植物多糖类复合制剂对冬小麦产量及物质转运的影响

在大田栽培条件下,采用生物质多糖(P₁)、生物质多糖和5 氨基乙酰丙酸复配(P₂),以及生物质多糖、5-氨基乙酰丙酸和缩节胺为有效成分复配(P₃)的3种不同制剂,研究在冬小麦始花期叶面喷施制剂对其产量构成、蔗糖、可溶性总糖、干物质贮运以及氮磷养分累积与转移的影响.结果表明: 喷施3种制剂使冬小麦穗粒数和千粒重增加,增产8.5%以上;喷施20 d内,小麦旗叶蔗糖含量较对照明显增加;喷施P₁和P₃使小麦籽粒可溶性糖含量分别比对照增加4.5%和11.0%.P₃增加了小麦花后干物质及氮磷养分累积量,分别较对照增加48.5%、116.9%和18.1%,P₃还显著提高了小麦花后干物质及养分累积对产量的贡献,但花前养分向籽粒转移对产量的贡献小于其他处理.小麦增产与植物多糖类复合制剂有效调控营养器官光合产物输出、籽粒可溶性糖积累,以及促进花后干物质和氮磷养分累积有关.     

施氮对半湿润农田生态系统不同冬小麦品种灌浆期物质转移的影响

在年均降水量632 mm的黄土高原南部半湿润红油土上,以NR9405、9430、偃师9号、小偃6号、陕229、西农2208、矮丰3号和商188为供试材料,进行大田试验,研究在不施氮和施氮(90 kg.hm-2)条件下不同品种冬小麦灌浆特性及物质转移效率。结果表明,冬小麦干物质生产及物质转移效率共同受品种和氮肥的影响。开花期老叶、茎鞘和成熟期茎鞘、籽粒干重间存在显著差异。施氮对开花期、成熟期地上部各部位干重均有明显的促进作用。各部位干物质转移量、转移效率和转移量对籽粒的贡献率既与品种有关,也与施氮有关;氮肥的影响又因品种不同而异。干物质转移量、转移效率和转移干物质对籽粒的贡献率在8个供试品种中,最高的是NR9405,最低的是偃师9号,除NR9405和西农2208籽粒中50%以上干物质来自于开花前贮存光合产物的再转移外,其余6个品种籽粒中50%以上的干物质来自于开花后新合成的同化产物。干物质转移量对籽粒的贡献率以穗轴+颖壳部位最低,且多数处理为负值,以茎秆为最大,叶片居中。从总体看,干物质转移量、干物质转移率和干物质转移量对粒重的贡献率在不同品种之间的差异大于施氮处理间的差异,施氮后降低了干物质向籽粒中的转移。     

氮肥运筹对晚播冬小麦氮素和干物质积累与转运的影响

氮素平衡对干物质积累与分配的影响是农业生态系统研究的重要内容,在保障产量前提下减少氮肥施用量可减少环境污染与温室气体排放。以晚播冬小麦为研究对象,设置4个施氮量水平:0 kg/hm2(N0)、168.75 kg/hm2(N1)、225 kg/hm2(N2)、281.25 kg/hm2(N3),每个施氮量水平下设置2个追氮时期处理:拔节期(S1)、拔节期+开花期(S2),研究了氮肥运筹对晚播冬小麦氮素和干物质积累与转运及氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明:拔节期追施氮肥(S1)条件下,在225 kg/hm2(N2)基础上增施25%氮肥(N3)对开花期氮素积累总量和营养器官氮素转运量无显著影响;拔节期+开花期追施氮肥(S2)条件下,随施氮量增加,开花期氮素积累总量和花后营养器官氮素转运量升高;S2较S1显著提高成熟期籽粒及营养器官氮素积累量、花后籽粒氮素积累量及其对籽粒氮素积累的贡献率。同一施氮量条件下,S2较S1提高了成熟期的干物质积累量、开花至成熟阶段干物质积累强度和花后籽粒干物质积累量。同一追氮时期条件下,籽粒产量N2与N3无显著差异,氮肥偏生产力随施氮量增加而降低;同一施氮量条件下,S2较S1提高了晚播冬小麦的籽粒产量和氮肥吸收利用率。拔节期+开花期追施氮肥,总施氮量225kg/hm2为有利于实现晚播冬小麦高产和高效的最优氮肥运筹模式。     

