Formalin inactivation of the lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus reveals a major neutralizing epitope not recognized during natural infection.

Five hybridomas that secrete monoclonal antibodies which neutralize the infectivity of lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus (LDV) were isolated from BALB/c mice primed with Formalin-inactivated LDV. Competition analyses indicated that all five neutralizing monoclonal antibodies recognize contiguous, if not identical, epitopes on the envelope glycoprotein of LDV (VP-3) which are not recognized by nonneutralizing VP-3-specific monoclonal antibodies isolated from the same fusion. Despite the presence of neutralizing activity, polyclonal anti-LDV antibodies obtained from persistently infected mice did not compete for binding to LDV with four of the five neutralizing monoclonal antibodies tested. The results indicate that the envelope glycoprotein of LDV possesses a major neutralizing epitope which is poorly recognized, if at all, by mice during a natural infection but is rendered immunogenic by Formalin inactivation of the virus. The epitope was also not immunogenic in a rabbit, since its polyclonal LDV-neutralizing antibodies did not inhibit binding of the mouse monoclonal antibodies to LDV. Passive immunization with the neutralizing monoclonal antibodies did not protect mice from LDV infection and did not alter the course of infection. Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies have been used to select a neutralization escape variant by a novel combination of in vitro and in vivo isolation.     

Isolation and immunizations with hepatitis A viral structural proteins: induction of antiprotein, antiviral, and neutralizing responses.

An immune affinity purification procedure for hepatitis A virus (HAV) was designed which yielded milligram quantities of the virus with greater than 95% purity. The major structural proteins VP-1, VP-2, and VP-3 were isolated from the purified virus by electroelution from sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels and used to immunize Lewis rats (three to four doses, 10 to 15 micrograms per dose). The two Lewis rats immunized with VP-1 developed a strong antibody response to VP-1, as determined by Western blot analysis and immune precipitation of the denatured protein. These animals also developed a good antibody response to the whole virus, as demonstrated by a positive response in a competitive radioimmunoassay (HAV antibody test) and by precipitation of the whole virus. In addition, both animals developed a low titer neutralizing antibody to HAV, as demonstrated by an in vitro cell culture assay. While the two rats receiving VP-2 developed only minimal responses to the protein and to the virus by the same assays described above, one of the two developed a significant neutralizing antibody to HAV. The immunization of one Lewis rat with VP-3 induced a good antibody response to both denatured protein and the whole virus. This serum sample was also demonstrated to neutralize the viral infectivity. Finally, two rabbits that had received inoculations of sodium dodecyl sulfate and heat-disrupted HAV (containing 20 to 30 micrograms of each protein per dose) developed good antiprotein responses to all of the proteins and good antiviral responses, including a consistently significant neutralizing activity. The neutralizing antibody responses suggest that the structural proteins of HAV, or a portion of them, could provide the basis for a subunit vaccine for HAV.     

人心肌肌钙蛋白Ⅰ单克隆抗体及多克隆抗体的制备

目的:以重组人心肌肌钙蛋白Ⅰ(cTnⅠ)为抗原制备鼠源单克隆抗体(McAb)及兔源多克隆抗体,并鉴定抗体的特性。方法:以纯化的重组人cTnⅠ为抗原免疫BALB/c小鼠,取鼠脾细胞同Sp2/0骨髓瘤细胞融合,利用选择培养基筛选融合的杂交瘤细胞,用有限稀释法分离获得能够稳定分泌抗cTnⅠ的McAb阳性克隆,并利用体内诱生法大规模制备McAb,用辛酸-硫酸铵沉淀法纯化抗体;兔多抗制备以cTnⅠ为抗原常规免疫后取其血清;用间接ELISA和Western印迹鉴定抗体的性质。结果:经ELISA鉴定,筛选出5株能分泌cTnⅠMcAb的杂交瘤细胞株,即C5B2、C5B3、C5B4、C5B1、B1A6,效价最高的B1A6株分泌的McAb为IgG3型,纯化后效价为1∶10000,亲和常数为1.08×10-9mol/L,Western印迹鉴定表明cTnⅠMcAb有良好的特异性;兔多抗纯化后的效价为1∶8000。结论:制备了具有良好特性的cTnⅠMcAb和多克隆抗体。     

Antigenic variants of herpes simplex virus selected with glycoprotein-specific monoclonal antibodies.

