Using suitable projects in adding value to nonwood forest products in The Philippines: The Copal (Agathis Philippinensis) trade in Palawan

Using Suitable Projects in Adding Value to Nonwood Forest Products in the Philippines: The Copal (Agathis philippinensis)Trade in Palawan. Economic Botany 58(3):476-485, 2004. The Philippines is a country that has little low-forest cover left, but it still has many useful forest species. Despite the decline of forest area and the degradation of forests, many of the poorest households, both indigenous and migrant, are pushed into the remaining forest area and depend on forest goods for their subsistence and monetary income. These goods are inevitably nonwood forest products (NWFPs) because timber extraction is now illegal in many parts of the country. The extraction of nonwood forest products, such as resin and rattan, is the only source of a cash income for many households. However, despite the long tradition of NWFP extraction in forest-edge villages, the income that collectors get from these products is still minimal. The impediments to a more equitable and efficient trade in NWFPs are examined, and possible ways of adding value locally to NWFPs are presented, using almaciga (Agathis philippinensis) resin extraction as a case study.     

勐宋Sangpabawa中棕榈藤资源的保护和持续利用

物种多样性的研究是生物多样性研究的基础,对生物多样性的保护具有重要意义。Ｓａｎｇ ｐａｂａｗａ是哈尼语“头人的藤林”,它是我国仅有的为保护棕榈藤资源而建立的自然保护区。本文通过对勐宋Ｓａｎｇｐａｂａｗａ中棕榈藤资源现状的研究,分析了棕榈藤数量锐减的原因：１．市场经济新形势下,管理不善,造成人们过度采收藤条,并且采收时滥砍乱伐;２．外界干扰影响了棕榈藤的正常自然更新;３．良种藤的栽培使非良种藤在当地处于濒危或渐危状态。并提出利用价值是衡量保护价值的一个重要标准这一原则。在此基础上,提出勐宋Ｓａｎｇｐａｂａｗａ中棕榈藤资源的保护对策：１．挖掘藤类资源的利用价值,增强人们对它的保护意识;２．加强对Ｓａｎｇｐａｂａｗａ的管理,完善村规民约,防止偷砍乱伐;３．建立棕榈藤收集区和种苗基地,保护藤类资源多样性,满足生产种植需求;４．建立商品藤生产和加工基地,满足市场需求。     

Can we go beyond timber and manage for both timber and non‐timber forest products? The case of rattans near Kisangani,DR Congo

Rattans, one of the major non‐timber forest products used by the population in and around Kisangani (Democratic Republic of Congo), are a significant source of income and the basis of a very active informal sector focused towards supplying the city with raw canes. We present the effects of harvest and light availability on the demography of two common rattan species in the Yoko forest reserve, near Kisangani: Eremospatha haullevilleana De Wild. and Laccosperma secundiflorum (P. Beauv.) Küntze. We studied clump demography for a year, under variable light condition and harvesting regimes (control, partial harvest and complete harvest of adult stems). We show a positive effect of full and partial light availability on the dynamic of individuals for both species but with variable treatment responses. We also demonstrate that a partial harvest of two‐thirds of adults cane is beneficial or nondetrimental to the production of new shoots under partial or full‐light conditions. These results suggest opportunities for multiple‐use management that integrate timber and rattan harvesting in forest around Kisangani.     

Small-scale utilization of rattan by a Semai Community in West Malaysia

The role rattan plays in the life of a small Semai community in West Malaysia is discussed. Of the 24 rattan species occurring in the study area, four are frequently used for binding, housebuilding, basketry, fish traps and snares, and other artifacts. These are briefly described and some illustrated. Some species are used for food, medicinal, and ritual purposes. The Semai have a profound knowledge of nature and have a good concept of rattan systematics that comes very close to scientific classification. Demand for rattan for commercial use threatens the rattan populations and has led to heavy depletion of some of the most useful species.     