不同产量水平旱地冬小麦品种干物质累积和转移的差异分析

旱地小麦高产栽培中品种起着重要作用,研究不同产量水平旱地冬小麦品种干物质累积和转移的差异,对黄土高原旱区作物高产稳产有重要意义。以9个旱地冬小麦品种为材料,通过田间试验研究了不同产量水平旱地冬小麦品种的生物量、花前花后干物质累积量、干物质转移量、转移率及转移干物质对籽粒的贡献率、叶面积、SPAD值以及光合速率的差异。结果表明,不同小麦品种的生物量、花前花后干物质累积量、干物质转移量、转移率及转移干物质对籽粒的贡献率均存在明显差异。与不施肥相比,高、中、低3个产量水平小麦品种在低养分投入时,成熟期生物量分别提高29%,22%和6%,高水平时分别提高46%,39%和23%,高产品种的生物量及其对养分投入的敏感程度明显高于低产品种。不同品种的花后干物质累积量随养分投入水平提高而增加,但花前营养器官中储存物质的转移量、转移率和对籽粒的贡献率却明显随之下降。功能叶(旗叶)在灌浆期高、中、低3个产量水平品种的SPAD值在低养分投入条件下分别为20.7、17.5和13.7;高养分投入时,分别为35、26.1和16.8。高产品种西农88的光合速率为6.0μmolCO.2m-.2s-1),中产和低产品种的平均光合速率分别为4.3μmolCO.2m-.2s-1和4.0μmolCO.2m-.2s-1,高产品种功能叶(旗叶)在灌浆期能保持较高的SPAD值和光合速率,因而花后能生产较多的干物质,但其花前干物质转移量、转移率及转移干物质对籽粒的贡献率均没有明显优势。可见,花后较高的叶绿素水平、光合速率和干物质累积是旱地小麦品种高产的重要原因。选择优良品种,采取合理的栽培措施,特别是通过养分调控保持花后具较高的干物质累积量是西北旱地进一步提高冬小麦产量的重要途径。     

播期播量对旱地小麦土壤水分消耗和植株氮素运转的影响

为解决旱地小麦等雨播种的生产现状,明确播量对土壤水分利用和产量形成的调控机制,于2015—2017年在山西闻喜试验基地开展大田试验,以早播(9月20日,EB)、晚播(10月10日,LB)两个播期为主区,以低密度(67.5 kg·hm^-2,LD)、中密度 (90 kg·hm^-2,MD)、高密度(112.5 kg·hm^-2,HD)3个播量为副区,研究播期播量对旱地小麦土壤水分消耗和植株氮素运转的影响.结果表明: 早播较晚播生育期土壤总耗水量增加11～22 mm;随播种密度的增加,生育期土壤总耗水量增加2～20 mm,且早播条件下,花前土壤耗水量增加,晚播条件下,花后土壤耗水量显著增加.早播较晚播在低、中密度条件下花前氮素运转量、花后氮素积累量增加,高密度条件下降低.早播条件下,花前氮素运转量,茎秆+叶鞘、穗轴+颖壳花前氮素运转量对籽粒的贡献率以及花后氮素积累量均以低密度条件下最高;晚播条件下,花前氮素运转量和花后氮素积累量随播种密度增加而增加.早播较晚播产量显著提高163～996 kg·hm^-2,提高幅度达5%～26%,水分利用效率提高幅度达2%～21%,氮素吸收效率提高幅度达3%～36%,氮素收获指数提高幅度最高达11%.早播条件下产量、水分利用效率、氮素吸收效率、氮素收获指数以低密度条件下最高;晚播条件下以高密度条件下最高.此外,花前氮素运转量与花前100～200 cm土壤耗水量显著相关,尤其是茎秆+叶鞘、穗轴+颖壳;花后植株氮素积累量与花后100～300 cm土壤耗水量呈显著相关.总之,旱地小麦9月20日配套播量67.5 kg·hm^-2、10月10日配套播量112.5 kg·hm^-2有利于增产增效.     