Monoclonal antibodies specific for herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) glycoproteins were used to demonstrate that HSV undergoes mutagen-induced and spontaneous antigenic variation. Hybridomas were produced by polyethylene glycol-mediated fusion of P3-X63-Ag8.653 myeloma cells with spleen cells from BALB/c mice infected with HSV-1 (strain KOS). Hybrid clones were screened for production of HSV-specific neutralizing antibody. The glycoprotein specificities of the antibodies were determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of immunoprecipitates of radiolabeled infected-cell extracts. Seven hybridomas producing antibodies specific for gC, one for gB, and one for gD were characterized. All antibodies neutralized HSV-1 but not HSV-2. Two antibodies, one specific for gB and one specific for gC, were used to select viral variants resistant to neutralization by monoclonal antibody plus complement. Selections were made from untreated and bromodeoxyuridine- and nitrosoguanidine-mutagenized stocks of a plaque-purified isolate of strain KOS. After neutralization with monoclonal antibody plus complement, surviving virus was plaque purified by plating at limiting dilution and tested for resistance to neutralization with the selecting antibody. The frequency of neutralization-resistant antigenic variants selected with monoclonal antibody ranged from 4 X 10(-4) in nonmutagenized stocks to 1 X 10(-2) in mutagenized stocks. Four gC and four gB antigenic variants were isolated. Two variants resistant to neutralization by gC-specific antibodies failed to express gC, accounting for their resistant phenotype. The two other gC antigenic variants and the four gB variants expressed antigenically altered glycoproteins and were designated monoclonal-antibody-resistant, mar, mutants. The two mar C mutants were tested for resistance to neutralization with a panel of seven gC-specific monoclonal antibodies. The resulting patterns of resistance provided evidence for at least two antigenic sites on glycoprotein gC.     

抗登革病毒NS1单抗的制备及检测NS1方法的建立

制备抗登革病毒NS1蛋白单克隆抗体,建立检测NS1的ELISA方法。表达1~4型登革病毒NS1蛋白,将1型NS1蛋白纯化后免疫BALB/c小鼠,通过杂交瘤技术制备单克隆抗体。经ELISA、Western blotting、间接免疫荧光筛选和鉴定单克隆抗体,进行纯化和HRP标记。通过鉴定每两株单抗之间是否存在竞争作用,选择非竞争单抗组合并建立NS1捕获法ELISA。结果获得7株高滴度抗NS1单抗,捕获法ELISA可以检出10ng/mL NS1。原核表达登革病毒NS1蛋白制备的单抗可以和天然病毒抗原反应,NS1捕获法ELISA可以用于登革病毒感染检测。     

Neutralizing determinants defined by monoclonal antibodies on polypeptides specified by bovine herpesvirus 1.

Monoclonal antibodies were used to study neutralizing determinants on polypeptides of bovine herpesvirus 1. Two of three monoclonal antibodies which recognized nonoverlapping epitopes on a glycoprotein of 82,000 daltons were found to neutralize. A second group of monoclonal antibodies that individually precipitated five viral glycopolypeptides ranging in size from 102,000 to 55,000 daltons also neutralized. Two monoclonal antibodies which were the most efficient in neutralization recognized a non-glycosylated protein of 115,000 daltons which was the major polypeptide on the virus. A fourth group of monoclonal antibodies precipitated a non-glycosylated polypeptide of 91,000 daltons and several smaller polypeptides, but these antibodies demonstrated only limited neutralizing activity.     

Monoclonal antibodies to the glycoprotein of vesicular stomatitis virus: comparative neutralizing activity.

