紫外线诱导的DNA损伤与皮肤癌的发生(2)

p53基因长期的UV照射之后,能导致p53基因发生突变。在角化细胞中,p53突变可能是UV诱导的皮肤癌变发生的原发因素,因为p53突变将阻止UV损伤的修复以及严重损伤引起的细胞凋亡。突变细胞争夺周围正常的角化细胞的营养,以克隆繁殖形式扩增,导致上皮表现出p53突变细胞增殖。长期太阳光暴露还会引起其他未知基因突变。     

DNA的紫外线损伤与修复

ＤＮＡ的紫外线损伤与修复张海赖兵（北京大学生命科学学院生物化学及分子生物学系,北京市１００８７１）ＤＮＡ的损伤是指在外界因素作用下,ＤＮＡ的结构发生变化,ＤＮＡ损伤通过转录,翻译的产物———ＲＮＡ与蛋白质,来作用细胞,并影响其代谢。为了防止ＤＮＡ损伤...     

BRCA1蛋白参与DNA双链损伤应答

BRCA1是乳腺癌易感基因,负责维持细胞基因组的稳定性,防止调控细胞增殖和肿瘤生长的基因突变的积累。BRCA1基因蛋白产物结构复杂,功能多样,是细胞内重要的多功能蛋白,参与执行多种生理代谢过程。本主要探讨了BRCA1蛋白应答DNA双链损伤过程中所伴随的一系列信号传导的历程,阐述了连续的生理生化反应中BRCA1蛋白所发挥的作用。     

原子力显微镜观测紫外线诱导的K562肿瘤细胞DNA损伤

利用彗星电泳检测出UVB、UVC短时间照射会使肿瘤细胞的DNA发生断裂,而长时间照射之后彗星电泳无法检测到碎片,推测可能是由于DNA分子交联的原因[1],国内外尚无定论.为了更直观的研究这种现象,提取了UVB,UVA照射后K562细胞的DNA,并调节到合适的浓度在原子力显微镜下观测.实验结果表明UVB对K562肿瘤细胞DNA损伤的影响呈现时间/剂量效应,较短时间照射主要产生DNA的链断裂,较长时间辐射则主要产生DNA链的交联.UVC对K562肿瘤细胞DNA的损伤大于UVB.UVC短时照射即可引起DNA的断裂和交联,较长时间辐射主要产生交联和一些断裂;长时间照射不但产生大量交联,同时有大量断裂产生,并发生凝缩和缠绕等结构破坏.     

镉诱导拟南芥幼苗DNA损伤

采用随机扩增多态性DNA(random amplified polymorphic DNA,RAPD)标记技术,并结合幼苗的形态和生理指标,研究镉(Cd)胁迫对拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)幼苗基因组DNA损伤的影响.结果表明,不同浓度(0.25 ～5.0 mg·L-1)Cd处理24 d后,拟南芥幼苗根生长受到显著抑制,地上部分可溶性蛋白质含量呈先升高后降低的趋势,但对拟南芥幼苗叶片数、鲜重及叶绿素含量影响不大.选用12条寡核苷酸引物对拟南芥幼苗地上部分与根系基因组DNA进行PCR( polymerase chain reaction)扩增,发现处理组与对照组RAPD图谱之间存在明显差异,且与镉浓度之间存在剂量-效应关系.基因组模板的稳定性(genomic template stability,GTS)随着Cd浓度的增加而降低.3个处理组幼苗地上部分GTS分别为91％、89％和80％;相应根部GTS分别为71％、67％和60％.研究表明,利用RAPD技术获得的拟南芥DNA多态性变化可作为检测镉遗传毒性效应的生物标记物.比照其他几个指标,拟南芥幼苗根部RAPD谱带变化的敏感性更为优异,具有较好的应用前景.     

病毒感染与宿主细胞DNA损伤应答

病毒感染宿主细胞后,利用细胞内的营养物质和原料进行复制和增殖,同时能引起宿主细胞启动抗病毒免疫应答的防御机制。此外,近年来的研究还表明病毒感染能够引起宿主细胞的DNA损伤应答,该反应是细胞另一种防止病毒入侵的自我保护机制。同时发现,病毒在长期进化过程中形成了不同的机制来对抗宿主细胞的DNA损伤应答,从而消除细胞对其复制和繁殖产生的不利影响。因此,研究和阐述病毒感染后引起宿主细胞DNA损伤应答途径的机制,可使我们采取相应对策选择新的抗病毒靶点,从而有利于新型抗病毒药物的开发。     