施氮量对测墒补灌小麦冠层不同层次光截获和干物质分布的影响

以大穗型小麦品种‘山农23’为材料,在大田拔节期和开花期土壤相对含水量分别补灌至70%和65%的条件下,设置4个施氮水平0 (N₀)、180 (N₁)、240 (N₂)和300 kg·hm^-2 (N₃),研究施氮量对小麦冠层不同层次光合有效辐射(PAR)截获和干物质分布的影响.结果表明: N₂处理开花期群体总茎数、开花后10、20和30 d的叶面积指数、开花后20 d冠层上层和中层及冠层总的PAR截获率和截获量显著高于N₀和N₁,施氮量增加至N₃,上述指标无显著增加.N₂处理成熟期各层次营养器官干物质积累量显著高于N₀和N₁,籽粒干物质积累量和植株总干物质积累量比N₀分别高36.7%和35.4%,比N₁分别高9.5%和10.2%,与N₃处理无显著差异.各层次营养器官干物质积累量、籽粒干物质积累量和植株总干物质积累量与上层和中层PAR截获率呈显著正相关,与下层PAR截获率无显著相关;各层次营养器官干物质积累量与籽粒干物质积累量均呈显著正相关.施氮量为240 kg·hm^-2的N₂处理是本试验条件下的最优处理.     

外源6-BA对不同时期遮光下江汉平原稻茬小麦产量的影响

针对江汉平原小麦生长季阴雨天气持续时间长、光照辐射少而形成的弱光环境,本试验以江汉平原大面积推广品种‘郑麦9023’和‘扬麦23’为材料,研究了孕穗期遮光处理(S₁)和开花期遮光处理(S₂)对两品种小麦产量的影响及其生理基础,并设置遮光前喷施6-BA处理(S₁+6-BA、S₂+6-BA),探究喷施6-BA对弱光胁迫的缓解作用.结果表明:孕穗期与开花期遮去自然光强的45%均显著降低了各处理籽粒产量,且开花期遮光处理籽粒产量下降幅度大于孕穗期遮光处理,遮光处理开花后14~21 d籽粒干物质积累量显著下降导致的粒重降低是造成籽粒产量下降的主要原因;两时期遮光均降低了成熟期干物质积累量,改变了营养器官干物质分配比例,使籽粒产量更多地依赖于开花前营养器官贮藏同化物,从而导致遮光处理籽粒产量下降.开花期遮光前喷施6-BA处理的籽粒产量显著大于开花期遮光处理,主要是由于喷施6-BA能够延缓遮光处理下旗叶的衰老进程,其灌浆速率和粒重亦显著大于遮光处理,同时提高了开花期遮光处理植株在成熟期的干物质积累量,且S₂+6-BA花后同化物的转运量及对籽粒的贡献量较S₂增大,最终提高了遮光处理的籽粒产量.总之,开花期遮光对小麦籽粒产量的影响大于孕穗期,开花期遮光前喷施外源6-BA对遮光造成的不利影响有一定的缓解效应,降低了开花期遮光造成的产量损失.     

分期施氮与CO2浓度升高对小麦光合及其物质积累和产量的互作效应

采用开顶式气室和盆栽方法,以冬小麦品种‘小偃22’为材料,探讨了分期施氮与CO2浓度升高对小麦抽穗期和灌浆中期旗叶光合、地上部物质积累和产量的互作效应.结果显示:(1)不施氮条件下CO2浓度升高对小麦旗叶叶绿素含量(SPAD)和可溶性蛋白含量、光合能力、地上部花后干物质和氮素累积量、籽粒产量的影响不明显(P>0.05)或产生显著负效应;在施氮(300mg/kg土)条件下各指标均不同程度增加,且大多数达到显著水平.(2)与氮肥全部基施相比,分期施氮时CO2浓度升高使灌浆期旗叶光合能力、地上部花后干物质和氮素累积以及产量增加的幅度较大,其中以播前、返青期和孕穗期施氮比例为5∶3∶2时最明显.研究表明,适当分期施氮可能更有利于发挥CO2浓度升高对冬小麦的增产作用.     

