Evaluation of tobacco soil fertility suitability of the Sanmenxia area, China, based on geographic information systems

The growth of flue-cured tobacco is sensitive to changes in environmental conditions. Excellent tobacco leaf production is strictly restricted by regional cultivated lands. For the purpose of reasonable utilization and scientific management of Sanmenxia tobacco fields, it is meaningful to evaluate the soil fertility suitability of tobacco crops quantitatively and objectively. In this study, the global positioning system (GPS) technology was used to obtain sample point information automatically. Based on the analysis of fertility properties of soil samples collected from the Sanmenxia tobacco planting regions in Henan Province, we present the index system of soil fertility suitability for tobacco crops. The integrated evaluation of soil fertility suitability was studied with six indices, including organic matter, pH value, available nitrogen (N), available phosphorus (P), available potassium (K), and chlorine (Cl⁻¹) content of surface soil. The subjective grade value was calculated according to S-type and parabola-type functions of the effect of evaluation factors on tobacco crops. Further, the weight value of soil fertility suitability indices was calculated by the method of Hiberarchy analysis. The soil fertility suitability level was evaluated and classified. The suitability map of the Sanmenxia tobacco planting regions in Henan Province was then drawn with the geographic information system (GIS) software mapGIS. It was found that highly suitable fields were mainly distributed in the high mountains in the Southwestern part of the investigated regions where soil pH value and the contents of organic matter were medium, but the contents of available P and available K were higher, accounting for 79.36% of the whole area. Suitable fields were 17% of the whole area, mainly distributed in the middle part of the investigated regions where soil pH value was higher. Unsuitable fields existed in the northern-east and middle part of the Sanmenxia where the contents of soil Cl⁻ was very high, accounting for 3.51% of the whole regions.     

Spatial variability of soil fertility factors in the Xiangcheng tobacco planting region, China

It is essential to understand the spatial variability of soil properties in tobacco planting regions, so that the right decision can be made as to how many fertilizer rates are likely to be appropriated for the highquality tobacco production. A total of 159 soil samples were taken from the surface soil (0-20 cm) in the Xiangcheng tobacco planting fields, Henan Province, in April 2002 to examine the concentration of soil organic matter, pH, available N, available P, and available K. The spatial variability was evaluated using geostatistics and geographic information system (GIS) analyses. The results show that among those five soil fertility factors, the variation coefficient of soil pH was the smallest, while that of available P was the greatest, which resulted from different cultivation methods and uneven fertilization. Analysis of the isotropic variogram indicated that the soil pH, organic matter, and available P semivariogram were well described with spherical models, with the distance of spatial dependence being 21020, 19150, and 8460 m, respectively, whereas the available N and available K semivariogram were well described with an exponential model, with the distance of spatial dependence being ranged from 7484 to 25320 m. Soil pH value was strongly spatially dependent with C0/sill being 0.1935, while the other four soil fertility factors were moderately spatially dependent with C0/sill ranging between 0.3528 to 0.5260. Through the Kriging analysis, the spatial distribution maps of soil properties were drawn using the arcview software. This study provides a scientific basis for field management, which targets soil quality improvement in the Xiangcheng tobacco planting region.     

Spatial variability of soil fertility factors in the Xiangcheng tobacco planting region, China

It is essential to understand the spatial variability of soil properties in tobacco planting regions, so that the right decision can be made as to how many fertilizer rates are likely to be appropriated for the high-quality tobacco production. A total of 159 soil samples were taken from the surface soil (0-20cm) in the Xiangcheng tobacco planting fields, Henan Province, in April 2002 to examine the concentration of soil organic matter, pH, available N, available P, and available K. The spatial variability was evaluated using geostatistics and geographic information system (GIS) analyses. The results show that among those five soil fertility factors, the variation coefficient of soil pH was the smallest, while that of available P was the greatest, which resulted from different cultivation methods and uneven fertilization. Analysis of the isotropic variogram indicated that the soil pH, organic matter, and available P semivariogram were well described with spherical models, with the distance of spatial dependence being 21020, 19150, and 8460m, respectively, whereas the available N and available K semivariogram were well described with an exponential model, with the distance of spatial dependence being ranged from 7484 to 25320 m. Soil pH value was strongly spatially dependent with C0/sill being 0.1935, while the other four soil fertility factors were moderately spatially dependent with C0/sill ranging between 0.3528 to 0.5260. Through the Kriging analysis, the spatial distribution maps of soil properties were drawn using the arcview software. This study provides a scientific basis for field management, which targets soil quality improvement in the Xiangcheng tobacco planting region.     