哺乳动物卵母细胞的DNA损伤与修复研究进展

DNA损伤是影响配子发生和胚胎发育的关键因素之一。卵母细胞容易被各种内外源因素(如活性氧、辐射、化疗药物等)诱发DNA损伤。目前研究发现,对于各类DNA损伤,各发育阶段的卵母细胞能够做出相应的DNA损伤反应,通过复杂的机制对DNA进行修复或者启动细胞凋亡。相比于进入生长阶段的卵母细胞,原始卵泡卵母细胞更容易被DNA损伤诱导凋亡。DNA损伤不易诱导卵母细胞减数分裂成熟进程停滞,然而携带DNA损伤的卵母细胞的发育能力明显下降。在临床上,衰老、放疗和化疗是导致女性卵母细胞DNA损伤、卵巢储备降低和不孕的常见原因。为此,人们尝试了能够减轻卵母细胞DNA损伤和增强DNA修复能力的多种方法,试图保护卵母细胞。本文对哺乳动物的各发育阶段卵母细胞的DNA损伤与修复的相关研究进行了梳理和总结,并讨论了其潜在的临床价值,以期为生育力保护提供新的策略。     

DNA损伤修复与亨廷顿病的发生机制

亨廷顿病(Huntington’s disease,HD)是一种常染色体显性遗传的神经退行性疾病,是由于亨廷顿基因(Htt)发生突变而导致的,突变的亨廷顿蛋白(mutant huntingtin,m Htt)会在胞内产生聚集引起细胞功能异常并引发神经退行.亨廷顿病的具体分子机制有多种假说,例如氧化压力、线粒体功能异常等.2017年《自然》(Nature)杂志发文认为DNA损伤修复异常是神经退行性疾病发生的共同机制.大量证据显示,DNA损伤修复在HD的发生中扮演着重要角色,Htt突变会引发多种DNA损伤以及修复通路的过度激活,HD细胞对离子辐射敏感同时存在双链断裂修复缺陷,同时Htt突变会阻碍DNA修复关键因子共济失调毛细血管扩张突变(ATM)蛋白在DNA修复中正常功能的发挥.DNA修复通路还是HD发病年龄的重要影响因素.此外,将ATM做为治疗靶点能够减轻突变Htt引发的细胞毒性以及动物模型的疾病进程.ATM还在维持细胞稳态和线粒体信号中起着关键作用,鉴于线粒体异常与HD发病的相关性,ATM作为治疗靶点的分子机制也逐渐明朗.本文着重于介绍DNA损伤修复与亨廷顿病的发生机理的研究进展,为阐明HD的发病机理,开发有效的治疗手段提供思路.     

单克隆抗体ELISA测定UVB诱导的DNA损伤(英文)

本文采用单克隆抗体酶联免疫吸附分析法测定了ＵＶＢ诱导ＤＮＡ产生的ＣＰＤ和６４ＰＰ。经０．５ｍＷ／ｃｍ２ＵＶＢ处理１５ｍｉｎ的小牛胸腺和鲱鱼精ＤＮＡ,ＣＰＤ和６４ＰＰ含量显著增加,而未经ＵＶＢ处理的对照ＤＮＡ则没有二聚体形成。     

DNA损伤检验点与损伤修复及基因组稳定性

生物有机体基因组DNA经常会受到内源或外源因素的影响而导致结构发生变化,产生损伤;在长期进化过程中,有机体也相应形成了一系列应对与修复损伤DNA,并维持染色体基因组正常结构功能的机制。其中DNA损伤检验点（DNA damage checkpoint）就是在感应DNA损伤的基础上,对损伤感应信号进行转导,或引起细胞周期的暂停,从而使细胞有足够的时间对损伤DNA进行修复,或最终导致细胞发生凋亡。DNA损伤检验点信号转导途径是一个高度保守的信号感应过程,整个途径大致可以分为损伤感应、信号传递及信号效应3个组成部分。其中3-磷脂酰肌醇激酶家族类成员ATM（ataxia-telangiectasia mutated）和ATR（ataxia-telangiectasia and Rad3-related）活性的增加构成整个途径活化的第一步。它们通过激活下游的效应激酶,Chk2／Chk1,通过协同作用许多其他调控细胞周期、DNA复制、DNA损伤修复及细胞凋亡等过程的蛋白质因子来实现细胞对DNA损伤的高度协调反应。近十几年,随着此领域研究的不断深入,人们逐步揭示了DNA损伤检验点途径发生过程中,各种核心组分通过与不同调节因子、效应因子及DNA损伤修复蛋白间的复杂相互作用,以实现监测感应异常DNA结构并实施相应反应的机制;其中,检验点衔接因子（mediators）及染色质结构,尤其是核小体组蛋白的共价修饰在调控ATM／ATR活性,促进ATM／ATR与底物间的相互作用以及介导DNA损伤位点周围染色质区域上多蛋白复合物在时间与空间上的动态形成发挥着重要的作用。同时,人们也开始发现DNA损伤检验点途径与DNA损伤修复、基因组稳定性以及肿瘤发生等过程之间某些内在的联系。该反应途径在通过协调细胞针对DNA损伤做出各种反应的基础上,直接或间接地参与或调控DNA损伤修复过程,并与DNA损伤修复途径协同作用最终保证染色体基凶组结构的完整性,而检验点途径的改变,则会引起基因组不稳定的发生,包括从突变频率的提高到大范围的染色体重排,以及染色体数量的畸变。如：突变发生在肿瘤形成早期,会大大增加肿瘤发生的几率。文章将对DNA损伤检验点途径机制及其对DNA损伤修复、基因组稳定性影响的最新进展进行综述。     