灌水模式对冬小麦光合特性、水分利用效率和产量的影响

试验于2013—2014和2014—2015年连续2个生长季在自动控制干旱棚内的隔离池中进行,拔节期设3个灌水梯度,灌水量分别为0(J_0)、37.5(J_1)、75 mm(J_2),扬花期设3个灌水梯度,灌水量分别为0(F_0)、37.5(F_1)、75 mm(F_2),灌浆期所有处理均按75 mm灌溉,共9个处理,研究不同灌溉模式对小麦中后期不同生育阶段植株生长、耗水量、水分利用效率、光合特性和产量构成因素的影响.结果表明:拔节期干旱(0和37.5 mm)显著降低了小麦扬花期的净光合速率和拔节后的叶面积,扬花期的灌水量直接影响扬花期后的旗叶净光合速率;拔节期干旱扬花期补水和扬花期干旱灌浆期补水都可以有效提高植株的干物质量;拔节期灌水量越多,全生育期耗水量越大;除J_1F_2外,全生育期灌水量越大,耗水量越大,产量也越高;J_1F_2处理产量和水分利用效率最高.扬花期充足的灌水量使J_1F_2处理具有较高的花后旗叶净光合速率,此期补偿性灌溉加快了干物质积累,也保证了较高的穗粒数,使其最终产量高于J_2F_2处理或与之持平,同时J_1F_2拔节期较低的灌水量降低了小麦生育中后期的耗水量,其水分利用效率也显著高于其他处理.综上,J_1F_2是小麦生育中期理想的水分处理组合.     

Effects of elevated temperature on soil respiration in a coastal wetland during the non- growing season in the Yellow River Delta,China

Aims Winter soil respiration plays a crucial role in terrestrial carbon cycle, which could lose carbon gained in the growing season. With global warming, the average near-surface air temperatures will rise by 0.3 to 4.8 °C. Winter is expected to be warmer obviously than other seasons. Thus, the elevated temperature can significantly affect soil respiration. The coastal wetland has shallow underground water level and is affected by the fresh water and salt water. Elevated temperature can cause the increase of soil salinity, and as a result high salinity can limit soil respiration. Our objectives were to determine the diurnal and seasonal dynamics of soil respiration in a coastal wetland during the non-growing season, and to explore the responses of soil respiration to environmental factors, especially soil temperature and salinity.
Methods A manipulative warming experiment was conducted in a costal wetland in the Yellow River Delta using the infrared heaters. A complete random block design with two treatments, including control and warming, and each treatment was replicated each treatment four times. Soil respiration was measured twice a month during the non-growing season by a LI-8100 soil CO₂ efflux system. The measurements were taken every 2 h for 24 h at clear days. During each soil respiration measurement, soil environmental parameters were determined simultaneously, including soil temperature, moisture and salinity.
Important findings The diurnal variation of soil respiration in the warming plots was closely coupled with that in the control plots, and both exhibited single-peak curves. The daily soil respiration in the warming was higher than that in the control from November 2014 to January 2015. Contrarily, from March to April 2015. During the non-growing seasons, there were no significant differences in the daily mean soil respiration between the two treatments. However, soil temperature and soil salt content in the warming plots were significantly higher than those in the control plots. The non-growing season was divided into the no salt restriction period (November 2014 to middle February 2015) and salt restriction period (middle February 2015 to April 2015). During non-growing season, soil respiration in the warming had no significant difference compared with that in control. During the no salt restriction period, soil respiration in the warming was 22.9% (p < 0.01) greater than the control when soil temperature at 10 cm depth in warming was elevated by 4.0 °C compared with that in control. However, experimental warming decreased temperature sensitivity of soil respiration (Q₁₀). During salt restriction period, soil warming decreased soil respiration by 20.7% compared with the control although with higher temperature (3.3 °C), which may be attributed to the increased soil salt content (Soil electric conductivity increased from 4.4 ds·m^-1 to 5.3 ds·m^-1). The high water content can limit soil respiration in some extent. In addition, the Q₁₀ value in the warming had no significant difference compared with that in control during this period. Therefore, soil warming can not only increase soil respiration by elevating soil temperature, but also decrease soil respiration by increasing soil salt content due to evaporation, which consequently regulating the soil carbon balance of coastal wetlands.     

