retain their antibody coating throughout storage and processing.     

Detection of hydroxyethylstarch (HES) in human urine by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry

The objective of this study was to establish the possibility of using liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry for the detection of hydroxyethylstarch (a corn starch derived product) in urine as an alternative to the current time consuming GC-MS methods. Analyses were performed using an ion trap instrument after acidic hydrolysis. Ionization was carried out using atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation (APCI) operated in negative ionization mode and detection was performed using MS(2). The results indicate that the developed method can successfully be applied as a fast and reliable method for the detection and identification of hydroxyethylstarch.     

昆虫卵的超低温冷冻保存

自 Polge等 [1] 首次成功冷冻保存了人精子细胞以来 ,有关细胞冻存的研究取得很大进展 ,与此同时 ,昆虫细胞和组织的冷冻保藏也在脊椎动物细胞冻存技术的基础上 ,逐步建立了一套自己的方法[2 ] 。但这远不能使数量繁多、形式多样的昆虫种质得到有效保存。随着一些哺乳动物如小鼠 [3～ 8]、兔子 [9]、牛 [10 ,11]和人 [12 ,13]卵的冻存成功 ,80年代中期 ,人们开展了对昆虫卵的超低温 (-1 96℃ )冷冻保存研究 [14 ] ,经 1 0多年的努力 ,目前已有果蝇 Drosophilamelanogaster[15,16 ] 和中华蜜蜂 Apis cerana cer-ana[17]的卵经液氮保存后能…     

Synergistic effects of liposomes, trehalose, and hydroxyethyl starch for cryopreservation of human erythrocytes

Red blood cells (RBCs) can be cryopreserved using glycerol as a cryoprotective agent, but one of the main disadvantages is the time-consuming deglycerolization step. Novel cryopreservation strategies for RBCs using nontoxic cryoprotective agents are urgently needed. The effect of DMPC, DOPC, and DPPC liposomes on survival of RBCs cryopreserved with trehalose and HES has been evaluated. DMPC caused hemolysis before freezing and affected RBC deformability parameters. DMPC treated RBCs displayed a strong increase in trehalose uptake compared to control cells, whereas DOPC treated liposomes only displayed a slight increase in trehalose uptake. High intracellular trehalose contents were observed after cryopreservation. The recovery of cells incubated with trehalose and liposomes, frozen in HES ranged between 92.6 and 97.4% immediately after freezing. Recovery values of RBCs frozen in HES, however, decreased to 66.5% after 96 h at 4°C compared to 77.5% for DOPC treated RBCs. The recovery of RBCs incubated and frozen in trehalose medium was 77.8%. After 96 hours post-thaw storage recovery of these cells was 81.6%. DOPC and DPPC treated RBCs displayed higher recovery rates (up to 89.7%) after cryopreservation in trehalose compared to control RBCs. Highest survival rates were obtained using a combination of trehalose and HES: 97.8% directly after thawing and 81.8% 96-h post-thaw. DOPC liposomes, trehalose and HES protect RBCs during cryopreservation in a synergistic manner. The advantage is that the protective compounds do not need to be removed before transfusion.     

Cryopreservation of bovine hemopoietic progenitor cells in liquid nitrogen

Bovine marrow granulocyte/macrophage and erythroid progenitor cells maintained viability after storage in liquid nitrogen for 2 to 4 weeks. The granulocyte/macrophage progenitor cells maintained 100% viability for 4 weeks, while the erythroid progenitor cells maintained 100% viability for at least 2 weeks. The optimum concentration of either DMSO or glycerol was found to be 5–10%. DMSO was superior to glycerol as a cryopreservative of bovine granulocyte/ macrophage progenitor cells. Glycerol was found to be unable to cryopreserve bovine erythroid progenitor cells.     

Storage of marine fish erythrocytes in liquid nitrogen

The preservation of erythrocytes from cod ( Gadus morhua ), saithe ( Pollachius virens ) and mackerel ( Scomber scombrus ) at −196° C was studied using dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) as a cryoprotectant. Erythrocyte recoveries of greater than 90% were obtained from all species and cod erythrocytes were stored for eighteen months with insignificant lysis. Larger quantities of blood were stored by removal of plasma from citrated blood prior to the addition of DMSO solution, and by storage of pelleted frozen blood in aluminium canisters in liquid nitrogen. Maximum recoveries of washed intact erythrocytes required thawing of pellets in 125% DMSO solution and washing with buffer containing decreasing concentrations of DMSO. Washed erythrocytes kept at 4° for at least two days showed little haemolysis, were morphologically similar to fresh erythrocytes and equally susceptible to the δ-haemolysin of Staphylococcus aureus .     

Detection of the plasma volume expander hydroxyethyl starch in human urine

The plasma volume expander hydroxyethyl starch (HES) is usually administered in cases of hypovolaemic shocks but in 1998 the press reported its misuse in endurance sports. Since January 2000, it has been put on the list of prohibited substances of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and its misuse is to ban by doping controls. Therefore, a rapid method enabling the screening for HES in human urine was developed which can be easily adopted by IOC laboratories to analyse routine urine samples for this remedy. Excretion study urine samples obtained from patients treated with HES, blank urine specimen and reference standards, were hydrolysed with hydrochloric acid and without any further purification of the resulting monosaccharides their per-timethylsilylated derivatives were performed. By means of gas chromatography–mass spectrometry the products were separated and the α- and β-isomers of glucose, 2-, 3- and 6-hydroxyethyl glucose derivatives were identified. Typical ion traces of 2- and 3-substituted glucose (m/z 248, m/z 261 and m/z 235, m/z 248, respectively) support the fast determination of the substances whose electron impact mass spectra are presented and discussed.