Inhibition of UV radiation-induced DNA damage by a 5-methoxypsoralen tan in human skin

Previously untanned buttock skin of 4 volunteers (skin type II; tan with difficulty as they sunburn easily) was treated with various sunscreen preparations and solar--simulated radiation (SSR) or SSR alone for 2 weeks. One week later, the treatment sites were challenged with a DNA-damaging dose of SSR--twice the minimal erythema dose (2 MED). Skin biopsy samples were assayed for the levels of unscheduled DNA synthesis (a measure of DNA damage), melanin distribution, and skin thickening. 5-Methoxypsoralen-containing sunscreen preparations plus SSR or SSR alone induced melanogenesis and increased the stratum corneum thickness, but only the former regimen afforded a high degree of protection against subsequent SSR-induced DNA damage. 5-Methoxypsoralen-free sunscreen preparations plus SSR induced negligible tanning, skin thickening, and photoprotection. These findings are relevant to the risk-benefit analysis of sunscreen preparations, especially in skin type II, as they provide evidence that a 5-methoxypsoralen-induced tan is protective against the DNA-damaging effects of solar UV radiation, and thus has the potential to reduce the carcinogenic risk of exposure to such radiation.     

UV clothing and skin cancer

Skin cancer incidence in Croatia is steadily increasing in spite of public and governmental permanently measurements. It is clear that will soon become a major public health problem. The primary cause of skin cancer is believed to be a long exposure to solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation. The future designers of UV protective materials should be able to block totally the ultraviolet radiation. The aim of this paper is to present results of measurements concerning UV protecting ability of garments and sun-screening textiles using transmission spectrophotometer Cary 50 Solarscreen (Varian) according to AS/NZS 4399:1996; to show that standard clothing materials are not always adequate to prevent effect of UV radiation to the human skin; and to suggest the possibilities for its improvement for this purpose.     

Xeroderma pigmentosum and the role of UV-induced DNA damage in skin cancer

Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is a rare, autosomal recessive disease that is characterized by the extreme sensitivity of the skin to sunlight. Compared to normal individuals, XP patients have a more than 1000-fold increased risk of developing cancer on sun-exposed areas of the skin. Genetic and molecular analyses have revealed that the repair of ultraviolet (UV)-induced DNA damage is impaired in XP patients owing to mutations in genes that form part of a DNA-repair pathway known as nucleotide excision repair (NER). Two other diseases, Cockayne syndrome (CS) and the photosensitive form of trichothiodystrophy (TTD), are linked to a defect in the NER pathway. Strikingly, although CS and TTD patients are UV-sensitive, they do not develop skin cancer. The recently developed animal models that mimic the human phenotypes of XP, CS and TTD will contribute to a better understanding of the etiology of these diseases and the role of UV-induced DNA damage in the development of skin cancer.     

Repair of UV damage in plasmid DNA by human fibroblasts

Summary Plasmid DNA from Bacillus subtilis was introduced into monolayers of human fibroblasts by means of a modification of the calcium phosphate coprecipitation technique, comprising centrifugation of the coprecipitate onto the cells and treatment with polyethyleneglycol. The amount of DNA resistant to removal from the monolayers ranged from 10% to 15% of the input DNA. By determination of the biological activity of the plasmid DNA, re-extracted after various periods following entry into the fibroblasts and subsequently used as donor for B. subtilis protoplasts, it was shown that the activity of the plasmid DNA was gradually lost. When ultraviolet light-inactivated plasmid DNA was used as donor, reactivation of the plasmid was observed, which was completed within 2 h. The dose-dependent incorporation of [¹⁴C]-thymidine suggests that DNA repair processes were involved in reactivation of the plasmid DNA.     

