菌根真菌影响森林生态系统碳循环研究进展

森林生态系统在全球碳(C)储量中占据极为重要的地位。菌根真菌广泛存在于森林生态系统中,在森林生态系统C循环过程中发挥重要的作用。阐述了不同菌根类型真菌在森林生态系统C循环过程中的功能,对比了温带/北方森林与热带/亚热带森林中菌根真菌介导的C循环研究方面新近取得的研究结果。发现温带和北方森林的外生菌根(EcM)植物对地上生物量C的贡献相对较小,然而是地下C储量的主要贡献者;以丛枝菌根(AM)共生为主的热带/亚热带森林地表生物量占比较高,表明AM植被对热带/亚热带森林地上生物量C的贡献相对较大。我们还就全球变化背景下,菌根真菌及其介导的森林生态系统C汇功能,以及不同菌根类型树种影响C循环的机制等进行了总结。菌根真菌通过影响凋落物分解、土壤有机质形成及地下根系生物量,进而影响整个森林生态系统的C循环功能。菌根介导的森林C循环过程很大程度上取决于(优势)树木的菌根类型和森林土壤中菌根真菌的群落结构。最后指出了当前研究存在的主要问题以及未来研究展望。本文旨在明确菌根真菌在森林生态系统C循环转化过程中的重要生态功能,有助于准确地评估森林生态系统C汇现状,为应对全球变化等提供重要的依据。     

Dominant forest tree mycorrhizal type mediates understory plant invasions

Forest mycorrhizal type mediates nutrient dynamics, which in turn can influence forest community structure and processes. Using forest inventory data, we explored how dominant forest tree mycorrhizal type affects understory plant invasions with consideration of forest structure and soil properties. We found that arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) dominant forests, which are characterised by thin forest floors and low soil C : N ratio, were invaded to a greater extent by non‐native invasive species than ectomycorrhizal (ECM) dominant forests. Understory native species cover and richness had no strong associations with AM tree dominance. We also found no difference in the mycorrhizal type composition of understory invaders between AM and ECM dominant forests. Our results indicate that dominant forest tree mycorrhizal type is closely linked with understory invasions. The increased invader abundance in AM dominant forests can further facilitate nutrient cycling, leading to the alteration of ecosystem structure and functions.     

全球森林土壤微生物生物量碳氮磷化学计量的季节动态

土壤微生物生物量在森林生态系统中充当具有生物活性的养分积累和储存库。土壤微生物转化有机质为植物提供可利用养分, 与植物的相互作用维系着陆地生态系统的生态功能。同时, 土壤微生物也与植物争夺营养元素, 在季节交替过程和植物的生长周期中呈现出复杂的互利-竞争关系。综合全球数据对温带、亚热带和热带森林土壤微生物生物量碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)含量及其化学计量比值的季节动态进行分析, 发现温带和亚热带森林的土壤微生物生物量C、N、P含量均呈现夏季低、冬季高的格局。热带森林四季的土壤微生物生物量C、N、P含量都低于温带和亚热带森林, 且热带森林土壤微生物生物量C含量、N含量在秋季相对最低, 土壤微生物生物量P含量四季都相对恒定。温带森林的土壤微生物生物量C:N在春季显著高于其他两个森林类型; 热带森林的土壤微生物生物量C:N在秋季显著高于其他2个森林类型。温带森林土壤微生物生物量N:P和C:P在四季都保持相对恒定, 而热带森林土壤微生物生物量N:P和C:P在夏季高于其他3个季节。阔叶树的土壤微生物生物量C含量、N含量、N:P、C:P在四季都显著高于针叶树; 而针叶树的土壤微生物生物量P含量在四季都显著高于阔叶树。在春季和冬季时, 土壤微生物生物量C:N在阔叶树和针叶树之间都没有显著差异; 但是在夏季和秋季, 针叶树的土壤微生物生物量C:N显著高于阔叶树。对于土壤微生物生物量的变化来说, 森林类型是主要的显著影响因子, 季节不是显著影响因子, 暗示土壤微生物生物量的季节波动是随着植物其内在固有的周期变化而变化。植物和土壤微生物密切作用表现出来的对养分的不同步吸收是保留养分和维持生态功能的一种权衡机制。     

