手捏吸蚊器

我们在工作中就地取材,制作了一种小巧、轻便、实用的捕蚊工具,已在我室现场和实验研究工作中广泛使用。现将制作方法介绍如下:用玻璃吸蚊管一支,长90mm,直径20mm,漏斗口大4mm。橡胶洗耳球1个,剪去尾部至内径10mm,顶部正中剪一直径5mm的圆孔。活门的制作(见示意图)即取厚壁竹管(或毛笔杆)直径8mm,内径3mm,长10mm,头端磨平,插入直径10mm,内径3mm,长20mm的薄壁竹管(或毛笔套)内,二管尾端平齐,壁间不漏气;用废胶片剪成直径7mm的圆块从薄竹管口放在厚竹管头端;在距厚竹管头端约3mm的薄竹管上钻孔4个,成十字形穿入缝线扎牢,使圆块能自由开闭而不…     

介绍一种绘挂图用的竹笔

(一)取材:取直径外口1cm的竹管毛笔的竹笔帽亦可),其内口约0.6cm左右(图1),长度不限.(二)制法:在竹管的某一端用快科的小刀削一斜形(图2),然后在斜形的背后钻一小孔;由小孔通向尖端之处以小刀尖剥一裂缝,其缝不宜太宽,也不宜太靠拢(图3);再用大约3cm长的竹皮由所削的倾斜处塞入管内(图4),塞入竹皮时应集中在竹管的中     

角额壁蜂的出茧起点温度和有效积温

角额壁蜂Ｏｓｍｉａｃｏｒｎｉｆｒｏｎｓ(Ｒｏｄｏｓｚｋｏｗｓｋｉ)属蜜蜂总科切叶蜂科壁蜂属。该蜂是果树、大棚蔬菜等的良好传粉昆虫[1] 。日本、美国、韩国等先后利用该蜂给果树授粉获得成功[2 ] 。我国也对角额壁蜂进行了多方面的研究和利用 ,取得了较好的效果。但目前尚未见有关该蜂的出茧起点温度和有效积温的报道。为了准确掌握角额壁蜂的生物学特性 ,改进蜂茧保存与放蜂方法 ,为实际应用提供可靠依据 ,本文对角额壁蜂出茧起点温度和有效积温进行了研究 ,现将结果报道如下。1　材料与方法1 1　材料将 1 999年春天在野外采集的壁蜂…     

中华蜜蜂哺育蜂与采集蜂行为转变相关基因的表达差异研究

【目的】文章旨在寻找中华蜜蜂Apis cerana cerana哺育蜂与采集蜂行为转变相关的重要基因。【方法】选取了8群中华蜜蜂,分别采集哺育蜂和采集蜂,然后通过实时荧光定量PCR对哺育蜂和采集蜂头部中mrjps、Ache、CSP3等22个基因的表达进行了分析。【结果】实验结果表明:mrjp3、mrjp7、Ache、LOC406142、Hbg3、Mblk-1、Ef-1a-f1、TpnCIIIa、Wat、Ant基因在哺育蜂和采集蜂中表达差异极显著(P<0.01),mrjp1、mrjp2、mrjp4、LOC406114、CSP3、Dop1、Jhe、Oa1、Per、TpnT基因在哺育蜂和采集蜂中表达差异显著(0.010.05)。【结论】mrjp3、mrjp7、Ache、LOC406142、Hbg3、Mblk-1、Ef-1a-f1、TpnCIIIa、Wat、Ant、mrjp1、mrjp2、mrjp4、LOC406114、CSP3、Dop1、Jhe、Oa1、Per、TpnT这些表达差异显著的基因很可能与中华蜜蜂哺育蜂与采集蜂的行为转变有关。本研究的结果为我们更好地认识理解蜜蜂行为转变的机制提供思路。     

鼓——古老的传递信息工具

语言传播在时间和空间上都有很大的局限性,时间上是出口即逝,空间上是由于音量较小,传播的距离和范围有限。远古人类为了克服这两种障碍,很早就懂得运用一些替代和补充手段。用鼓声传递信息是其中的一种。一、鼓的起源和演进原始人类最初用木棍、竹管敲打地面和石头发出声响。近代马六甲等地的土著人依然如此。在我国,相传神农氏时就有土鼓。《礼记·礼运》篇云:“夫礼之初……蒉桴而土鼓,犹若可以致其敬于鬼神”。汉郑玄注:“土鼓,筑土为鼓也。”《周礼·春官宗伯第三》提到的名叫“牍”的乐器,是用一至二米长的粗大竹管制成,竹管的一端有两孔,用手指扣住,演奏时用竹管     

