绵刺属的分布区及其区系地理成分

绘制了绵刺属新的分布区图。阐明了该属的生态地理分布的基本特征和规律。确定了其区系地理成分为“阿拉善-东戈壁”成分。     

On the dynamics of evolutionary discontinuities

Intraspecific competition and selection in polymorphic populations are considered as gradual, yet highly nonlinear, processes which possibly lead to structurally unstable states in species and ecosystems. Discontinuous genetic and morphological changes may thus occur, which are interpreted as evolutionary “catastrophes,” that is, instantaneous transitions between distant, secularly stable evolutionary branches. It is argued that evolutionary gradualism and saltationism represent complementary modes of macroevolution corresponding respectively to the local and global topographical structure of adaptive surfaces.     

长江源区植物区系研究

长江源区位于青海省西南部 ,北纬 31°35′～ 36°30′,东经 89°35′～ 97°55′。本地区共有种子植物 62科、32 1属、1 377种。区系特征表现为 :1 .温带成分占 96.81 % ,以绝对优势确定了本区系明显的温带性质。2 .世界成分多为衍生 ,更兼所含的中国特有属亦多为衍生 ,表明本区系的年轻性和衍生的性质。 3.主要植被均属典型的高寒类型 ,它们的建群种亦多为典型的高寒植被的特征种。所以 ,本区系高寒植被典型 ,特征种典型 ,高寒区系特色明显。4.生态环境对本区系特征的塑造表现为高寒生态因子的选择和高山特化的作用强烈 ,而在一定程度上湿冷生性质和寒旱生性质的高山特化作用更为明显。长江源区的植物区系是唐古特地区高山区系的代表之一。在中国特有种的分析中 ,本区系与横断山和甘肃南部区系的联系最为密切 ,三者间的共有种最为丰富 ,有 593种 ,占本区中国特有种的 74.69%。关于唐古特地区的南部界线 ,作者认为 ,李锡文等 (1 993)的“川西北、甘西南、青东南小区”同唐古特地区关系最为密切 ,若能在考虑这一因素的前提下来划分似乎更合适 ,也更能体现唐古特地区作为一个独立区系的自然界线。     

喀喇昆仑山和昆仑山地区禾本科植物区系

喀喇昆仑山和昆仑山地区的禾本科植物除去栽培种类外共有47属,含161种.分析表明:(1)本区的禾本科植物主要是由北温带成分组成,并兼有丰富的旧世界温带成分和其他温带成分,温带性质明显.(2)本区所分布的泛热带成分无一例外地都能够延伸到温带地区,应属一类具有一定程度温带性质的泛热带分布类型.一些种类如蔗茅(Erianthus ravennae)的出现是从地中海地区经中亚分布到本区的.(3)本区的禾本科植物绝大多数属于温寒地带分布类型,因而具有明显的高原、高山植物区系的特征,主要有固沙草属(Orinus)、看麦娘属(Alopecurus)、披碱草属(Elymus)、三毛草属(Trisetum)、扇穗茅属(Littledalea)、偃麦草属(Elytrigia)、冠毛草属(Stephanachne) 和拟沿沟草属(Paracolpodium)等,这是本区的高山特化和寒旱化适应现象在禾本科植物中的突出表现.(4)本区无特有属,特有种亦较少,这种现象是有其自然和历史原因的.大多数的单种属和寡种属都是从它们各自广布的近缘属中衍生而来,表明本区系是一个年轻的、衍生的区系.例如细柄茅属(Ptilagrostis)之从针茅属(Stipa),钝基草属(Timoria)之从芨芨草属(Achnatherum)等.(5)本区系同周围区系的联系广泛,但同西藏区系的关系最为密切.     

Long-term variations in waterfowl populations in Loch Leven: identifying discontinuities between local and national trends

Loch Leven has been designated as a UK Ramsar Site (1976), a Site of Special Scientific Interest (1985) and a Special Protection Area (2000) due to its importance as a site for overwintering waterfowl. However, no comprehensive assessment of trends in waterfowl at the local versus national scale has been conducted at the site. Coherence between trends in 5-year mean species abundance for Loch Leven and Underhill Indexing Method values for Scotland (or GB in the case of geese) were assessed using principal components analysis for ten study species between 1968 and 2006. Five species showed trends at Loch Leven that were coherent with those at the Scottish scale (Eurasian Teal, Mute Swan, Great Cormorant, Pink-footed and Greylag geese). These species may not respond positively to local scale management. However, the other five species (Mallard, Coot, Great Crested Grebe, Tufted Duck and Pochard) showed distinct differences between local and national trends. A study of the feeding ecology for these species, the re-establishment of ringing effort and an assessment of waterfowl–wetland relationships are recommended to determine how changes in local food resources and habitat quality interact with macro-scale population dynamics to influence local and regional patterns of abundance.     