Depth-dependent effects of ericoid mycorrhizal shrubs on soil carbon and nitrogen pools are accentuated under arbuscular mycorrhizal trees

Plant mycorrhizal associations influence the accumulation and persistence of soil organic matter and could therefore shape ecosystem biogeochemical responses to global changes that are altering forest composition. For instance, arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) tree dominance is increasing in temperate forests, and ericoid mycorrhizal (ErM) shrubs can respond positively to canopy disturbances. Yet how shifts in the co-occurrence of trees and shrubs with different mycorrhizal associations will affect soil organic matter pools remains largely unknown. We examine the effects of ErM shrubs on soil carbon and nitrogen stocks and indicators of microbial activity at different depths across gradients of AM versus ectomycorrhizal (EcM) tree dominance in three temperate forest sites. We find that ErM shrubs strongly modulate tree mycorrhizal dominance effects. In surface soils, ErM shrubs increase particulate organic matter accumulation and weaken the positive relationship between soil organic matter stocks and indicators of microbial activity. These effects are strongest under AM trees that lack fungal symbionts that can degrade organic matter. In subsurface soil organic matter pools, by contrast, tree mycorrhizal dominance effects are stronger than those of ErM shrubs. Ectomycorrhizal tree dominance has a negative influence on particulate and mineral-associated soil organic matter pools, and these effects are stronger for nitrogen than for carbon stocks. Our findings suggest that increasing co-occurrence of ErM shrubs and AM trees will enhance particulate organic matter accumulation in surface soils by suppressing microbial activity while having little influence on mineral-associated organic matter in subsurface soils. Our study highlights the importance of considering interactions between co-occurring plant mycorrhizal types, as well as their depth-dependent effects, for projecting changes in soil carbon and nitrogen stocks in response to compositional shifts in temperate forests driven by disturbances and global change.     

中国森林土壤碳储量与土壤碳过程研究进展

森林是陆地生态系统的主体,是陆地上最大的碳储库和碳吸收汇。国内外研究表明,土壤亚系统在调节森林生态系统碳循环和减缓全球气候变化中起着重要作用。但是,由于森林类型的多样性、结构的复杂性以及森林对干扰和变化环境响应的时空动态变化,至今对森林土壤碳储量和变率的科学估算,以及土壤关键碳过程及其稳定性维持机制的认识还十分有限。综述了近十几年来我国森林土壤碳储量和土壤碳过程的研究工作,主要包括不同森林类型土壤碳储量、土壤碳化学稳定性、土壤呼吸及其组分、土壤呼吸影响机制、气候变化与土地利用对土壤碳过程的影响等;评述了土壤碳过程相关科学问题的研究进展,讨论了尚未解决的主要问题,并分析了未来土壤碳研究的发展趋势,以期为促进我国森林土壤碳循环研究,科学评价森林土壤碳固持潜力及其稳定性维持机制和有效实施森林生态系统管理提供科学参考。     

Feedbacks between plant N demand and rhizosphere priming depend on type of mycorrhizal association

Ecosystem carbon (C) balance is hypothesised to be sensitive to the mycorrhizal strategies that plants use to acquire nutrients. To test this idea, we coupled an optimality‐based plant nitrogen (N) acquisition model with a microbe‐focused soil organic matter (SOM) model. The model accurately predicted rhizosphere processes and C–N dynamics across a gradient of stands varying in their relative abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) and ectomycorrhizal (ECM) trees. When mycorrhizal dominance was switched – ECM trees dominating plots previously occupied by AM trees, and vice versa – legacy effects were apparent, with consequences for both C and N stocks in soil. Under elevated productivity, ECM trees enhanced decomposition more than AM trees via microbial priming of unprotected SOM. Collectively, our results show that ecosystem responses to global change may hinge on the balance between rhizosphere priming and SOM protection, and highlight the importance of dynamically linking plants and microbes in terrestrial biosphere models.     

