T细胞受体(TCR)信号传递的调控及其功能

T细胞受体介导的T细胞活化在胸腺T细胞发育、T细胞亚群分化以及效应T细胞功能发挥过程中均起着至关重要的作用。TCR能特异性识别抗原提呈细胞表面MHC提呈的抗原肽(peptide),并将胞外识别转化成可向细胞内部传递的信号,通过诱导TCR邻近酪氨酸激酶活化,促进信号传递复合物组装,活化下游MAPK、PKC以及钙离子等信号途径,最终活化相应的转录因子,调控效应蛋白分子的表达,完成T细胞的活化。TCR信号传递过程受到不同类型调控分子的调控,这些具有调控功能的分子形成了一个复杂的调控网络来精细调控TCR信号的起始、强度及终止。     

Science:在体外成功重建T细胞受体信号通路

正T细胞在抵抗感染的适应性免疫反应中发挥着至关重要的作用,是宿主免疫系统的关键组成部分。在MHC分子递呈下,外源抗原接触T细胞受体(TCR)从而启动初始T细胞(naive T cell)激活,并且这种激活也需要诸如CD28之类的共刺激分子(costimulatory molecule)的参与。这种TCR-CD28共刺激触发信号事件级联反应,启动T细胞的激活和随后的分化。T细胞激活后会引发T细胞介导的免疫反应,这会有效地清除入侵的病原体和发生病变的细胞,同时也通过区分自我抗原和外源抗原,避免     

免疫突触的形成及其介导的分子识别

T细胞和APC细胞相互作用形成免疫突触涉及到连续发生的一系列的分子识别事件,最初APC细胞在趋化因子的作用下向T细胞移动,相遇后在抗原非依赖性的弱的黏附力作用下发生最初的黏附,同时伴随着TCR在APC表面俘获特异性抗原;抗原识别之后,由多种机制使T细胞和APC紧密接触并维持一段时间,随后分开,最终引起T细胞的增殖和分化。对免疫突触形成过程中的分子识别机制目前尚无定论,拓扑模式和数学模式的解释,脂筏和细胞骨架蛋白的重排以及接头蛋白的连接为免疫突触形成中分子的识别提供了一定的依据。     

Lck和Fyn对T细胞发育过程的影响

胸腺中T细胞的发育及次级淋巴组织中成熟T细胞的活化均需要细胞能够对环境信号分子做出适应性的反应。在共刺激分子及细胞因子受体介导的信号参与下通过TCR(T cell receptor )及其辅助受体CD4和CD8与MHC/抗原肽复合物相互作用, 可以诱导TCR信号通路激活并最终导致T细胞免疫反应的发生。Src家族激酶Lck(Lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase)和Fyn (Proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase)的激活是启动TCR信号通路的关键因素。在T细胞的发育、阳性选择、初始T细胞的外周存活及由淋巴细胞缺失诱导的细胞增殖中都起着关键性的作用。研究显示, 虽然这两种信号分子紧密相关, 但在某些条件下Lck发挥着比Fyn更重要的作用, 并且Fyn仅可以补充Lck的部分功能。文章针对这两个激酶在T细胞发育的整个过程中的作用机制进行了论述。     

Lck和Fyn对T细胞发育过程的影响

胸腺中T细胞的发育及次级淋巴组织中成熟T细胞的活化均需要细胞能够对环境信号分子做出适应性的反应。在共刺激分子及细胞因子受体介导的信号参与下通过TCR(T cell receptor)及其辅助受体CD4和CD8与MHC/抗原肽复合物相互作用,可以诱导TCR信号通路激活并最终导致T细胞免疫反应的发生。Src家族激酶Lck(Lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase)和Fyn(Proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase)的激活是启动TCR信号通路的关键因素。在T细胞的发育、阳性选择、初始T细胞的外周存活及由淋巴细胞缺失诱导的细胞增殖中都起着关键性的作用。研究显示,虽然这两种信号分子紧密相关,但在某些条件下Lck发挥着比Fyn更重要的作用,并且Fyn仅可以补充Lck的部分功能。文章针对这两个激酶在T细胞发育的整个过程中的作用机制进行了论述。     

T细胞抗原受体的结构与功能研究进展

T细胞抗原受体(T ceIl receptor,TCR)是T细胞表面关键的受体分子。TCR特异性地识别各种多肽抗原并通过胞内区ITAM磷酸化传递抗原刺激信号,进而引发T细胞的免疫效应。TCR的活性异常将会导致自身免疫病和免疫缺陷病的发生。对于TCR结构和功能的深入研究有助于我们更好地理解免疫反应的分子机理,从而为相关免疫疾病的预防和治疗提供重要的理论依据。该文对TCR的分类、基因重排机制、受体组装方式及其结构基础、TCR对抗原的识别以及活化机制等方面的研究成果进行了总结,综述了近几年来的最新研究进展。     

NKT细胞亚群

经典的NKT细胞是一类表面既具有T细胞又具有NK细胞标志的T细胞亚群。与普通T细胞相比,1.NKT细胞不受经典MHC I类分子限制,而受非经典MHC I类分子、CD1d分子限制,不识别蛋白质抗原,而是识别脂类抗原;2.NKT细胞的TCR     

CTLA4-Ig在心血管疾病治疗上的应用

T细胞激活需要两种信号。第一激活信号来自TCR与CD3分子,第二激活信号来自共刺激激活分子CD28,在T细胞激活中,这两种信号缺一不可。共抑制分子--细胞毒性T淋巴细胞相关抗原4(coinhibitory receptor cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associat-ed antigen 4,CTLA-4)与CD28配体结合则引起T细胞的失能。CTLA4是在激活的T细胞膜表面诱导性表达的分子,可以与     

综述与专论: 免疫突触形成的生物学特点及其光学成像研究

免疫突触(immunological synapse,IS)是抗原提呈细胞与T细胞免疫识别时,多种分子参与、分阶段不断变化的过程,涉及黏附分子、细胞因子、信号传导分子、细胞骨架蛋白等多分子的聚集或离散．其形成不仅促进T细胞和抗原提呈细胞的稳定接触,而且激活T细胞信号传导途径,促进T细胞的活化和增殖．对IS的研究可以从分子水平解释免疫激活、免疫耐受、病原微生物感染与免疫细胞相互作用的机制,为进一步揭示疾病发生的分子机制,寻求疾病防治的靶向分子提供新的思路．近年来,光学成像的发展为可视化研究IS形成与T细胞活化的关系提供了有力帮助,为研究生理病理状态下的免疫应答提供了有力工具．     

免疫突触形成的生物学特点及其光学成像研究

免疫突触(immunological synapse,IS)是抗原提呈细胞与T细胞免疫识别时,多种分子参与、分阶段不断变化的过程,涉及黏附分子、细胞因子、信号传导分子、细胞骨架蛋白等多分子的聚集或离散.其形成不仅促进T细胞和抗原提呈细胞的稳定接触,而且激活T细胞信号传导途径,促进T细胞的活化和增殖.对IS的研究可以从分子水平解释免疫激活、免疫耐受、病原微生物感染与免疫细胞相互作用的机制,为进一步揭示疾病发生的分子机制,寻求疾病防治的靶向分子提供新的思路.近年来,光学成像的发展为可视化研究IS形成与T细胞活化的关系提供了有力帮助,为研究生理病理状态下的免疫应答提供了有力工具.     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.