Nineteen independently isolated hybridomas producing monoclonal antibodies to the glycoprotein of vesicular stomatitis virus were isolated and studied for their capacity to neutralize viral infectivity. By measuring competitive binding of 125I-labeled monoclonal antibodies in a radioimmunoassay. 11 different, non-cross-reacting antigenic determinants were identified on the vesicular stomatitis virus G protein. All monoclonal antibodies reacting with determinants 1, 2, 3, and 4 resulted in viral neutralization, whereas those binding to the other seven determinants did not neutralize infectivity. The mixture of two monoclonal antibodies binding to different determinants resulted in a more rapid neutralization than either antibody alone, suggesting that different antibodies can exert a synergistic effect on viral neutralization. Kinetic experiments revealed biphasic neutralization curves similar to those expected for heterologous antibody. No evidence could be obtained to relate biphasic kinetics of viral neutralization to heterogeneous populations either of antibody molecules or of virus. The possible significance of the kinetic data with monoclonal antibodies is discussed.     

Neutralization escape mutants define a dominant immunogenic neutralization site on hepatitis A virus.

Hepatitis A virus is an hepatotrophic human picornavirus which demonstrates little antigenic variability. To topologically map immunogenic sites on hepatitis A virus which elicit neutralizing antibodies, eight neutralizing monoclonal antibodies were evaluated in competition immunoassays employing radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies and HM-175 virus. Whereas two antibodies (K3-4C8 and K3-2F2) bound to intimately overlapping epitopes, the epitope bound by a third antibody (B5-B3) was distinctly different as evidenced by a lack of competition between antibodies for binding to the virus. The other five antibodies variably blocked the binding of both K3-4C8-K3-2F2 and B5-B3, suggesting that these epitopes are closely spaced and perhaps part of a single neutralization immunogenic site. Several combinations of monoclonal antibodies blocked the binding of polyclonal human convalescent antibody by greater than 96%, indicating that the neutralization epitopes bound by these antibodies are immunodominant in humans. Spontaneously arising HM-175 mutants were selected for resistance to monoclonal antibody-mediated neutralization. Fourteen clonally isolated mutants demonstrated substantial resistance to multiple monoclonal antibodies, including K3-4C8-K3-2F2 and B5-B3. In addition, 13 mutants demonstrated a 10-fold or greater reduction in neutraliztion mediated by polyclonal human antibody. Neutralization resistance was associated with reduced antibody binding. These results suggest that hepatitis A virus may differ from poliovirus in possessing a single, dominant neutralization immunogenic site and therefore may be a better candidate for synthetic peptide or antiidiotype vaccine development.     

Structure-based identification of a major neutralizing site in an adenovirus hexon

Virus-specific neutralizing antibodies present an obstacle to the effective use of adenovirus vectors for gene therapy and vaccination. The specific sites recognized by neutralizing antibodies have not been identified for any adenovirus, but they have been proposed to reside within the hexon, in small regions of the molecule that are exposed on the capsid surface and possess sequences that vary among serotypes. We have mapped the epitopes recognized by a panel of seven hexon-specific monoclonal antibodies that neutralize the chimpanzee adenovirus 68 (AdC68). Surface plasmon resonance experiments revealed that the antibodies compete for a single hexon binding site, and experiments with synthetic peptides indicated that this site resides within just one small surface loop. Mutations within this loop (but not in other surface loops) permitted virus to escape neutralization by all seven monoclonal antibodies and to resist neutralization by polyclonal antisera obtained from animals immunized against AdC68. These results indicate that a single small surface loop defines a major neutralization site for AdC68 hexon.     

番茄环斑病毒单克隆抗体的制备

以纯化的番茄环斑病毒(Tomato ringspot virus,ToRSV)为抗原,注射免疫BALB/c小鼠,将免疫小鼠脾细胞与小鼠骨髓瘤细胞Sp2/0进行融合,经多次细胞筛选及克隆化,获得3株(A8、B7和G9)可分泌抗ToRSV单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞株,并以之分别制备小鼠腹水单克隆抗体。经酶联免疫吸附试验检测表明,该3株杂交瘤细胞腹水抗体效价在10-5～10-6之间,且均具有与ToRSV反应的特异性。     

Methods for analysis of biologically functional antibodies to the HIV-1 gp120 principal neutralizing domain.