不同菌根类型的森林净初级生产力对气温变化的响应

菌根是由土壤中的菌根菌与植物根系形成的互惠共生体, 在植物生产力和生态系统碳循环过程中发挥着重要的作用。该文基于全球森林数据库, 建立了包括全球森林菌根类型、净初级生产力(net primary productivity, NPP)和年平均气温等指标的新数据库。在此基础上, 分析了6种菌根类型(丛枝菌根(arbuscular mycorrhiza, AM)、AM +外生菌根(ectomycorrhiza, ECM)、AM + ECM +内外生菌根(ectendomycorrhiza, EEM)、ECM、ECM + EEM和ECM + EEM +无菌根(nonmycorrhiza, NM))森林的总NPP、地上和地下NPP、树木主干NPP、树叶NPP, 以及树木细根NPP对年平均气温变化的响应。结果表明, 不同菌根类型的森林总NPP、地上和地下NPP虽然都随气温的升高呈现上升的趋势, 但其响应程度因菌根类型的不同而有所差异。除AM和AM + ECM + EEM类型的森林外, 其他4种菌根类型的森林总NPP都随年平均气温的增加而显著增加; 随着菌根类型的不同, 地上和地下NPP对年平均气温变化的响应程度也存在差异, 在AM + ECM类型的森林中, 气温对地上NPP变异的解释率最高, 达到57.27%, 而地下NPP仅在ECM类型和ECM + EEM类型的森林中呈现出与年平均气温显著的回归关系。树木主干、树叶和细根的NPP则随菌根类型的不同而变化, 与气温变化呈现正、负相关关系。从AM与ECM类型的森林的NPP来看, 无论是总NPP还是各个组成部分的NPP, ECM类型的森林的NPP对气温的响应总是较AM类型更为敏感。可见, 不同类型的菌根通过影响森林不同部分的NPP对气温变化的响应程度而影响到森林NPP对气温变化的响应。这表明菌根类型是预测气温变化对森林NPP影响的重要指标。     

Forest soil CO2 flux: uncovering the contribution and environmental responses of ectomycorrhizas

Forests play a critical role in the global carbon cycle, being considered an important and continuing carbon sink. However, the response of carbon sequestration in forests to global climate change remains a major uncertainty, with a particularly poor understanding of the origins and environmental responses of soil CO₂ efflux. For example, despite their large biomass, the contribution of ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungi to forest soil CO₂ efflux and responses to changes in environmental drivers has, to date, not been quantified in the field. Their activity is often simplistically included in the ‘autotrophic’ root respiration term. We set up a multiplexed continuous soil respiration measurement system in a young Lodgepole pine forest, using a mycorrhizal mesh collar design, to monitor the three main soil CO₂ efflux components: root, extraradical mycorrhizal hyphal, and soil heterotrophic respiration. Mycorrhizal hyphal respiration increased during the first month after collar insertion and thereafter remained remarkably stable. During autumn the soil CO₂ flux components could be divided into ∼60% soil heterotrophic, ∼25% EM hyphal, and ∼15% root fluxes. Thus the extraradical EM mycelium can contribute substantially more to soil CO₂ flux than do roots. While EM hyphal respiration responded strongly to reductions in soil moisture and appeared to be highly dependent on assimilate supply, it did not responded directly to changes in soil temperature. It was mainly the soil heterotrophic flux component that caused the commonly observed exponential relationship with temperature. Our results strongly suggest that accurate modelling of soil respiration, particularly in forest ecosystems, needs to explicitly consider the mycorrhizal mycelium and its dynamic response to specific environmental factors. Moreover, we propose that in forest ecosystems the mycorrhizal CO₂ flux component represents an overflow ‘CO₂ tap’ through which surplus plant carbon may be returned directly to the atmosphere, thus limiting expected carbon sequestration from trees under elevated CO₂.     