Vascular Plant Species Inventory of a Philippine Lowland Rain Forest and its Conservation Value

The Philippines are one of the most important biodiveristy hotspots on earth. Due to the extraordinary rate of environmental destruction, leaving only 3% of the land with primary forest, this biodiversity is at high risk. Despite that situation information on Philippine forest vegetation is fragmentary and focused on trees. This study aimed at analysing forest remnants in the Leyte Cordillera on the Island of Leyte, and at evaluating their role as refuge to the largely destroyed lowland forest vegetation. A total of 49 plots (100 m² each) between 55 and 520 m a.s.l. were studied. All vascular plant species except epiphytes were included. Records include 685 taxa from 289 genera and 111 families, representing nearly 8% of the known Philippine vascular plant species. More than half (52%) of the species are Philippine endemics. A number of 41 tree species, or 6% of all taxa recorded, are included in the IUCN red list, either as vulnerable, endangered, or critically endangered. Life form composition was dominated by phanerophytes (65.3%), followed by lianas and chamaephytes (17.1 and 16.9%, respectively). The most common families were the Rubiaceae with 35 and the Euphorbiaceae with 32 species. All five Philippine dipterocarp forest types as well as the molave forest type were represented by typical tree species. The area provides an important gene bank of the highly threatened Philippine lowland forest vegetation and is of high value for biodiversity conservation. Additionally, it can play an important role as seed source of valuable tree species for the increasing initiatives to rehabilitate and reforest degraded land with native species.     

The Analysis of Homegarden Plant Diversity at the Mongolian Household Level in Horqin Sandy Land——A Case Study in Horqin Left Wing Real Banner of Inner Mongolia

In order to show the function of agricultural protection of biodiversity at the level of homegarden, comparative analysis was operated between 20 farmer households through random sampling and farmers recommended in Horqin Left Wing Real Banner Tongliao city Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and 10 farmer households of the Han nationality in the neighborhood. Thirty sampling plots of homegardens are investigated. The result indicates there are 100 homegarden plants in Bashou village, 84 in Hariwusu livestock farm, and 87 in Gongjihao village. It involves the cultivated and wild vegetables, fruits, and plants used for ornamental, medicine and forage. The comparative analysis of species richness demonstrates, among these villages the species richness of Bashou village is highest, while Hariwusu livestock farm is lowest. The former village contributes greatly to the conservation of plant biodiversity. These differences result from their respectively different natural conditions, homegarden areas, homegarden history, homegarden management conditions, traditional knowledge and culture understanding of homegarden manager, local farmers and herdsmen on homegarden plants.The homegarden plants from the three investigated villages are cataloged preliminary in the end of the paper.     

Timber Procurement and Village Location in the Middle Missouri Subarea

Abstract

Foodstuffs have frequently been regarded as one of the foremost variables when considering population distribution and village location across the landscape. However, other variables may be at least as important as the availability of food. Timber has been noted as a material that is important for fuel and construction purposes, and in some cases can be resource that is crucial for population maintenance in an area.

The importance of timber is examined for the Plains Village populations of the Middle Missouri Subarea, timber succession is examined, and village location in relation to timber resources hypothesized     

科尔沁沙地蒙古族户级水平庭园植物多样性分析——以内蒙古通辽市科尔沁左翼后旗的研究为例

为了表明农户庭园在户级水平上对农业生物多样性保护的作用,在内蒙古通辽市科尔沁左翼后旗采用随机抽样和农户推荐选择20个农户,同时在邻近地区的汉族地区选择10个农户作为对比分析。在此基础上对其家庭庭园采用典型取样法设立30个样方进行调查。结果表明：巴首嘎查庭园植物有100种、哈日乌苏种畜场共有84种、公济号村有87种,包括栽培及野生蔬菜、水果、观赏、药用、饲用等植物。三个村庄庭园植物物种丰富度分析比较发现巴首嘎查的物种丰富度相对最高,而哈日乌苏种畜场的相对最低,反映巴首村对庭园物种多样性保护的贡献相对最大。这些差异是由于自然条件、庭园面积、庭园历史、庭园管理条件及庭园管理者、当地农牧民对庭园植物的传统知识和文化的认识的差异所造成。文末还对调查的三个村庄的庭园植物进行了初步编目。     