中国青藏高原北部戈壁区种子植物物种组成及其区系特征

青藏高原北部戈壁区海拔变化幅度大,极端干旱、低温且大风,特殊环境条件导致该区种子植物区系组成有别于其他戈壁区。本文在野外调查的基础上,对该区种子植物组成与植物区系特征进行了分析。结果显示：（1）青藏高原北部戈壁区种子植物组成贫乏,调查中共记录种子植物17科50属69种,以灌木、半灌木及多年生草本为主;（2）该区含属、种数较多的科有：藜科、菊科、柽柳科、禾本科、豆科等,科内物种组成简单,优势物种主要有：红砂（Reaumuria songarica（Pall.） Maxim.）、驼绒藜（Ceratoides latens（J.F.Gmel.） Reveal et Holmgren）、合头藜（Sympegma regelii Bunge）、沙拐枣（Calligonum mongolicum Turcz.）、膜果麻黄（Ephedra przewalskii Stapf）、松叶猪毛菜（Salsola laricifolia Turcz.ex Litv.）等;（3）种子植物区系地理成分较为复杂,其中科的分布区类型以世界分布型占绝对优势,属的分布区类型以北温带分布及地中海区、西亚至中亚分布类型为重要成分;中国特有、戈壁区特有植物在植被组成中多为建群种或优势种;（4）与其他荒漠区相比,该区北温带分布及其变型,地中海区、西亚至中亚分布及其变型的比例达65%以上,显著高于黑戈壁地区、临近的库姆塔格沙漠及整个西北荒漠区。该区种子植物区系组成具有一定特殊性与过渡性特征。     

太行山脉东坡中南段种子植物区系初步分析

太行山脉东坡中南段分布有种子植物106科、464属、942种。对该地区种子植物区系进行了统计分析,结果表明:(1)本地区种子植物种类不丰富,有裸子植物2科, 4属, 5种;单子叶植物16科, 88属, 173种;双子叶植物88科, 372属, 764种。(2)属的地理分布类型多样,有15个分布类型及12个变型。其中温带成分占73.25%,具有明显的优势。热带成分占23.75%。(3)古老、残遗、原始成分较多,反映该地区植物区系具有一定的古老性。(4)有中国种子植物特有属12属,国家级保护植物11种。分析认为该地区是华北植物区系的重要组成部分。     

秦岭南坡中段种子植物区系初步分析

秦岭南坡中段有种子植物152科,815属,2184种,对该地区植物区系进行了统计分析,结果表明,（1）本地区种子植物种类丰富,共有裸子植物5科,15属,30种,单子叶植物23科,169属,390种;双子叶植物124科,631属,1764种。（2）属的地理分布类型种类多,有15个分布类型及19个变型,其中温带成分占64.17%,具一定的优势。但同时表现亚热带成分向温带成分过渡的特点。（3）本地区植物古老、残遗、原始成分多,反映了该地区植物区系古老的性质。（4）有中国种子植物特有属41属。国家级保护植物32种,分析结果认为本地区是秦岭种子植物区系的重要组成部分。     

A new approach to the species classification problem in floristic analysis

A new method of species (inverse) classification of vegetation data, i.e. classification of species into groups with similar ecological tolerances, is presented which overcomes the problems of species abundance distorting the results. The algorithm TWO-STEP is based on the use of an asymmetric measure of dissimilarity: where i, j are species, h is the stand, n is the total number of stands, and x_ih is the amount of species i in stand h. The algorithm uses the rows of the asymmetric dissimilarity matrix generated as above to form a second symmetric dissimilarity matrix using the measure: where m is the number of species and k the species. Flexible sorting is applied to generate a species classification. Comparison of results after applying the TWO-STEP algorithm and a standard alternative to an artificial data set demonstrates its efficacy. TWO-STEP also shows considerable advantages over previous analyses for a Queensland rainforest data set (quantitative) and an English heath (qualitative) data set. Normalization of species data appears advantageous for quantitative data only.     

On the analogy of stability of tangential discontinuities in hydrodynamics and in nonisothermal collisionless plasma

Analogy between stability of tangential discontinuities in an ideal liquid in conventional hydrodynamics and in collisionless nonisothermal plasma with T _e ≫ T _i is shown. The difference is due to specific features of dispersion of ion sound waves in nonisothermal plasma in the short-wavelength range, in which the lasma quasineutrality is violated and the dispersion curve tends to the ion Langmuir frequency.     

Maps of relative floristic ignorance and virtual floristic lists: An R package to incorporate uncertainty in mapping and analysing biodiversity data

The vast amount of occurrence records currently available offers increasing opportunities for biodiversity data analyses. This amount of data poses new challenges for the reliability and correct interpretation of the results. Indeed, to safely deal with occurrence records, their uncertainty and associated biases should be taken into account. We developed an R package to explicitly include spatial and temporal uncertainties during the mapping and listing of plant occurrence records for a given study area. Our workflow returns two objects: (a) a ‘Map of Relative Floristic Ignorance’ (MRFI), which represents the spatial distribution of the lack of floristic knowledge; (b) a ‘Virtual Floristic List’ (VFL), i.e. a list of taxa potentially occurring in the area with an associated probability of occurrence. The method implemented in the package can manage a large amount of occurrence data and represents relative floristic ignorance across a study area with a sustainable computational effort. Several parameters can be set by the user, conferring high flexibility to the method. Uncertainty is not avoided, but incorporated into biodiversity analyses through appropriate methodological approaches and innovative spatial representations. Our study introduces a workflow that pushes forward the analytical capacities to deal with uncertainty in biological occurrence records, allowing to produce more accurate outputs.