Tree mycorrhizal type predicts within‐site variability in the storage and distribution of soil organic matter

Forest soils store large amounts of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N), yet how predicted shifts in forest composition will impact long‐term C and N persistence remains poorly understood. A recent hypothesis predicts that soils under trees associated with arbuscular mycorrhizas (AM) store less C than soils dominated by trees associated with ectomycorrhizas (ECM), due to slower decomposition in ECM‐dominated forests. However, an incipient hypothesis predicts that systems with rapid decomposition—e.g. most AM‐dominated forests—enhance soil organic matter (SOM) stabilization by accelerating the production of microbial residues. To address these contrasting predictions, we quantified soil C and N to 1 m depth across gradients of ECM‐dominance in three temperate forests. By focusing on sites where AM‐ and ECM‐plants co‐occur, our analysis controls for climatic factors that covary with mycorrhizal dominance across broad scales. We found that while ECM stands contain more SOM in topsoil, AM stands contain more SOM when subsoil to 1 m depth is included. Biomarkers and soil fractionations reveal that these patterns are driven by an accumulation of microbial residues in AM‐dominated soils. Collectively, our results support emerging theory on SOM formation, demonstrate the importance of subsurface soils in mediating plant effects on soil C and N, and indicate that shifts in the mycorrhizal composition of temperate forests may alter the stabilization of SOM.     

Nitrogen balance in forest soils: nutritional limitation of plants under climate change stresses

Forest ecosystems with low soil nitrogen (N) availability are characterized by direct competition for this growth-limiting resource between several players, i.e. various components of vegetation, such as old-growth trees, natural regeneration and understorey species, mycorrhizal fungi, free-living fungi and bacteria. With the increase in frequency and intensity of extreme climate events predicted in current climate change scenarios, also competition for N between plants and/or soil microorganisms will be affected. In this review, we summarize the present understanding of ecosystem N cycling in N-limited forests and its interaction with extreme climate events, such as heat, drought and flooding. More specifically, the impacts of environmental stresses on microbial release and consumption of bioavailable N, N uptake and competition between plants, as well as plant and microbial uptake are presented. Furthermore, the consequences of drying–wetting cycles on N cycling are discussed. Additionally, we highlight the current methodological difficulties that limit present understanding of N cycling in forest ecosystems and the need for interdisciplinary studies.     

Mycorrhizal Response to Experimental pH and P Manipulation in Acidic Hardwood Forests

Many temperate forests of the Northeastern United States and Europe have received significant anthropogenic acid and nitrogen (N) deposition over the last century. Although temperate hardwood forests are generally thought to be N-limited, anthropogenic deposition increases the possibility of phosphorus (P) limiting productivity in these forest ecosystems. Moreover, inorganic P availability is largely controlled by soil pH and biogeochemical theory suggests that forests with acidic soils (i.e., <pH 5) are particularly vulnerable to P limitation. Results from previous studies in these systems are mixed with evidence both for and against P limitation. We hypothesized that shifts in mycorrhizal colonization and community structure help temperate forest ecosystems overcome an underlying P limitation by accessing mineral and organic P sources that are otherwise unavailable for direct plant uptake. We examined arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) and ectomycorrhizal (EcM) communities and soil microbial activity in an ecosystem-level experiment where soil pH and P availability were manipulated in mixed deciduous forests across eastern Ohio, USA. One year after treatment initiation, AM root biomass was positively correlated with the most available P pool, resin P, while AM colonization was negatively correlated. In total, 15,876 EcM root tips were identified and assigned to 26 genera and 219 operational taxonomic units (97% similarity). Ectomycorrhizal richness and root tip abundance were negatively correlated with the moderately available P pools, while the relative percent of tips colonized by Ascomycetes was positively correlated with soil pH. Canonical correspondence analysis revealed regional, but not treatment, differences in AM communities, while EcM communities had both treatment and regional differences. Our findings highlight the complex interactions between mycorrhizae and the soil environment and further underscore the fact that mycorrhizal communities do not merely reflect the host plant community.     