The humoral response to HIV-1 infection has been demonstrated by a variety of immunoassays utilizing viral proteins. While several assays detect HIV-1 infection with high sensitivity and great specificity, little progress has been made to develop immunoassays correlative with disease progression and viral transmission. Antibodies toward the V3 domain of HIV-1 envelope can prevent virus infection and block virus-mediated cell fusion in vitro. Such properties may be critical to the course of the disease. Furthermore, understanding the role of neutralizing antibodies against HIV-1 during infection in humans and generating biologically relevant neutralizing antibodies are paramount to developing an efficacious AIDS vaccine. In this study we explored peptide binding and neutralization assays and their relation to predicting disease progression and viral transmission. Biologically relevant polyclonal and monoclonal neutralizing antibodies that were derived from natural HIV-1 infection of humans, experimental infections of chimpanzees, and viral envelope protein peptide immunizations were characterized. Comparison of V3-specific monoclonal antibodies by antigen-limited ELISA and a quantitative HIV-1 neutralization assay demonstrated a less than optimal predictive relationship between binding and neutralization potency. On the other hand, polyclonal sera from goats immunized with V3-specific peptides derived from three different HIV-1 strains, as well as sera from other HIV-1-infected individuals demonstrated correlation between binding affinity and neutralization.     

Monoclonal antibodies to human interferon-gamma: production, affinity purification and radioimmunoassay

Human interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) purified to electrophoretic homogeneity by a cation exchange h.p.l.c., was used for the development of monoclonal antibodies. Following immunization, spleen lymphocytes of two mice showing the highest binding and neutralizing titers were isolated, fused with NSO mouse myeloma cells and cloned. The screening of hybridomas was based on precipitation of the immune complexes with a second antibody and recovery of the biological activity of IFN-gamma from the precipitate. Twenty nine independent hybridomas secreting antibodies specific to IFN-gamma were obtained. Twelve out of these 29 hybridomas produced antibodies that neutralized the antiviral activity of pure as well as crude IFN-gamma. Moreover, IFN-gamma obtained by various induction procedures was neutralized as well, indicating that these various IFN-gamma subtypes are immunologically cross-reactive. Immune precipitation of partially purified 125I-labelled IFN-gamma by several monoclonal antibodies revealed two protein bands of 26,000 and 21,000 daltons. Immunoaffinity chromatography of IFN-gamma gave a 50-fold purification to a specific activity > or = 4 x 10(7) units/mg. Two of the monoclonal antibodies were found suitable for a sensitive and rapid double antibody solid-phase radioimmunoassay, allowing the detection of IFN-gamma at concentrations of at least 4 ng/ml (150 units/ml) within 8 h.     

Monoclonal antibodies reacting with the exopolysaccharide xanthan from Xanthomonas campestris

We have prepared murine hybridomas secreting monoclonal antibodies against the exopopolysaccharide xanthan from Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris 646 after fusing NSO myeloma cells and spleen cells from BALB/c mice immunized with xanthan. Four hybridomas, secreting antibodies designated A6 (IgM kappa), B3 (IgM kappa), D1 (IgM kappa), and D3 (IgG2A kappa), were selected for further studies. All antibodies reacted with a range of different xanthans. Competition studies using variants of the exopopolysaccharide as competitors suggested that specificity was mainly against the side-chain. One of the antibodies (B3) appeared to require the fully acylated side-chain with the pyruvylated terminal mannose as the immunodominant part. The three others were assumed to be directed against the nonsubstituted trisaccharide with the inner mannose-glucuronic acid being immunodominant. None of the antibodies reacted with cellulose (the xanthan backbone). Using immunoblotting techniques on nitrocellulose paper both a mixture of monoclonal antibodies, and also polyclonal ascitic fluid, could detect xanthan quantities of approximately 0.1 microgram.     