海南岛次生低地雨林棕榈藤伴生群落优势种生态位研究

以海南岛甘什岭自然保护区次生低地雨林群落优势种及棕榈藤为试验材料,通过重要值筛选群落优势种,利用生态位宽度、相似性比例和生态位重叠探究棕榈藤与各林层优势种对资源的作用机制,为棕榈藤资源保护和利用提供理论参考。结果显示:(1)青梅(Vatica mangachapoi)和铁凌(Hopea reticulata)为群落建群种,5种棕榈藤在整个群落中具有相对较高的重要值,但差异较大,其中杖藤(Calamus rhabdocladus)最大(0.286),小钩叶藤(Plectocomia microstachys)最小(0.053),其排序为:杖藤大白藤(C.faberii)黄藤(Daemonorops jenkinsiana)白藤(C.tetradactylus)小钩叶藤。(2)5种棕榈藤在群落中具有较大的生态位宽度,其中杖藤最大(Bi和Ba分别为2.900和0.612),且明显大于草本层,但与其他林层优势种差异小。(3)棕榈藤种间与优势种均表现出较低的生态位相似性比例,除黄藤与亮叶鸡血藤(Callerya nitida)外,各林层优势种与所有棕榈藤种相似性比例最高的物种相同,为益智(Alpinia oxyphylla)、百足藤(Pothos repens)、铁凌和青梅;藤种间,杖藤与各其它棕榈藤具有较高的生态位相似性比例,小钩叶藤最小。(4)林层优势种和棕榈藤的Lik和Lki值总体较低,均低于0.1,且生态位宽度大的不一定重叠程度越高;其中0~0.023的重叠数量占总数的63.5%,0.023~0.046为36.0%,0.046的仅占0.5%。研究认为,棕榈藤在群落中具有相对较高的资源利用能力,但种间差异较大,棕榈藤种间及其与优势种间均表现为生态位分化,物种间倾向于资源共享。     

Cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) from Samar and Leyte,Philippines, with a new species

This paper provides the first faunal checklist for Cicadidae (Hemiptera) from Samar and Leyte, Philippines, comprising 13 species belonging to 7 genera. A new species, Huechys funebris sp. nov., is described from Leyte. Oncotympana pallidiventris Stål, Dundubia vaginata (Fabricius), and Nelcyndana sp. are newly added to the cicada fauna of Samar. Information on geographic distributions is provided.     

The rattan trade of Northern Myanmar: Species, supplies, and sustainability

Although Myanmar exports millions of dollars of rattan cane each year, the last systematic treatment of rattans in this country was done over 100 years ago, and virtually nothing has been written about the collection and trade of this important forest resource. Here we report the results from a study of rattans in the Hukaung Valley Tiger Reserve in northern Myanmar. A total of 15 species of rattan were encountered; seven species are new records for Myanmar and two species are new to science. Inventory transects revealed that the density of commercial rattans in local forests averages 40.5 canes ≽4m long/hectare. Populations of all species appear to be actively regenerating. The current pattern of rattan exploitation, however, is largely uncontrolled and will eventually lead to resource depletion unless some form of management is implemented.     

Elevational patterns of species richness and density of rattan palms (Arecaceae: Calamoideae) in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia

We studied species richness and density of rattan palms in 50 plots of 10 × 100 m² each between 250 m and 2420 m in eight sites in Lore Lindu National Park (LLNP), Central Sulawesi. Rattans were observed in all sample sites, representing three genera and 34 species. The elevational patterns for species richness and density were humped-shaped with maxima around 1000 m. Polynomial models of second order explained 59 and 32% of species richness and density with the factor elevation, respectively. A majority of rattan species (65%) overlapped between 1000 and 1100 m elevation, while a pronounced change in the rattan flora occurred above 1100 m. Commercially important rattan species (Calamus zollingeri, C. ornatus var. celebicus, Daemonorops macroptera) were not observed above 1250 m. The change of species assemblage was significantly related to elevation (56%), followed by geographical distance (47%) and precipitation (40%). Less than 10% of LLNP is lowland forests, much of which is threatened by agricultural intensification. In contrast, montane forests are well represented in the park and high elevation forests are not subject to agricultural conversion or intensive harvesting of rattan and other forest products.     