施氮对关中还田玉米秸秆腐解和养分释放特征的影响

在陕西关中平原的冬小麦-夏玉米轮作区,采用尼龙网袋田间填埋与¹⁵N同位素标记玉米秸秆相结合的方法,设置不施氮和施氮200 kg·hm^-2两个处理,研究施氮对小麦生长期内还田玉米秸秆腐解的影响以及腐解过程中秸秆碳、氮、磷、钾的养分释放.结果表明: 从小麦播种到越冬期,施用氮肥对秸秆碳和干物质分解无显著影响,但可促进秸秆中磷的释放,抑制氮和钾的释放.灌浆到成熟期,氮肥对秸秆腐解及其N、P、K养分的释放无显著影响,但秸秆碳的释放显著增加.不同生育期,玉米秸秆碳的释放与干物质分解变化趋势一致,C/N逐渐下降.种植一季小麦后,秸秆干物质累计腐解率不足50%;秸秆碳释放率为47.9%～51.1%,不施氮和施氮处理的秸秆C/N分别由32.2降低到20.2和17.9.小麦收获时,秸秆氮、磷、钾均为净释放,氮释放量为7.2～9.4 kg·hm^-2,占秸秆氮的12.7%～16.6%;磷释放量为1.29～1.44 kg·hm^-2,占29.0%～32.4%;钾的释放量大、释放快,越冬前超过80%,成熟时释放量为51.8～52.5 kg·hm^-2,占90.5%～91.7%.在秸秆还田条件下,应考虑秸秆归还的钾,减少小麦钾肥用量,适量补充氮、磷.     

Interactive effects of soil warming and nitrogen addition on fine root production of Chinese fir seedlings

Aims There have been a large number of studies on the independent separate responses of fine roots to warming and nitrogen deposition, but with contradictory reporting. Fine root production plays a critical role in ecosystem carbon, nutrient and water cycling, yet how it responds to the interactive warming and nitrogen addition is not well understood. In the present study, we aimed to examine the interactive effects of soil warming and nitrogen addition on fine root growth of 1-year-old Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) seedlings in subtropical China.
Methods A mesocosm experiment, with a factorial design of soil warming (ambient, +5 °C) and nitrogen addition (ambient, ambient + 40 kg·hm^-2·a^-1, ambient + 80 kg·hm^-2·a^-1), was carried out in the Chenda State-owned Forest Farm in Sanming City, Fujian Province, China. Fine root production (indexed by the number of fine roots emerged per tube of one year) was measured biweekly using minirhizotrons from March of 2014 to February of 2015.
Important findings (1) The two-way ANOVA showed that soil warming had a significant effect on fine root production, while nitrogen addition and soil warming × nitrogen addition had no effect. (2) The three-way ANOVA (soil warming, nitrogen addition and diameter class) showed that soil warming, diameter class and soil warming × diameter class had significant effects on fine root production, especially for the number of fine roots in 0-1 mm diameter class that had been significantly increased by soil warming. Compared with the 1-2 mm roots, the 0-1 mm roots seemed more flexible. (3) Repeated measures of ANOVA (soil warming, nitrogen addition and season) showed that soil warming, season, soil warming × season, and soil warming × nitrogen addition × season had significant effects on fine root production. In spring, the number of fine roots was significantly increased both by soil warming and soil warming × season, while soil warming, nitrogen addition, soil warming × nitrogen addition significantly decreased fine root production in the summer. (4) Soil warming, soil layer, soil warming × soil layer had significant effects on fine root production. The number of in-growth fine roots was significantly increased by soil warming at the 20-30 cm depth only. It seemed that warming forced fine roots to grow deeper in the soil. In conclusion, soil warming significantly increased fine root production, but they had different responses and were dependent of different diameter classes, seasons and soil layers. Nitrogen addition had no effect on fine root production. Only in spring and summer, soil warming and nitrogen addition had significant interactive effects.     