DNA damage by carbonyl stress in human skin cells

Reactive carbonyl species (RCS) are potent mediators of cellular carbonyl stress originating from endogenous chemical processes such as lipid peroxidation and glycation. Skin deterioration as observed in photoaging and diabetes has been linked to accumulative protein damage from glycation, but the effects of carbonyl stress on skin cell genomic integrity are ill defined. In this study, the genotoxic effects of acute carbonyl stress on HaCaT keratinocytes and CF3 fibroblasts were assessed. Administration of the alpha-dicarbonyl compounds glyoxal and methylglyoxal as physiologically relevant RCS inhibited skin cell proliferation, led to intra-cellular protein glycation as evidenced by the accumulation of N(epsilon)-(carboxymethyl)-L-lysine (CML) in histones, and caused extensive DNA strand cleavage as assessed by the comet assay. These effects were prevented by treatment with the carbonyl scavenger D-penicillamine. Both glyoxal and methylglyoxal damaged DNA in intact cells. Glyoxal caused DNA strand breaks while methylglyoxal produced extensive DNA-protein cross-linking as evidenced by pronounced nuclear condensation and total suppression of comet formation. Glycation by glyoxal and methylglyoxal resulted in histone cross-linking in vitro and induced oxygen-dependent cleavage of plasmid DNA, which was partly suppressed by the hydroxyl scavenger mannitol. We suggest that a chemical mechanism of cellular DNA damage by carbonyl stress occurs in which histone glycoxidation is followed by reactive oxygen induced DNA stand breaks. The genotoxic potential of RCS in cultured skin cells and its suppression by a carbonyl scavenger as described in this study have implications for skin damage and carcinogenesis and its prevention by agents selective for carbonyl stress.     

Mitochondrial DNA damage triggers mitochondrial-superoxide generation and apoptosis

Recently, it has become apparent that mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage can rapidly initiate apoptosis independent of mutations, although the mechanism involved remains unclear. To elucidate this mechanism, angiotensin II-mediated apoptosis was studied in cells that were transduced with a lentiviral vector to overexpress the DNA repair enzyme 8-oxoguanine glycosylase or were treated with inhibitors known to block angiotensin II-induced mtDNA damage. Cells exhibiting angiotensin II-induced mtDNA damage showed two phases of superoxide generation, the first derived from NAD(P)H oxidase and the second of mitochondrial origin, whereas cells prevented from experiencing mtDNA damage importantly exhibited only the first phase. Furthermore, cells with mtDNA damage demonstrated impairments in mitochondrial protein expression, cellular respiration, and complex 1 activity before the onset of the second phase of oxidation. After the second phase, the mitochondrial membrane potential collapsed, cytochrome c was released, and the cells underwent apoptosis, all of which were prevented by disrupting mtDNA damage. Collectively, these data reveal a novel mechanism of apoptosis that is initiated when mtDNA damage triggers mitochondrial superoxide generation and ultimately the activation of the mitochondrial permeability transition. This novel mechanism may play an important pathological role. angiotensin II; mitochondrial permeability transition pore; NADPH oxidase     

Oxidative DNA damage by vitamin A and its derivative via superoxide generation

Recent intervention studies revealed that beta-carotene supplement to smokers resulted in a higher incidence of lung cancer. However, the causal mechanisms remain to be clarified. We reported here that vitamin A (retinol) and its derivative (retinal) caused cellular DNA cleavage detected by pulsed field gel electrophoresis. Retinol and retinal significantly induced 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine formation in HL-60 cells but not in H(2)O(2)-resistant HP100 cells, suggesting the involvement of H(2)O(2) in cellular DNA damage. Experiments using (32)P-labeled isolated DNA demonstrated that retinol and retinal caused Cu(II)-mediated DNA damage, which was inhibited by catalase. UV-visible spectroscopic and electron spin resonance-trapping studies revealed the generation of superoxide and carbon-centered radicals, respectively. The superoxide generation during autoxidation of retinoids was significantly correlated with the formation of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine, although the yield of carbon-centered radicals was not necessarily related to the intensity of DNA damage. These findings suggest that superoxide generated by autoxidation of retinoids was dismutated to H(2)O(2), which was responsible for DNA damage in the presence of endogenous metals. Retinol and retinal have prooxidant abilities, which might lead to carcinogenesis of the supplements of beta-carotene.     

A wide-ranging cellular response to UV damage of DNA

The kinases ATM and ATR are central to proper function of the DNA damage response. These kinases phosphorylate proteins to coordinate cell cycle progression and DNA damage repair/bypass. We have recently reported a large-scale identification of ATM/ATR substrates phosphorylated in response to UV damage of DNA. Overall 231 sites of phosphorylation were induced by UV damage of DNA or dependent on proper function of ATR. The study expanded the number of phosphorylation sites from protein classes known to be involved in the DNA damage response. Further, many sites were identified from protein types not thought to have a role in damage signaling. This observation suggests that the DNA damage response affects a much wider range of cellular processes than was previously appreciated. This study has also extended the successful use of the PhosphoScan® proteomic method from phospho-tyrosine to serine/threonine motifs, providing a general blueprint to use the method to study signaling pathways underlying a wide range of diseases.