意大利蜜蜂哺育蜂与采集蜂行为转变相关基因的表达差异研究

【目的】深入了解蜜蜂哺育蜂与采集蜂行为转变机制,寻找与之相关的调控因子。【方法】我们随机选取了5群意大利蜜蜂Apis mellifera ligustica,分别采集相应的哺育蜂和采集蜂。利用实时荧光定量PCR(RT-q PCR)对哺育蜂和采集蜂头部中的mrjp1、Ache、CSP3、Dop1等22个基因的表达进行了分析。【结果】实验结果表明:mrjp2、mrjp4、mrjp6、mrjp7、LOC406114、Hbg3、Ef-1a-f1、Obp3、Wat、Oa1、Tpn T在意大利蜜蜂哺育蜂和采集蜂头部表达差异极显著(P<0.01),mrjp1、mrjp3、Ache、LOC406142、Mblk-1、Tpn CIIIa、Ant、CSP3、Dop1、Jhe、Per在意大利蜜蜂哺育蜂和采集蜂头部表达差异显著(0.01相似文献   

利用黄粉甲繁育管氏肿腿蜂:不同蜂虫比对繁育效果的影响

利用黄粉甲Tenebriomolitor的蛹作为中间寄主繁育管氏肿腿蜂Sclerodermaguani,测定了不同蜂虫比对发育历期、寄生率等几项评价繁育效果的重要指标。结果显示接蜂时不同蜂虫比对雌蜂产卵量和育出的子代蜂数量有较明显的影响,当蜂虫比为2∶1时这2项重要指标较为理想。综合比较了寄生率、寄生成功率、子代蜂的发育历期、出蜂数、性比等各项指标后认为,人工扩繁时采用2∶1的蜂虫比较为适宜。     

西方蜜蜂六个亚种苹果酸脱氢酶Ⅱ基因的遗传差异

研究了西方蜜蜂Apis mellifera 6亚种-浙农大1号意蜂（ZND A. m. ligustica）、东北黑蜂（A. m. ssp.）、卡尼鄂拉蜂（A. m. carnica）、喀尔巴阡蜂（A. m. carpatica）、高加索蜂（A. m. caucasica）和乌克兰蜂（A. m. acervorum）苹果酸脱氢酶Ⅱ的基因型频率、基因频率和杂合纯合度。浙农大1号意蜂、喀尔巴阡蜂和高加索蜂的纯合度较高,但浙农大1号意蜂等位基因c频率最高,喀尔巴阡蜂等位基因b频率最高, 高加索蜂等位基因a频率最高;东北黑蜂、卡尼鄂拉蜂和乌克兰蜂是高度杂合的亚种,但东北黑蜂等位基因a、b、c的频率差异较小,卡尼鄂拉蜂和乌克兰蜂主要存在a、c两个等位基因,b出现频率很小;6亚种的基因型频率、基因频率和杂合纯合度都有极显著差异。这些差异将从遗传和生化角度为西方蜜蜂6个亚种的鉴别提供依据。     

寄生经历对川硬皮肿腿蜂寄主搜索行为的影响

研究寄生经历对川硬皮肿腿蜂SclerodmasichuanensisXiao寄主搜索行为的影响的结果表明,在指形管内,有寄生经历的川硬皮肿腿蜂产卵准备时间比无寄生经历蜂短,寄主搜索控制时间更少,寄主搜索控制成功率更高。1～3次经历蜂随着经历次数的增加,产卵准备时间逐渐缩短。无经历、1次、2次、3次经历蜂的产卵准备期分别为:6.3,5.3,4.9,4.6d。但3次经历后,准备时间的变化即不显著。无经历蜂与1次经历蜂、5次经历蜂的搜索控制寄主时间分别为:820,240,30min,对寄主的搜索控制成功率分别为72.97%,100%,100%。寄生经历蜂接蜂3d时卵子发育速率更快,寄生经历蜂与无寄生经历蜂在替代寄主上的产卵量差异不显著。     

脊腰茧蜂属一新种及一新记录种记述 (膜翅目 :茧蜂科)(英文)

本文报道脊腰茧蜂属CentistideaRohwer (膜翅目 :茧蜂科 :奇脉茧蜂亚科 ) 3种 ,其中包括 1新种———粗脊腰茧蜂C .immitisWuetChen和 1中国分布新记录———断脊腰茧蜂C .irruptor (Papp) ,并附检索表。新种模式标本保存在福建农业大学益虫研究室。     