Fertilization regulates the response of wheat yield to interannual temperature variation in North China

Aims Understanding the effect of long-term fertilization on the sensitivity of grain yield to temperature changes is critical for accurately assessing the impact of global warming on crop production. In this study, we aim to assess the impacts of temperature changes on grain yields of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under different fertilization treatments in a long-term manipulative experiment in North China.Methods We measured grain yields of winter wheat under four fertilization treatments at the Yucheng Comprehensive Experimental Station each year from 1993 to 2012. We also measured air temperature at 0200, 0800, 1400 and 2000h each day since 1 January 1980. We then used the first-difference method and simple linear regression models to examine the relationship of crop yield changes to mean air temperature, mean daytime and nighttime air temperature in crop growing seasons.Important findings We found that increases in mean daily temperature, mean daytime temperature and mean nighttime temperature each had a positive impact on the grain yield of winter wheat. Grain yield increased by 16.7–85.6% for winter wheat in response to a 1°C increase in growing season mean daily temperature. Winter wheat yield was more sensitive to variations of nighttime temperature than to that of daytime temperature. The observed temperature impacts also varied across different fertilization treatments. Balanced fertilization significantly enhanced grain yields for winter wheat under a warming climate. Wheat plots treated with nitrogen and phosphorous balanced fertilization (NPK- and NP-treated plots) were more responsive to temperature changes than those without. This report provides direct evidence of how temperature change impacts grain yields under different fertilization treatments, which is useful for crop management in a changing global climate.     

冬小麦高产高效群体的年际间稳产性能

以冬小麦品种‘泰农18’为试验材料,设置传统农民管理习惯的农户模式(T₁)、不计肥水和人工等投入以获得高产的高产模式(T₂)和优化种植密度、播期、肥水管理运筹的高产高效模式(T₃)3种种植模式,于2012年10月—2016年7月连续4个小麦生育季,研究了不同种植模式小麦主茎与分蘖成穗特性、不同年份的光合有效辐射截获、利用、光合产物分配等光能利用特性和产量差异,结合年际间的光、温、水等生态因子分布差异,分析了高产高效群体的稳产性能.结果表明: 冬小麦不同生育时期内的光、温、降雨等生态因子的总量和各生育时期分布存在较大变异.T₁、T₂、T₃模式主茎穗的比例分别为38.9%、58.7%、66.9%,表明T₁、T₂、T₃模式在群体结构构建上分别是以分蘖穗为主、主茎穗和分蘖穗并重、主茎穗为主.T₂模式的生物量和产量最高,T₁最低,T₃模式自孕穗期之后,尤其是在开花14 d后仍能维持较高的叶面积指数、光能截获率和截获量、群体光合速率,并具有较高的干物质分配能力,使其在干物质积累相对偏低的情况下仍可获得高产.T₃模式花后的叶面积指数、光能截获率和截获量以及光合速率等的年际间极差、标准差、变异系数均小于T₁和T₂模式,由此也保证了T₃模式生物产量的稳定.相关分析表明,以主茎成穗为主的T₃种植模式能够有效应对年际间气候变化并实现稳产,关键是具有年际间稳定的生物产量.     

氮肥后移对抽穗后水分胁迫下冬小麦光合特性及产量的影响

采用子母桶栽土培法模拟冬小麦抽穗后不同的水分胁迫状态,研究了氮肥后移对冬小麦光合特性及产量的影响.设置3个氮肥处理,分别为N₁(基肥∶拔节肥∶开花肥=10∶0∶0)、N₂(6∶4∶0)和N₃(4∶3∶3),模拟冬小麦抽穗后2种水分胁迫(渍水胁迫、干旱胁迫),设正常供水为对照.结果表明：相同供水条件下,N₂和N₃处理较N₁处理显著提高冬小麦灌浆期旗叶的SPAD和光合速率,确保了收获时较高的穗数、穗粒数和地上部分生物量;氮肥后移处理显著提高了冬小麦的耗水量,但其籽粒产量和水分利用效率也显著提高.相同氮肥条件下,干旱胁迫和渍水胁迫处理较正常供水显著降低了冬小麦开花期和灌浆期旗叶的光合速率、千粒重、穗粒数和产量.与正常供水相比,各氮肥条件下干旱胁迫和渍水胁迫处理花后旗叶光合速率及籽粒产量的减小幅度均表现为N₁＞N₂＞N₃.表明氮肥后移通过提高旗叶SPAD、减缓花后旗叶光合速率的下降幅度、增加地上部分干物质积累量,调控产量及其构成要素,以减轻逆境灾害(干旱和渍水胁迫)对产量的影响.     