中国棕榈藤资源及其分布特征研究

棕榈藤是一种重要的非木材林产品,在全球生物多样性保护和经济发展方面起着重要的作用。通过查阅相关文献、野外调查和标本鉴定,对中国棕榈藤植物的种类组成、地理分布类型及特点进行了研究。结果表明:(1)中国分布有较丰富的棕榈藤植物资源,共计3属40种(含变种),在云南、海南、广西等12个省区均有分布,其生长习性以攀援型为主。(2)中国棕榈藤植物表现出明显的水平和垂直地带性分布规律;水平地域性分布明显,形成了西南(云南西双版纳)和东南(海南省)两大分布中心,而其他区域分布的种类相对较少;海拔1000m以下地区分布的种类较多,有一定数量的广布种。(3)中国棕榈藤植物可划分为10个分布区类型,其中,以热带亚洲(印度-马来西亚)分布型的种类为主,特有种也占有一定比例;种类的分布与中南半岛、南亚棕榈藤植物区系有密切的联系。     

西双版纳勐宋哈尼族的传统文化与生态系统多样性管理

世界各地的原住民族 (ｉｎｄｉｇｅｎｏｕｓｐｅｏｐｌｅ) ,在悠久的历史发展过程中 ,与当地的动植物和森林结成了极其密切的关系 ,他们之间互相作用、互相影响 ,形成了多样化的原住民知识体系 (ｉｎｄｉｇｅ ｎｏｕｓｋｎｏｗｌｅｄｇｅｓｙｓｔｅｍ)和传统文化信仰 (ｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌｂｅｌｉｅｆｓ)。这些知识体系和传统文化包含着丰富的认识、利用与保护动植物以及生态系统的知识与实践 ,因而也就成为这些原住民族与当地生态环境、生物多样性相互协调和持续发展的社会基础和技术保障[3 ,8,1 0 ,1 1 ] 。在全球性环境变化和生物多样性迅…     

Entomophthora leyteensis Villacarlos & Keller sp. nov. (Entomophthorales: Zygomycetes) infecting Tetraleurodes acaciae (Quaintance) (Insecta,Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), a recently introduced whitefly on Gliricidia sepium (Jaq.) Walp. (Fabaceae) in the Philippines

Entomophthora leyteensis Villacarlos & Keller sp. nov., a species of Entomophthorales infecting the whitefly Tetraleurodes acaciae on Gliricidia sepium in the Philippines is described. Disease prevalence monitored weekly for 8 weeks indicated that the fungus could cause 8-31% infection within the whitefly population. Epizootics due to this fungus occurred in Inopacan, Leyte. Sampling live whitefly adults and dissecting them on glass slides for microscopic examination of fungal structures was found to give a better measure of prevalence than actual counts of infected insect cadavers. E. leyteensis is an important mortality factor for T. acaciae. Some speculations on the origin of the fungus are discussed here.     

Acute outbreak of gnathostomiasis in a fishing community in Sinaloa, Mexico

An increasing number of human cases of gnathostomiasis have been reported in Sinaloa, Mexico, most of whom have a custom of eating of raw fish dishes such as 'cebiche'. Here we report five adult patients, three women and two men, having an acute episode of vomiting and abdominal pain a few minutes after eating a dish of cebiche prepared from a spotted sleeper perch (Eleotris picta) fished from a nearby lake in southern Sinaloa. All five patients experienced acute throat pain, chest and joint pains, headache and fever. One patient, a 55-year-old male, was hospitalized with suspected pancreatitis and pneumonia. By 8-9 days later, all five patients developed between three and 12 edematous, migrating skin lesions on the back, abdomen, upper and lower extremities, face, eye and scalp. By ELISA, all of them were sero-positive to Gnathostoma doloresi antigen and had elevated IgE levels. Eosinophilia was found in two patients. These patients lived in an agricultural and fishing community. In this community we carried out a sero-epidemiological survey and study of living conditions in a random sample of 309 individuals distributed in 74 households. Frequent consumption of raw fish was reported in 36% of households, and 12 individuals had a clinical history of migrating skin lesions. The sero-prevalence to Gnathostoma antigens was 34.95%. Five fish species and four species of ichthyophagous birds collected from three lakes in the village and a nearby estuary were infected with the advanced third-stage larvae of G. binucleatum, a species found in Ecuador and Mexico. The results describe the first known outbreak of acute gnathostomiasis on the American continent.     