曲靖植烟土壤养分空间变异及土壤肥力适宜性评价

采用GPS技术在云南曲靖烟区布置了2088个采样点,测定其耕作层(0～20 cm)土壤主要养分含量,利用经典统计方法和地统计学方法对植烟土壤养分状况的总体特征和空间变异特征进行分析,并采用模糊数学方法对植烟土壤肥力适宜性进行综合评价.结果表明:曲靖植烟土壤pH、有机质、有效硫和水溶性氯含量适宜,全氮和碱解氮含量偏高,速效钾、有效钙、有效镁、有效铜、有效铁、有效锌、有效钼和有效锰含量丰富,速效磷含量中等,全磷、全钾和有效硼含量偏低;区域内植烟土壤养分指标均表现为各向异性分布,其中速效磷和有效硼的空间变异主要受随机性因素的影响,其他养分指标的空间变异是结构性因素和随机性因素共同作用的结果.植烟土壤肥力适宜性指数为优的区域缺乏,为良的区域占8.0%,一般的区域占51.6%,中等的区域占39.0%,为差的区域占1.4%.     

Spatial heterogeneity of available zinc, copper, and manganese in Xiangcheng tobacco planting fields, Henan province, China

Geostatistical methods were used in combina-tion with geographical information system (GIS) technol-ogy to analyze the spatial distribution characteristics of available zinc, copper, and manganese in the Xiangcheng tobacco planting fields, Henan province, China. Analysis of the isotropic variogram indicated that the Zn semivar-iogram was well described with the Gaussian model, with the distance of spatial dependence being 900.7 m; while the Mn semivariogram was well described with spherical models, with the distance of spatial dependence being 14 060 m; and, the Cu semivariogram was well described with exponential models, with the distance of spatial dependence being 27 860.7 m. Mn and Zn were strongly spatially dependent, with the C0/sill being 0.014 and 0.147 in this given region; while Cu was moderately spatially dependent, with the C0/sill being 0.3528. With the kriging analysis, the spatial distribution maps of contents of these three trace elements in the Xiangcheng tobacco planting regions was drawn with the Arcview software. It was found that the soils with higher content of Mn were mainly distributed in the high mountains of the southern part of the given regions, while the soils with higher content of Cu were mainly distributed in the south, decreasing from the south to the north. The soil with contents of Zn in the range of 0.76-1.33 mg/kg existed in the high mountains of the west and middle parts of the investigated regions, accounting for 76.11% of the whole area.     

Spatial heterogeneity of available zinc, copper, and manganese in Xiangcheng tobacco planting fields, Henan province, China

Geostatistical methods were used in combination with geographical information system (GIS ) technology to analyze the spatial distribution characteristics of available zinc, copper, and manganese in the Xiangcheng tobacco planting fields, Henan province, China. Analysis of the isotropic variogram indicated that the Zn semivariogram was well described with the Gaussian model, with the distance of spatial dependence being 900.7 m; while the Mn semivariogram was well described with spherical models, with the distance of spatial dependence being 14 060 m; and, the Cu semivariogram was well described with exponential models, with the distance of spatial dependence being 27 860.7 m. Mn and Zn were strongly spatially dependent, with the C₀/sill being 0.014 and 0.147 in this given region; while Cu was moderately spatially dependent, with the C₀/sill being 0.3528. With the kriging analysis, the spatial distribution maps of contents of these three trace elements in the Xiangcheng tobacco planting regions was drawn with the Arcview software. It was found that the soils with higher content of Mn were mainly distributed in the high mountains of the southern part of the given regions, while the soils with higher content of Cu were mainly distributed in the south, decreasing from the south to the north. The soil with contents of Zn in the range of 0.76–1.33 mg/kg existed in the high mountains of the west and middle parts of the investigated regions, accounting for 76.11% of the whole area.     