Root exudates and their ecological consequences in forest ecosystems: Problems and perspective

植物根际过程与调控机理研究已成为当前土壤学最活跃、最敏感的研究领域, 而根系分泌物作为根系-土壤-微生物界面物质能量交换和信息传递的重要媒介物质, 是构成根际微生态系统活力与功能特征的内在驱动因素, 是根际概念与根际过程存在的重要前提和基础。然而, 由于传统的根际过程研究更强调以实际生产问题为导向, 加之农作物生长周期较短、操作便利等诸多因素, 以往对植物根系分泌物研究主要聚焦在农业生态系统, 而有关根系分泌物在森林生态系统中的重要作用与调控机理研究甚少, 认识相对零散和片段化。基于此, 该文结合作者实际研究工作中的主要成果和该领域国际前沿动态, 综述了森林根系分泌物的生态重要性, 重点论述了目前森林根系分泌物生态学研究中存在的主要问题与不足, 在此基础上展望了未来森林根系分泌物生态学研究中值得关注的重点方向和研究内容。     

Current forest carbon stocks and carbon sequestration potential in Anhui Province,China

Aims
This study was conducted to investigate carbon stocks in forest ecosystems of different stand ages in Anhui Province, and to identify the carbon sequestration potential of climax forests controlled by the natural environment conditions.
Methods
Data were collected based on field investigations and simulations were made with the BIOME4 carbon cycle model.
Important findings
Currently, the total forest carbon stocks in Anhui Province amounts to 714.5 Tg C: 402.1 Tg C in vegetation and 312.4 Tg C in soil. Generally, both the total and vegetation carbon density exhibit an increasing trend with the natural growth of forest stands. Soil carbon density increases from young to near mature forests, and then gradually decreases thereafter. Young and middle-aged forests account for 75% of the total forest area in Anhui Province, with potentially an additional 125.4 Tg C to be gained after the young and middle-aged forests reach near mature stage. Results of BIOME4 simulations show that potentially an additional 245.7 Tg C, including 153.7 Tg C in vegetation and 92 Tg C in soil, could be gained if the current forests are transformed into climax forest ecosystems in Anhui Province.     

森林生态系统碳循环对全球氮沉降的响应

森林土壤和植被储存着全球陆地生态系统大约46%的碳,在全球碳平衡中起着非常重要的作用。过去几十年来,森林生态系统的碳循环和碳吸存受到了全球氮沉降的深刻影响,因为氮沉降改变了陆地生态系统的生产力和生物量积累。以欧洲和北美温带森林区域开展的研究为基础,综述了氮沉降对植物光合作用、土壤呼吸、土壤DOM及林木生长的影响特征和机理,探讨了森林生态系统碳动态对氮沉降响应的不确定性因素。热带森林C、N循环与大部分温带森林不同,人为输入的氮对热带生态系统过程的影响也可能不同,因此指出了在热带地区开展碳氮循环耦合研究的必要性和紧迫性。     

Responses of Bradford-reactive soil protein to experimental nitrogen addition in three forest communities in northern lower Michigan