Rattan (Calamoideae) abundance and above-ground biomass at a primary rainforest of Peninsular Malaysia

Background: Rattans are widespread throughout paleo-tropical forests; however, there is no information on their contribution to above-ground biomass (AGB).

Aims: This study established biomass baseline values for 11 different rattan species in a Malaysian primary forest, and calculated the overall rattan AGB contribution and dynamics during two years.

Methods: All rattan stems in five 100 m × 100 m study plots were counted in 2011 and 2013. Biometric non-invasive measurements were carried out on 11 climbing and non-climbing species and total rattan biomass for both years calculated was compared.

Results: Rattans contributed with 3.1 Mg ha^?1 to the forest AGB. There was no significant change in rattan biomass between the years.

Conclusions: These preliminary results are the first published on the AGB contribution of rattans to Malaysian primary forests. Further studies are required to ascertain values across forest types and over time to reliably estimate the contribution of rattan species to ABG and carbon sequestration.     

森林生态效益税对陕西省产业价格水平的影响

森林生态补偿机制引起了我国政府和理论界的广泛关注,一些研究者也提出未来我国森林生态补偿机制将发展成为森林生态效益税.在论证森林生态效益税的理论依据、课征对象、征收方式、税率等的基础上,以陕西省为例,构建了突出林业的2007年陕西省42部门投入产出表,并采用投入产出价格模型,分别使用成本定价法和溢价定价法,定量分析了课征森林生态效益税对陕西省各产业价格水平的影响.研究发现,在对林业、家具制造业、木材加工及木竹藤棕草制品业、造纸及纸制品业征收10％森林生态效益税的3种不同方案下,森林生态效益税不会对陕西省价格体系造成过大影响,实施森林生态效益税具有一定的可行性.在大多数情况下,食品制造业、印刷及文教体育用品制造业,文化体育和娱乐业这3个产业的价格变化较大.此外,两种定价方法的计算结果略有差异,采用溢价定价法得到的结果要略高于成本定价法的结果.     

Cocoa farms in the Mount Cameroon region: biological and cultural diversity in local livelihoods

A study was undertaken around Mt Cameroon to examine the role of biological and cultural diversity in the livelihood strategies of indigenous villagers and migrants to the region. Surveys of resources consumed and sold by 118 households were undertaken in five villages over the course of 1 year, the perspectives and practices of cocoa farmers documented, and useful tree species retained or planted on six cocoa farms mapped. Cocoa farms in this region generate more significant benefits for biodiversity conservation and local livelihoods than commercial plantations, but also place pressure on forest reserves and require chemical inputs. Roughly 50 tree species are commonly retained or planted on cocoa farms, primarily for timber or food, with many of these having high conservation value. Average tree density of non-cocoa trees was 15 trees per hectare, with tree densities higher, and a larger percentage of species used, on indigenous Bomboko farms than migrant farms. Both migrant and indigenous households rely on forest as a complement to farm income, but indigenous households do this to a far greater extent, while also making extensive use of fallow and home gardens. Indigenous households also derive roughly four times the income from wild and native species compared to migrants. While diversified cocoa farms contribute to conservation and livelihoods in the region, indigenous livelihoods grow from and require the conservation of a broader range of species and habitats, including natural forest.     

Domestic Water Use in Rural Semiarid Africa: A Case Study of Katarko Village in Northeastern Nigeria

Katarko village in the Sahel region of northeastern Nigeria relies entirely on natural sources of water such as rainfall and ground water. Thelatter is potentially the only constant source of water. This study is based on primary data collected in Katarko during a period of 8 months in 1996. Analysis indicates that per capita daily water consumption is higher (44.9 l) in the rainy season than in the dry season (26.1 l). The proportion of households who useless than 150 l per day, the minimum daily requirement recommended by the World Health Organization (Dieterich & Henderson, 1963) increases from 29% during the rainy season to 67% during the dry season. Most households prefer to use water of poor quality that is to be found closer to their homes to traveling long distances to or spending extra time at the water sources to obtain good quality water. Poor water quality, appalling sanitation, and unhygienic water-handling practices, particularly during the dry season, contribute to the high incidence of diarrhea in the village.