Monoclonal antibodies to newcastle disease virus: delineation of four epitopes on the HN glycoprotein

Eighteen independent hybridomas producing monoclonal antibodies to Newcastle disease virus have been prepared by fusion of SP2 cells with spleen lymphocytes from a BALB/c mouse immunized with intact UV-inactivated Newcastle disease virus strain Australia-Victoria. They have been divided into three groups on the basis of radioimmunoprecipitation, infected cell surface and cytoplasmic fluorescence, and isotype. The anti-HN group is made up of nine antibodies which give surface fluorescence on infected cells and immunoprecipitate the HN glycoprotein. These antibodies bind to HN in nitrocellulose transfers of sodium dodecyl sulfate gels, but only if it has been neither reduced nor boiled. To varying degrees, all of these HN antibodies neutralize infectivity. These results suggest that they recognize exposed determinants of a conformational nature on the native HN molecule. They have been used in competition antibody-binding radioimmunoassays and additive neutralization assays, and on the basis of these studies the epitopes they recognize have been subdivided into four domains, two of which are overlapping, on the HN glycoprotein. The relatively weaker neutralizing activity observed with some of these antibodies cannot be explained by lower avidities for their epitopes because there is not an inverse correlation between estimated binding constant and neutralizing activity. The four antibodies in the second group all give a predominantly cytoplasmic fluorescence pattern, immunoprecipitate the nucleocapsid protein, and bind to nucleocapsid protein in nitrocellulose transfers of reduced and nonreduced sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels. All five of the antibodies in the third group are of the immunoglobulin M class, unlike the others which are all immunoglobulin G antibodies. Members of this group show variable fluorescence patterns, but none is able to immunoprecipitate or bind to a specific viral antigen transferred to nitrocellulose paper from sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels.     

Monoclonal antibodies to Escherichia coli 50S ribosomes.

Hybridoma cell lines that produce monoclonal antibodies directed against 50S Ribosomal proteins have been isolated. Spleen cells (from BALB/c mice immunized with 50S ribosomal subunits extracted from Escherichia coli) were fused to mouse myeloma cell line SP2/O-Ag 14. The initial screening for antibody producing hybridomas was carried out by a double antibody sandwich method; hybridomas were subsequently cloned in soft agar. Antibodies were characterized by their specific binding to individual 50S ribsomal proteins separated on phosphocellulose columns and in two-dimensional polyacrylamide gels. The assignments were confirmed with purified single ribosomal proteins. Of four clones analyzed thus far, two are identical with specificity for r-protein L5. The other clones produce two different antibodies directed against r-protein L20. Each monoclonal antibody formed ribosome dimers visualizable in the electron microscope. Dimers could be reacted with a different second antibody to form chains containing 8 or more ribosomes, which may be useful for structural studies.     

A single amino acid substitution in the S1 and S2 Spike protein domains determines the neutralization escape phenotype of SARS-CoV

In response to SARS-CoV infection, neutralizing antibodies are generated against the Spike (S) protein. Determination of the active regions that allow viral escape from neutralization would enable the use of these antibodies for future passive immunotherapy. We immunized mice with UV-inactivated SARS-CoV to generate three anti-S monoclonal antibodies, and established several neutralization escape mutants with S protein. We identified several amino acid substitutions, including Y442F and V601G in the S1 domain and D757N and A834V in the S2 region. In the presence of each neutralizing antibody, double mutants with substitutions in both domains exhibited a greater growth advantage than those with only one substitution. Importantly, combining two monoclonal antibodies that target different epitopes effected almost complete suppression of wild type virus replication. Thus, for effective passive immunotherapy, it is important to use neutralizing antibodies that recognize both the S1 and S2 regions.     