苜蓿切叶蜂在我国的研究与应用现状

应用苜蓿切叶蜂MegachilerotundataFubricius为苜蓿授粉是苜蓿 (MedicagoL .)种植中不可缺少的措施之一 ,该文对苜蓿切叶蜂的生物学及羽化与环境因子的关系进行了阐述 ,指出影响苜蓿切叶蜂授粉及滞育的环境因子 ,分析了苜蓿切叶蜂繁育过程中病害及天敌的情况 ,介绍了繁育过程中的设备和管理技术。     

人工释放苜蓿切叶蜂的营巢行为观察

苜蓿切叶蜂Megachile rotundata Fabricius是紫花苜蓿的理想授粉昆虫,国内外已广泛利用切叶蜂为紫花苜蓿授粉,因此,对切叶蜂的田间活动行为分析具有重要的实践指导意义。对苜蓿切叶蜂的田间营巢行为进行观测,结果表明:整个花期切叶蜂均十分活跃,放蜂的第4天开始适应环境,正常活动,7月8～22日,切叶蜂最为活跃,进入蜂巢的切叶蜂数最高时达426头/蜂巢,每日10:00～16:00为活动高峰。每日每块蜂巢的封孔数最多为14个,平均每个蜂室封闭巢孔的数量最多为185个。     

A LEAFCUTTER BEE TRACE FOSSIL FROM THE MIDDLE EOCENE OF PATAGONIA, ARGENTINA, AND A REVIEW OF MEGACHILID (HYMENOPTERA) ICHNOLOGY

Abstract:  The ichnospecies Phagophytichnus pseudocircus isp. nov. is described to include trace fossils characterized by leaf-margin excisions showing eccentricity values of 0.35–0.65 and more than 270 degrees of an arc, a non cuspate margin and vein stringers or necrotic flaps of tissue along the margin. A method for determining ellipse eccentricity was performed on leaf discs obtained from the nests of the modern leafcutter bee Megachile rotundata (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae), which provided objectively obtained values comparable to the trace fossil from the middle Eocene of Argentina and other world-wide ichnological records, historically and subjectively considered to be 'circular' trace fossils and attributed to leafcutter bees. The material described herein represents the first evidence for fossil Megachilidae from the Southern Hemisphere.     

苜蓿切叶蜂滞育的诱导因素研究

苜蓿切叶蜂Megachile rotundata(F.)预蛹的滞育主要受光周期和温度的影响。雌蜂感受光周期的变化是决定子代预蛹是否进入滞育的一个主要因素;当代的幼期,特别是高龄幼虫(约3龄)到预蛹这一阶段所感受的温度变化,对预蛹滞育有很大的影响,此期如果环境温度低于(21.59±1.03)℃,可有超过50%的个体进入滞育。此外,放蜂地区的纬度及蜂的代次对预蛹的滞育亦有重要的影响。     

Laying sequence,diploid males,and nest usurpation in the leafcutter bee,Megachile rotundata (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

Variations from the normal female-male sequence of eggs in nests of the leafcutter bee,Megachile rotundata, were examined. Three alternatives were considered: Out-of-sequence males (i) were diploids, (ii) were the result of supersedure of nests or intraspecific brood parasitism, or (iii) were the result of females occasionally laying a male-female sequence. Electrophoretic data provided definitive evidence of diploid males and of multiple females laying in 7 of 18 nests. In the others, the remaining explanation is that females occasionally lay male eggs before female eggs in a nest.     

Energy budgets do balance—A comment on a paper by Wightman and Rogers

Summary In a recently published energy budget for the larvae of the leafcutter bee (Wightman and Rogers, Oecologia (Berl.) 36 (1978) 245–257) respiration as estimated by respirometry amounted to only 67% of the respiration as estimated from the difference between assimilation and production. In this note it is shown that this discrepancy seems to result from an incorrect value of the oxycalorific equivalent and that a more reasonable value makes the two estimates of respiration agree.     

Sodium‐specific foraging by leafcutter ant workers (Atta cephalotes,Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

1. Sodium is often a limiting nutrient for terrestrial animals, and may be especially sought by herbivores. Leafcutter ants are dominant herbivores in the Neotropics, and leafcutter foraging may be affected by nutritional demands of the colony and/or the demands of their symbiotic fungal mutualists. We hypothesized that leafcutter colonies are sodium limited, and that leafcutter ants will therefore forage specifically for sodium. 2. Previous studies demonstrated that leafcutter Atta cephalotes Linnaeus workers preferentially cut and remove paper baits treated with NaCl relative to water control baits. Atta cephalotes colonies in this study were presented with baits offering NaCl, Na₂SO₄, and KCl to test whether leafcutters forage specifically for sodium. Sucrose and water were used as positive and negative controls, respectively. 3. Atta foragers removed significantly more of the baits treated with NaCl and Na₂SO₄ than the KCl treatment, which did not differ from water. The NaCl and Na₂SO₄ treatments were collected at similar rates. We conclude A. cephalotes forage specifically for sodium rather than for anions (chloride) or solutes in general. This study supports the hypothesis that leafcutter ants are limited by, and preferentially forage for, sodium.     