烟草连作障碍与土壤理化性质及微生物多样性特征的关联

【背景】烟草是我国最重要的经济作物之一,其忌连作的特点严重影响了我国烟草产业的发展。【目的】通过研究烟草连作障碍、土壤理化性质和微生物多样性特征的关系,为解决烟草连作障碍问题、制定有效的烟草生产技术提供理论基础。【方法】选择连作障碍严重烟田和克服连作障碍烟田作为研究对象,基于高通量测序技术,探究烟田连作障碍情况、烟田理化性质与土壤微生物多样性的联系。【结果】克服连作障碍的烟田土壤pH、总氮和有机质含量显著高于连作障碍严重的烟田土壤,克服连作障碍烟田和连作障碍严重烟田土壤微生物多样性之间不存在显著差异,但土壤微生物优势群落发生了显著改变,烟田土壤的pH、有机质、有效磷、总氮都与微生物群落显著相关。【结论】烟田克服连作障碍的差异,可能与烟田土壤的理化性质以及微生物组成的差异有关,此研究为解决湘西烟区连作障碍问题提供理论基础和技术支持。     

Effects of soil, climate, and their interaction on some neutral volatile aroma components in flue-cured tobacco leaves from high quality tobacco planting regions of Hunan Province

A pot experiment with the soils from Yongzhou, Liuyang, and Sangzhi, the high-quality tobacco planting regions of Hunan Province, was conducted to study the effects of climate, soil, and their interaction on some neutral volatile aroma components in flue-cured tobacco leaves. The contents of test neutral volatile aroma components in the flue-cured tobacco leaves were of medium variation, and the variation intensity was decreased in the order of dihydroactinolide, damascenone, furfural, total megastigmatrienone, and beta-ionone. Climate, soil, and their interaction affected the neutral volatile aroma components in different degrees. The furfural content was most affected by climate, the damascenone content was most affected by climate and by soil, the total megastigmatrienone and beta-ionone contents were most affected by the interaction of soil and climate, while the dihydroactinolide content was less affected by soil, climate, and their interaction. The contribution of climate, soil, and their interaction to the contents of the five aroma components was 40.82%, 20.67%, and 38.51%, respectively. During different growth periods of tobacco, different climate factors had different effects on the neutral volatile aroma components. The rainfall, cloudiness, and mean air temperature at rooting stage, the diurnal temperature amplitude, sunshine time, and evaporation at vigorous growth stage, and the rainfall, evaporation, and mean air temperature at maturing stage were the top three climate factors affecting the contents of the neutral volatile aroma components in flue-tobacco leaves. For the soil factors, the available potassium, available phosphorus, and pH were the top three factors affecting the contents of the five components.     

基于GIS的农田土壤肥力评价及其与土体构型的关系

以河南省延津县中低产田为例,选取土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、速效氮、速效磷、速效钾、pH和阳离子交换量（CEC）等指标作为评价因子,利用ArcGIS 9.2软件和模糊数学方法对土壤肥力进行了综合评价,根据评价结果,分析不同土体构型土壤肥力状况差异.结果表明：该区土壤呈偏碱性状态,全氮、全磷、速效氮、CEC、有机质、速效钾含量偏低,速效磷、全钾含量中等,土壤肥力综合指数为0.14～0.63,整体水平偏低.除速效磷和全钾外,其他土壤肥力指标在不同土体构型间均表现出显著差异,土壤肥力与土体构型关系密切,上壤下粘型土壤的肥力等级相对较高,上壤下砂型次之,通体砂型最低.根据各指标在剖面上的分布状况判断,该区土体结构不良,保水保肥能力差,可针对此特征进行土壤改良.     

半干旱黄土区苜蓿草地轮作农田土壤氮、磷和有机质变化

大田试验研究了多年生苜蓿草地轮作农田2年内的耕层土壤氮、磷养分和有机质变化.结果表明,与苜蓿连作相比,苜蓿草地轮作成农田后,土壤N和有机质消耗增加,2年中耕层土壤全氮含量平均分别下降了5.4%和19.5%、有机质下降了46.8%和28.2%,土壤全磷无显著变化;轮作提高了土壤氮、磷养分有效性及其活化率,土壤硝态氮含量2年分别提高了15.5%和159.1%、速效磷含量提高了44.5%和48.0%,差异显著.不同轮作方式对土壤养分变化有显著影响.苜蓿草地轮作后第2年,种植春小麦与种植玉米相比差异显著,种植马铃薯和休闲处理土壤养分变化幅度处于二者之间.种植春小麦能够维持农田土壤肥力生长季平衡,种植玉米增加了对土壤全氮、有机质和速效磷的消耗,土壤养分含量出现季节性下降,C/N和C/P降低.在半干旱地区多年生苜蓿草地向农田转变过程中,以轮作春小麦为宜,应避免种植玉米作物,以维持农田肥力平衡.     