Increased use of anthropogenically fixed N and the release of N in combustion products have led to concerns about possible long-term impacts on terrestrial ecosystems. Previous studies demonstrating the potential of atmospheric N deposition to influence forest soil carbon have focused on decomposition processes with much less known about potential impacts on mycorrhiza-derived carbon. Glomalin is a unique glycoprotein produced by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi that has been implicated in the formation of soil aggregates and potentially a significant store of soil carbon. To determine the possible impact of experimental N deposition of such stores we examined the operationally defined glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP) levels over two growing seasons in three forest types receiving background N deposition (control) or treated with 80 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ as NaNO₃. Three sites of each of three forest types, sugar maple-basswood (SMBW), sugar maple-red oak (SMRO), and black oak-white oak (BOWO), in northern Lower Michigan were studied during the 2001 and 2002 growing seasons. GRSP were extracted from air-dried soils with citric acid and measured by the Bradford method. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences related to forest type and sample date in easily extractable Bradford reactive (EE-BRSP) and Bradford-reactive soil protein (BRSP), but failed to detect significant effects of experimental N amendment. EE-BRSP and BRSP varied in a pattern that was consistent with an AM fungal origin; a pattern that reflected the mycorrhizal types of the dominant over and understory plants of each forest ecosystem. SMBW forests dominated by AM plants had the highest levels of protein. BOWO forests with low AM plant cover had the lowest protein levels and SMRO forests were intermediate. Both Bradford-reactive fractions and their ratio varied seasonally, generally being highest in fall samples. Significant correlations observed between BRSP fractions, phosphorous, and soil organic matter were likely related to covariation of soil properties across forest types. While not statistically significant, response patterns of BRSP to N deposition were ecosystem-specific and reflected mycorrhizal types of dominant species. Abundance of these proteins reflected previously observed changes in SOC in the two forest types examined with abundant AM hosts. Specifically, nitrate addition led to BRSP decreases in SMBW and increases in SMRO forests. Changes in BRSP accounted for a small fraction of the changes in SOC; appearing to increase as a fraction of residual SOC consistent with the idea that GRSP are recalcitrant. BRSP remained unchanged at BOWO sites despite a significant increase in SOC at these sites. Our results point to the potential of proteins as contributors to differential, mycorrhizal type-specific responses to changes in soil carbon following N amendment.     

森林土壤酶对环境变化的响应研究进展

全球气候变化已是不争的事实,对陆地生态系统特别是森林生态系统物质循环将产生显著的影响。土壤酶是森林土壤物质循环的主要限制因素之一,对气候变化的响应近年来受到广泛关注。由于森林土壤酶对全球气候变化的响应研究是预测未来环境变化对森林生态系统过程影响的关键,因此,着重综述了森林土壤酶对环境变化尤其是全球变暖和氮沉降响应方面的研究,并分析了未来研究的主要方向。环境变化会引起土壤p H、水分及其营养成分的变化,而这些变化会反作用于土壤酶的活性和稳定性。森林土壤酶对增温的响应,不仅与酶的种类以及增温的温度范围和持续时间有关,还与土壤类型有关,是多种因子综合作用的结果。森林土壤酶对氮添加的响应与林分类型和土层类型有关,受复合氮的影响更大。建议未来的研究应加强酶的基本性质对环境变化的响应研究,注重林分类型、土层类型导致的差异,强化多因素的交互作用,并进行长期、综合的观测。     

我国东北森林土壤动物生态学研究现状与展望

土壤动物在生态系统养分循环和能量流动中起到重要的作用。近年来土壤动物生态学研究已成为当前生态学研究的热点与前沿领域。土壤动物生态学研究在国际上已有60多年的历史, 但在我国真正意义上的土壤动物生态学研究起始于20世纪70年代末东北长白山的研究。本文概述了东北森林土壤动物生态学研究的三个阶段, 并重点从以下方面总结了近10年的研究现状与进展: 土壤动物分布格局及多样性、土壤动物对环境因子的响应、土壤动物在生态系统中的功能作用研究。本文可为进一步拓展东北森林土壤动物生态学研究并为我国其他地区深入开展土壤动物生态学研究提供参考。未来东北森林土壤动物生态学研究应该关注: 土壤动物与微生物交互作用、土壤动物对全球变化的响应、地上与地下生态系统的交互作用以及分子生物学技术在土壤生物研究中的应用。     

Ecosystem carbon stock and within-system distribution in successional Fagus lucida forests in Mt. Yueliang,Guizhou, China