Exploring the community assembly of subalpine meadow communities based on functional traits and community phylogeny

Aims The community assembly has been a prominent issue in community ecology. This work was intended to explore the mechanisms of the species coexistence and biodiversity in communities. Our objective was to explore the mechanisms of community assembly in subalpine meadow plant communities along slope gradients in Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Gansu Province, Northwest China.Methods We selected five slope-oriented plots to construct a super-tree representing the species pool. We surveyed the leaf functional traits and soil environmental factors in different slopes. Then we tested the phylogenetic signal of leaf dry matter content (LDMC), specific leaf area (SLA), leaf nitrogen content (LNC) and leaf phosphorus content (LPC).Important findings The changes of slope aspect had significant influence on soil water content (SWC) and soil nutrient content. Most of the plants leaf functional traits had significant difference along different slope aspects. The LDMC was higher in south and southwest slope than north slope, while SLA, LNC and LPC were relatively high in north and northwest slope. The LPC showed feeble phylogenetic signal, while LDMC, SLA, LNC did not have a significant phylogenetic signal. With changes in the slope aspect from south to north, community phylogenetic structure shifted from over-dispersion to clustered dispersion. In south and southwest slope, habitat filtering was the driving force for community assembly. Interspecific competition was the main driving factor for community assembly in north and northwest slope aspects. But in west slope, two indices showed contrary consequence. This means the process of community assembly in west slope was more complicated and its phylogenetic index may be the result of several mechanisms working together.     

氮和水分添加对内蒙古荒漠草原放牧生态系统土壤呼吸的影响

土壤呼吸是生态系统碳循环的重要组成部分, 同时也是评价生态系统健康状况的重要指标, 对于评估退化草地恢复过程中生态系统功能具有重要意义。该研究在内蒙古四子王旗短花针茅(Stipa breviflora)荒漠草原长期放牧实验平台上进行, 该平台设置对照(CK)、轻度(LG)、中度(MG)和重度(HG) 4个放牧强度。通过在4个放牧处理区设置氮、水添加实验处理, 探讨不同放牧强度背景下, 氮、水补充对荒漠草原土壤呼吸过程的影响。结果表明: (1)历史放牧强度除2015年对土壤呼吸无显著影响, 2016和2017年都有显著影响, 放牧区3年平均土壤呼吸速率基本都高于对照区。此外, 氮和水分添加显著增加了MG区土壤呼吸速率, HG区氮、水同时添加对土壤呼吸速率有显著增加作用; (2)无论是历史放牧强度, 还是氮、水添加处理, 都没有改变荒漠草原生长季土壤呼吸速率的季节动态变化趋势, 土壤呼吸速率基本表现为单峰曲线模式, 峰值出现在水热同期的7月份; (3)不同年份生长季土壤呼吸速率对氮、水处理的响应并不相同, 氮添加至第3年产生显著影响。水分添加在平水年份(2015和2017年)对土壤呼吸产生显著影响, 但在丰水年份(2016年)无显著影响。氮、水共同添加分别在CK、LG和HG区3年平均土壤呼吸速率显著高于单独加水处理, 说明氮添加的有效性依赖于水分条件, 两者表现为协同作用; (4)不同处理下荒漠草原土壤呼吸的温度敏感性(Q₁₀)值介于1.13-2.41之间, 平均值为1.71。在无氮、水添加时, 放牧区的Q₁₀值都小于CK区, 总体表现为CK 大于 MG 大于 LG 大于 HG; 加水和氮水共同添加处理后, Q₁₀值都有明显增加, 其中NW处理下Q₁₀值都增加到2.0以上。上述结果说明在过去受不同放牧强度影响的荒漠草原在停止放牧后的恢复过程中, 土壤水分仍是影响土壤呼吸的主导环境因子, 外源氮添加只有在满足一定水分供给的基础上才起作用, 尤其是过去的重度放牧区土壤呼吸速率对氮、水补充的响应最为强烈。该研究结果可以为评估荒漠草原恢复过程中土壤呼吸速率受养分和水分影响提供基础资料和依据。     