不同地区青檀根际土壤肥力和真菌多样性及其相关性分析

为了探明不同地区青檀(Pteroceltis tatarinowii Maxim.)根际土壤真菌多样性及其与土壤肥力的关系,对国内7省(广西、安徽、河南、陕西、四川、山东和辽宁)1市(北京)8个样地野生青檀根际土壤的肥力指标(包括pH值、速效磷含量和速效钾含量)进行比较,并采用Illumina MiSeq高通量测序技术对其根际土壤的真菌多样性进行了分析;在此基础上,对土壤真菌多样性指数与土壤肥力指标的相关性以及土壤真菌科水平相对丰度前20位的操作分类单元(OTUs)与土壤肥力指标的相关性进行分析.结果表明:供试8个样地青檀根际土壤的pH值为pH 6.06~pH 7.61,速效磷含量为0.49~3.27μg·g-1,速效钾含量为150.24~636.89μg·g-1.基于土壤真菌DNA测序结果,以有效序列相似度97%为阈值获得7143个OTUs,鉴定出6门32纲106目254科,其中,包括子囊菌门(Ascomycota)、担子菌门(Basidiomycota)和接合菌门(Zygomycota)3个优势门以及Incertae sedis(GenBank数据库中存在,但未准确分类的科)、被孢霉科(Mortierellaceae)、发菌科(Trichocomaceae)、丛赤壳科(Nectriaceae)和Archaeorhizomycetaceae 5个共有优势科;不同样地的土壤真菌多样性差异明显,Chao1指数、Shannon-Wiener指数和Simpson指数分别为1041.37~1793.19、5.39~6.14和0.007~0.020,盖度为98.90%~99.84%.相关性分析结果表明:土壤真菌Chao1指数与土壤速效钾含量呈显著(P<0.05)负相关,其余土壤真菌多样性指数与土壤肥力指标的相关性均不显著;在相对丰度前20位的OTUs中,55%OTUs与土壤pH值呈负相关,并且,多数OTUs与土壤的速效磷含量和速效钾含量呈正相关,其中,OTU0(被孢霉科)与土壤pH值呈显著负相关,OTU1(丛赤壳科)和OTU4(伞型束梗孔菌科)(Agaricostilbaceae)与土壤速效钾含量呈显著正相关.研究结果显示:野生青檀根际土壤呈弱酸性至弱碱性,并具有富钾少磷的特点;青檀根际土壤真菌多样性与土壤肥力有一定相关性,并且,被孢霉科、丛赤壳科和伞型束梗孔菌科与土壤肥力有显著相关性.     

整治区植烟土壤养分空间变异及肥力适宜性等级评价

采用地理信息系统(GIS)技术和地统计学方法,研究了湖北省恩施市“清江源”现代烟草农业科技园区、恩施城郊和利川柏杨基地单元新整治区域的土壤属性和速效养分空间变异特征,并采用模糊数学法对其土壤肥力适宜性指数(SFI)进行评价.结果表明: 土地整治对土壤速效磷含量的变异和空间分布的影响较大,这种影响程度可能与地形地貌特征和整治程度有关;土地整治对土壤pH值的影响较小,但是柏杨土壤酸化严重(pH<5.5).77.6%的城郊土壤具有较低的SFI,而柏杨和清江源分别仅有17.1%和31.4%的土壤具有较低的SFI.柏杨需要重点解决土壤酸化问题,城郊需要重点解决整个区域土壤培肥和肥力均衡化问题,而清江源则需解决SFI较低区域的培肥问题.     

区域种植业气候适宜度及其对种植活动的响应——以四川省盐亭县为例

在分析盐亭县近63年来(1950—2012)种植业生产发展的基础上,选取该县农村社会经济条件相对稳定的近32年(1981—2012)为研究时段。运用农业生态气候适宜度方法,依据水稻、红薯、玉米、小麦和油菜等5种主要作物生育期的光、热、水等气候条件,分别估算各种作物的资源适宜指数、效能适宜指数和利用指数,构建小尺度区域种植业气候适宜度模型和种植活动对区域种植业气候适宜度的影响度模型,进行小尺度区域种植业气候适宜度以及种植活动对种植业气候适宜度的影响度估算,并对种植业生产对气候变化的适应进行探讨。研究结果表明,(1)近32年来盐亭县大春作物的平均资源适宜指数、效能适宜指数和利用指数(分别为0.578、0.281和48.37%)均大于小春作物(分别为0.304、0.128和42.24%),大春作物的气候适宜度高于小春作物,且作物间的气候适宜度差异较大。(2)受季风气候波动的影响,该县作物气候适宜度有明显的年际波动;该县近32年来气候变化对大春作物气候适宜度有轻微不利影响,而对小春作物气候适宜度趋于有利。(3)盐亭县近32年来种植业平均的资源适宜指数为0.466、效能适宜指数为0.212、利用指数为45.49%;受5种作物资源适宜指数、效能适宜指数,以及作物播种面积与产量年际波动的综合影响,该县种植业气候适宜度亦有明显的年际波动;气候变化对该县种植业气候适宜度总体上有不利影响。(4)近32年来该县种植活动对种植业气候适宜度的影响度平均值为0.00092,其年际波动较大。通过作物种植组合结构的调整,在20世纪90年代中期前对种植业气候适宜度的提高有微弱的正向影响,对气候变化有一定程度的适应;而后期则有负向作用。     