Amino Acid Residue-Specific Neutralization and Nonneutralization of Hepatitis C Virus by Monoclonal Antibodies to the E2 Protein

Antibodies to epitopes in the E2 protein of hepatitis C virus (HCV) reduce the viral infectivity in vivo and in vitro. However, the virus can persist in patients in the presence of neutralizing antibodies. In this study, we generated a panel of monoclonal antibodies that bound specifically to the region between residues 427 and 446 of the E2 protein of HCV genotype 1a, and we examined their capacity to neutralize HCV in a cell culture system. Of the four monoclonal antibodies described here, two were able to neutralize the virus in a genotype 1a-specific manner. The other two failed to neutralize the virus. Moreover, one of the nonneutralizing antibodies could interfere with the neutralizing activity of a chimpanzee polyclonal antibody at E2 residues 412 to 426, as it did with an HCV-specific immune globulin preparation, which was derived from the pooled plasma of chronic hepatitis C patients. Mapping the epitope-paratope contact interfaces revealed that these functionally distinct antibodies shared binding specificity for key amino acid residues, including W⁴³⁷, L⁴³⁸, L⁴⁴¹, and F⁴⁴², within the same epitope of the E2 protein. These data suggest that the effectiveness of antibody-mediated neutralization of HCV could be deduced from the interplay between an antibody and a specific set of amino acid residues. Further understanding of the molecular mechanisms of antibody-mediated neutralization and nonneutralization should provide insights for designing a vaccine to control HCV infection in vivo.     

Production of monoclonal antibodies to human chorionic gonadotropin

Production of monoclonal antibodies against human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) has been studied using hCG as an immunogen. Spleen cells of BALB/c mice immunized with hCG were fused with NS-1 mouse myeloma cells. This study reports the successful isolation of a hybrid clone secreting a monoclonal antibody specific for hCG. By using PEG 4,000 as a fusion agent, the fusion rates were between 42.0 and 50.2%. In total 842 hybridomas were produced. Among them, 403 hybridomas had hCG antibody production. After cloning twice by limiting dilution and alternately screening by enzyme immunoassay and by radioimmunoassay, there were 39 cell lines having specific antibody production. Among them, the No. 57-42-2 had the highest reactivity. By Ouchterlony test, the monoclonal antibody was shown to be IgG1. The affinity constant of the antibody to hCG was 0.6 x 10(9) 1/mole. In radioimmunoassay, the cross reactivity of the antibody to human luteinizing hormone (LH) and human follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) was 1.5% and 0.7%, respectively. There was no cross reaction with human thyrotropin-stimulating hormone (TSH).     

Cooperativity in Virus Neutralization by Human Monoclonal Antibodies to Two Adjacent Regions Located at the Amino Terminus of Hepatitis C Virus E2 Glycoprotein

A challenge for hepatitis C virus (HCV) vaccine development is defining conserved epitopes that induce protective antibodies against this highly diverse virus. An envelope glycoprotein (E2) segment located at amino acids (aa) 412 to 423 contains highly conserved neutralizing epitopes. While polyclonal antibodies to aa 412 to 423 from HCV-infected individuals confirmed broad neutralization, conflicting findings have been reported on polyclonal antibodies to an adjacent region, aa 434 to 446, that may or may not interfere with neutralization by antibodies to aa 412 to 423. To define the interplay between these antibodies, we isolated human monoclonal antibodies (HMAbs) to aa 412 to 423, designated HC33-related HMAbs (HC33 HMAbs), and characterized their interactions with other HMAbs to aa 434 to 446. A subset of the HC33 HMAbs neutralized genotype 1 to 6 infectious cell culture-derived HCV virions (HCVcc) with various activities. Although nonneutralizing HC33 HMAbs were isolated, they had lower binding affinities than neutralizing HC33 HMAbs. These antibodies could be converted to neutralizing antibodies by affinity maturation. Unidirectional competition for binding to E2 was observed between HC33 HMAbs and HMAbs to aa 434 to 446. When HMAbs to aa 434 to 446, which mediated neutralization, were combined with neutralizing HC33 HMAbs, biphasic patterns in neutralization were observed. A modest degree of antagonism was observed at lower concentrations, and a modest degree of synergism was observed at higher concentrations. However, the overall effect was additive neutralization. A similar pattern was observed when these antibodies were combined to block E2 binding to the HCV coreceptor, CD81. These findings demonstrate that both of these E2 regions participate in epitopes mediating virus neutralization and that the antibodies to aa 412 to 423 and aa 434 to 446 do not hinder their respective virus-neutralizing activities.