Biogeography of mutualistic fungi cultivated by leafcutter ants

Leafcutter ants propagate co‐evolving fungi for food. The nearly 50 species of leafcutter ants (Atta, Acromyrmex) range from Argentina to the United States, with the greatest species diversity in southern South America. We elucidate the biogeography of fungi cultivated by leafcutter ants using DNA sequence and microsatellite‐marker analyses of 474 cultivars collected across the leafcutter range. Fungal cultivars belong to two clades (Clade‐A and Clade‐B). The dominant and widespread Clade‐A cultivars form three genotype clusters, with their relative prevalence corresponding to southern South America, northern South America, Central and North America. Admixture between Clade‐A populations supports genetic exchange within a single species, Leucocoprinus gongylophorus. Some leafcutter species that cut grass as fungicultural substrate are specialized to cultivate Clade‐B fungi, whereas leafcutters preferring dicot plants appear specialized on Clade‐A fungi. Cultivar sharing between sympatric leafcutter species occurs frequently such that cultivars of Atta are not distinct from those of Acromyrmex. Leafcutters specialized on Clade‐B fungi occur only in South America. Diversity of Clade‐A fungi is greatest in South America, but minimal in Central and North America. Maximum cultivar diversity in South America is predicted by the Kusnezov–Fowler hypothesis that leafcutter ants originated in subtropical South America and only dicot‐specialized leafcutter ants migrated out of South America, but the cultivar diversity becomes also compatible with a recently proposed hypothesis of a Central American origin by postulating that leafcutter ants acquired novel cultivars many times from other nonleafcutter fungus‐growing ants during their migrations from Central America across South America. We evaluate these biogeographic hypotheses in the light of estimated dates for the origins of leafcutter ants and their cultivars.     

Change of Floral Orientation within an Inflorescence Affects Pollinator Behavior and Pollination Efficiency in a Bee-Pollinated Plant,Corydalis sheareri

Vertical raceme or spike inflorescences that are bee-pollinated tend to present their flowers horizontally. Horizontal presentation of flowers is hypothesized to enhance pollinator recognition and pollination precision, and it may also ensure greater consistency of pollinator movement on inflorescences. We tested the hypotheses using bee-pollinated Corydalis sheareri which has erect inflorescences consisting of flowers with horizontal orientation. We altered the orientation of individual flowers and prepared three types of inflorescences: (i) unmanipulated inflorescences with horizontal-facing flowers, (ii) inflorescences with flowers turned upward, and (iii) inflorescences with flowers turned downward. We compared number of inflorescences approached and visited, number of successive probes within an inflorescence, the direction percentage of vertical movement on inflorescences, efficiency of pollen removal and seed production per inflorescence. Deviation from horizontal orientation decreased both approaches and visits by leafcutter bees and bumble bees to inflorescences. Changes in floral orientation increased the proportion of downward movements by leafcutter bees and decreased the consistency of pollinator movement on inflorescences. In addition, pollen removal per visit and seed production per inflorescence also declined with changes of floral orientation. In conclusion, floral orientation seems more or less optimal as regards bee behavior and pollen transfer for Corydalis sheareri. A horizontal orientation may be under selection of pollinators and co-adapt with other aspects of the inflorescence and floral traits.     

The relationship between soil variables and leafcutter ant (Atta sexdens) nest distribution in the Colombian Amazon

We determined the relationships between several soil variables and the distribution of leafcutter ant (Atta sexdens) nests on the Colombian shore of the Amazon River. Seven habitats were identified in which nests were consistently present or absent. Soil samples for physiochemical analysis were taken near nest sites in three habitats where nests were present and from randomly selected sites in four other habitats where nests were absent. Percent canopy cover and soil resistance were also measured for each site. Almost all of the 20 identified soil variables were significantly different between habitats with and without A. sexdens nests, and the values of all variables were heterogeneous between the seven habitats. The most important variables correlated with leafcutter ant nest presence were percent canopy cover (positively), percent silt, soil resistance at 0–20 cm, and pH (all negatively). We deduced a binomial and a multinomial logistic regression which showed how each of these variables was related to nest presence and habitat, respectively. We describe how each variable may affect leafcutter ant nest development, especially in its earliest stages, and therefore influences nest distribution. We propose a suitable-soil hypothesis which, complementary to the palatable forage hypothesis, aims to explain patterns in leafcutter ant nest demography based on soil conditions.