河南省新安县郁山林区土壤速效养分分析

以河南省新安县郁山林区为研究对象, 利用野外采样结合室内分析, 系统的测定了土壤pH值、铵态氮、速效磷、速效钾四项指标。按照全国第二次土壤普查分级标准, 依次对土壤养分指标进行分项评价和综合评价, 并采用改进的内梅罗综合指数法分析土壤肥力水平。结果表明: 郁山林区土壤pH值变幅范围是5.70-8.77, 符合北方土壤特性, 基本适合林业的发展。土壤铵态氮含量变幅范围是43.43-105.70 mg·kg-1, 变异系数21.03%, 属于低水平(4级)。土壤速效磷含量变幅范围是13.45-54.35 mg·kg-1, 变异系数30.22%, 属于较高水平(2级)。土壤速效钾含量变幅范围是58.67-93.36 mg·kg-1, 变异系数13.18%, 属于低水平(4级)。土壤综合养分指数为1.63,变异系数51.10%, 属于土壤养分综合评价等级分类标准的3级, 土壤养分肥力程度一般。因而建议今后在林区的管理中施加氮肥和钾肥, 平衡土壤养分, 实现林业可持续发展。     

不同种植模式对西南坡地水土保持及作物产值的影响

通过3年定位监测试验研究了小麦/玉米/大豆全程免耕全程秸秆覆盖、小麦/玉米/大豆半程免耕半程秸秆覆盖、小麦/玉米/大豆全程翻耕不覆盖秸秆和小麦/玉米/甘薯全程翻耕不覆盖秸秆4种不同种植模式对西南坡地水土保持、土壤肥力及作物产值的影响.结果表明：在水土保持方面,小麦/玉米/大豆全程免耕全程秸秆覆盖模式的3年平均土壤侵蚀量和地表径流量最低,分别为1189 kg·hm^-2和215 m³·hm^-2,显著低于其他处理,比小麦/玉米/甘薯全程翻耕不覆盖秸秆模式分别低10.6%和84.7%.在土壤肥力方面,3种小麦/玉米/大豆模式都能增加土壤有机质、全氮、速效钾和碱解氮含量,以小麦/玉米/大豆全程免耕全程秸秆覆盖模式增加幅度最大,分别增加15.7%、18.2%、55.2%和25.9%,显著高于其他模式,小麦/玉米/大豆半程免耕半程秸秆覆盖模式次之,小麦/玉米/甘薯全程翻耕不覆盖秸秆模式最低.在作物产值方面,以小麦/玉米/大豆全程免耕全程秸秆覆盖模式的3年平均总产值和纯收入最高,分别为18809元·hm^-2和12619元·hm^-2,比其他几个处理分别增加2.2%～20.6%和3.8%～32.9%,总体效益最好.总之,小麦/玉米/大豆模式比传统的小麦/玉米/甘薯模式能更好地保持水土,减少土壤侵蚀量和地表径流量,增加土壤肥力和作物产值.     