林龄对森林生态系统碳储量及其在不同碳组分(植被、木质残体、凋落物和土壤)中的分配有着重要影响。亚热带森林在陆地生态系统碳循环中起着重要作用, 水青冈属(Fagus)植物是我国亚热带广泛分布的重要树种, 而有关水青冈林碳储量随林龄变化的研究在我国鲜有报道。该研究选取贵州月亮山3个演替阶段(林龄分别为33年、82年和208年)的亮叶水青冈(Fagus lucida)林为研究对象, 对其生态系统全组分的碳储量及其分配格局进行了调查与估算。研究发现, 随林龄增加, 亮叶水青冈林生态系统碳储量显著增加, 33年、82年和208年林分别为(186.9 ± 46.0)、(265.8 ± 82.3)和(515.1 ± 176.4) Mg·hm ^-2, 且生态系统碳储量的增加主要由植被碳储量(占比由32%增长至79%)贡献。凋落物与木质残体碳储量随林龄增加亦呈增加趋势, 但二者占生态系统碳储量的比例很小(<1%)。而不同林龄土壤碳储量无显著差异, 其占比由33年林的67%降至208年林的20%。这些结果验证了林龄对森林生态系统各组分碳储量及其分配的重要影响, 同时指出干扰和土地利用历史等对森林植物残体和土壤碳积累的重要作用。     

氮添加对森林植物磷含量的影响及其机制

氮沉降对森林生态系统磷循环产生了不可忽视的影响, 尤其是加剧了植物生长的磷限制, 从而使得氮沉降背景下植物磷含量变化备受关注。该文综述了氮添加对森林植物磷含量的影响, 认为氮添加通过促进土壤磷酸酶活性进而提高土壤有效磷含量, 有利于植物的磷吸收并增加植物磷含量。同时, 森林植物磷含量对氮添加的响应还受物种、生活型以及施氮时间长短等因素的影响。基于森林植物磷含量对氮添加响应的差异性, 该文进一步探讨氮富集背景下森林植物磷含量变化的可能机制: 1)外源氮输入通过改变土壤中有效磷含量从而对植物磷的来源产生影响; 2)通过影响植物的根系分泌物、菌根共生和根系形态结构等进而影响植物的磷吸收能力; 3)通过影响植物的磷养分再分配、磷养分重吸收对植物磷利用效率产生影响。综上所述, 外源氮输入使植物磷含量发生改变, 首要原因是土壤有效磷含量的改变, 其次是植物磷吸收能力和磷利用效率的改变起调控作用。     

Nitrogen Uptake by Trees and Mycorrhizal Fungi in a Successional Northern Temperate Forest: Insights from Multiple Isotopic Methods

Forest succession may cause changes in nitrogen (N) availability, vegetation and fungal community composition that affect N uptake by trees and their mycorrhizal symbionts. Understanding how these changes affect the functioning of the mycorrhizal symbiosis is of interest to ecosystem ecology because of the fundamental roles mycorrhizae play in providing nutrition to trees and structuring forest ecosystems. We investigated changes in tree and mycorrhizal fungal community composition, the availability and uptake of N by trees and mycorrhizal fungi in a forest undergoing a successional transition (age-related loss of early successional tree taxa). In this system, 82–96% of mycorrhizal hyphae were ectomycorrhizal (EM). As biomass production of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) trees increased, AM hyphae comprised a significantly greater proportion of total fungal hyphae, and the EM contribution to the N requirement of EM-associated tree taxa declined from greater than 75% to less than 60%. Increasing N availability was associated with lower EM hyphal foraging and ¹⁵N tracer uptake, yet the EM-associated later-successional species Quercus rubra was nonetheless a stronger competitor for ¹⁵N than AM-associated Acer rubrum, likely due to the more extensive nature of the persistent EM hyphal network. These results indicate that successional increases in N availability and co-dominance by AM-associated trees have increased the importance of AM fungi in the mycorrhizal community, while down-regulating EM N acquisition and transfer processes. This work advances understanding of linkages between tree and fungal community composition, and indicates that successional changes in N availability may affect competition between tree taxa with divergent resource acquisition strategies.