氮磷添加及林分密度对大叶相思林土壤化学性质的影响

大气氮(N)沉降随着人类的活动而日趋严重, 加上中国热带亚热带红壤普遍缺磷(P), 许多森林生态系统由于广泛使用磷肥而产生P富集, 直接影响了森林土壤化学特性。林分密度改变林地的光照、温度、湿度和凋落物持水量, 从而影响土壤特性。为了解外源性N和P添加与林分密度对大叶相思(Acacia auriculiformis)林地土壤化学性质的影响, 为大叶相思人工林的种植密度和土壤养分管理提供科学依据, 该研究于2013到2015年, 以4种不同密度(1 667、2 500、4 444和10 000 trees·hm ^-2)的10年生大叶相思人工林为研究对象, 分别进行添加N、P和N+P处理, 在试验结束时采集0-10 cm土壤, 对其pH、有机质含量、N含量、P含量和钾(K)含量进行了测定分析。结果表明: 施N和N+P均显著降低了土壤的pH和速效K含量, 显著提高了林地土壤的碱解N含量。施N还显著提高了林分土壤的全N含量, 施P显著提高了土壤pH, 降低了林分土壤的全N含量。施P和N+P显著提高了土壤有机质、全P和有效P含量。随着林分密度的增加, 各处理的土壤有机质、全N、碱解N、全P、有效P和速效K含量显著提高。N、P添加处理和密度处理对大叶相思林的土壤pH、有机质和N、P、K含量有显著的交互作用。总体来看, N添加、P添加、林分密度及其交互作用对大叶相思的土壤化学性质有显著影响。     

江汉平原不同氮肥运筹模式下豆麦和稻/麦轮作系统小麦产量和经济效益差异

研究江汉平原豆麦(大豆/小麦)和稻麦(水稻/小麦)轮作系统中冬小麦生长规律对氮肥运筹模式的响应,可为缩小两种轮作模式下的小麦产量差异提供理论依据。试验设置传统施肥(70%底肥,30%越冬期追肥)和优化施肥(1/3底肥,1/3越冬期追肥,1/3拔节期追肥)2个处理,并以不施氮处理为对照,分析了豆麦和稻麦轮作系统中冬小麦的生长规律、产量及产量构成因素、肥料利用率和施肥效益等。结果表明: 施氮和轮作模式均对小麦产量有显著影响,优化施肥产量显著高于传统施肥,两者产量差异在豆麦轮作系统下为920 kg·hm^-2,在稻麦轮作系统下为2195 kg·hm^-2。相同轮作模式下,传统施肥冬季、春季群体茎蘖数高于优化施肥,而优化施肥在整个生育期干物质总积累量较传统施肥高5%~31%(豆麦)和14%~28%(稻麦)。传统施肥下豆茬小麦产量较高的原因是穗数、成穗率、群体干物质积累量等均高于稻茬小麦;优化施肥下稻茬小麦产量较豆茬小麦增加幅度更大,表明优化氮肥模式可缩小豆麦与稻麦轮作中小麦的产量差异。两种轮作模式中小麦花后粒重分别呈现“慢-快-中”(豆麦)和“中-快-慢”(稻麦)的增加趋势;氮肥农学效率、小麦季纯收益等指标均以稻麦轮作优化施肥处理最高。综上,在江汉平原地区,稻麦轮作优化施肥处理下小麦群体结构合理,干物质积累量较高,产量和施肥效益增加显著,是江汉平原地区兼顾产量与施肥效益的最佳模式。     

夏闲期耕作对旱地小麦土壤水分及植株氮素吸收、运转特性的影响

采用大田试验,研究了夏闲期耕作对旱地小麦播种前和各生育期0～300 cm土壤水分、植株氮素吸收和运转特性的影响.结果表明: 夏闲期耕作可提高播种前和各生育期0～300 cm土壤蓄水量,且枯水年效果较好.夏闲期耕作可显著提高各生育期植株氮素积累量、开花期叶片和茎秆+茎鞘氮素积累量、成熟期籽粒氮素积累量,显著提高茎秆+茎鞘氮素运转量及其对籽粒的贡献率、叶片氮素运转量、花前氮素运转量、花后氮素积累量,最终提高氮素吸收效率,以前茬小麦收获后45 d深翻效果较好.夏闲期耕作条件下,土壤水分与花前氮素运转量及籽粒氮素积累量显著相关,且枯水年关系更密切;播种至开花期土壤水分与花后氮素积累量在丰水年显著相关,而枯水年无显著相关关系.夏闲期耕作,尤其是雨后深翻有利于蓄水保墒及植株氮素吸收和转运.