攀西高原不同轮作制度下土壤固氮微生物nifH基因多样性与群落结构特征

[背景]关于高原生境轮作制度对土壤固氮微生物群落组成及多样性的影响研究尚少。[目的]深入认识攀西高原不同轮作制度对农田土壤肥力及土壤固氮微生物nifH基因群落结构与多样性的影响,以期建立合理的轮作制度。[方法]以凉山州冕宁县不同作物轮作制度[包括光叶紫花苕-烤烟(分轮作15年和20年两种,分别为G1和G2)、苦荞-烤烟(KQ)、大麦-烤烟(DM)和撂荒(CK)]的土壤为研究对象,通过化学分析和Illumina MiSeq技术,对土壤理化性质、土壤固氮微生物nifH基因多样性及群落组成进行分析。[结果]撂荒土壤全氮、铵态氮、硝态氮、有机碳和含水量最显著(P<0.05)。KQ轮作下土壤有效磷和速效钾分别提高了43.0%和2.60%,而DM轮作下的土壤理化性质均下降。土壤固氮酶活以撂荒土壤最高,G2轮作最低。土壤固氮微生物nifH基因多样性以G1轮作最高、G2轮作最低,门水平上以变形菌门(Proteobacteria)是优势共有nifH基因类群,相对丰度占群落的63.0%-92.4%;属水平上,偶氮氢单胞菌属(Azohydromonas)是不同轮作制度下的优势物种,慢生根瘤属(Brad...     

基于生态位和模糊数学的冬小麦适宜性评价

为定量评价气象、土壤等要素对作物生长的影响,利用江苏省及周边40个气象站1980—2010年日气象资料,选取影响冬小麦品种生长发育的主要气象(如气温、降水、日照时数等)和土壤(如土壤厚度、有机质和p H值等)生态因子,基于生态位理论和模糊数学的方法,依据冬小麦生长对生态各因子的响应关系建立各生态因子适宜度模型,借助GIS空间插值和空间分析,计算江苏省冬小麦品种的种植适宜度并进行等级划分。结果表明:从单要素看,研究区气温适宜度和日照时数适宜度都由北往南逐渐降低,降水适宜度由南往北逐渐降低;大部分地区土壤厚度和土壤有机质适宜,但大部分地区的p H值适宜度较低;从气候适宜度看,江苏省气候适宜度的范围为0.68—0.81,中北部大部分区域适宜度大于0.73,全省的气候适宜度均适合种植冬小麦,大体上呈现由北往南逐渐减小的变化;从土壤适宜度看,全省中部、南部与西北部大部分区域适宜度大于0.70,适合种植冬小麦。从综合适宜度看,全省大部分地区适宜度为0.50—0.86,适宜于冬小麦生长。综合考虑农业气候资源和土壤资源对江苏省冬小麦品种种植的综合适宜性进行评价,评价结果为充分利用江苏省农业生态资源、指导及科学制定冬小麦品种区域种植规划提供科学依据;按作物品种分生育期多角度的精细化研究方法和建立的各因子的适宜度模型可为今后作物区域适宜性评价提供一种新的思路,对同类研究具有一定的借鉴作用。     

广州南沙区4种典型城市林业土壤质量调查研究

为掌握广州南沙区城市林业土壤养分及肥力整体状况,提高广州南沙区城市林业土壤管养水平,以广州南沙区4种典型城市林业土壤(森林公园、湿地公园、生态景观林带、河涌防护林)为研究对象,测定土壤pH值、电导率、容重、渗透率、非毛管孔隙度、有机质、水解氮、有效磷、速效钾等9项理化指标,通过土壤理化性质分析、土壤综合肥力分析,对广州...     

基于主成分分析的古树土壤肥力综合评价

以广州市海珠区登记在册的40株古树为研究对象,调查其生长状况,采集土壤测定pH、EC值、容重、通气度、有机质、全N、全P、全K、水解N、有效P、速效K含量等11项理化指标,采用主成分分析和聚类分析对古树土壤肥力进行综合评价.结果表明:海珠区大多数古树土壤EC值偏低(<0.35 mS·cm-1),表现为强变异;土壤有机质...     

Effects of length of forest fallow on fertility dynamics in a Mexican ultisol

Changes with time in the fertility of a Mexican ultisol were evaluated from analyses of soil samples from fields representing 50 years of pineapple slash-and-burn agriculture. Sixteen fields with similar soil profile charactersitics representing eight ages of forest fallow were sampled. The fields, within an area of 5 km² of nearly level tropical forest, had been cleared by hand, initially intercropped with corn and manioc, followed with 3 to 4 y of pineapple, and then abandoned. The surface soils contained relatively high levels of C and N (5% and 0.3% respectively), were strongly acid (pH 5 to 5.5), and supplied very low levels of available P and K. Soil contents of both C and N declined rapidly after clearing to levels approximately 20% lower at 10y, then increased steadily during the fallow period to values not different from their initial levels. Since little of the N released was utilized by the low-yielding, P-deficient crops, this loss of C, N and accompanying cations is a most serious consequence of this rotation. Both the exchangeable and reserve K levels of these ultisols are low. Thus, K is identified as second to P as a growth limiting factor and the most difficult fertility management problem.