中国堇菜科小志：（二）堇菜属植物细胞学的初步研究

本文报道了国产堇菜属9种植物的染色体数目,其中5种为染色体计数新纪录。结果表明,该属植物的染色体数目与柱头形态之间具有明显的相关性,它们在属下各类群内是一致的,而在各类群间则存在明显的差异,支持了多数学者根据柱头形态特征所做的属下类群的分类处理。V.kunawarensisRoyle的染色体计数结果2n=20,充分说明根据柱头形态把该种从Sect.Adnatae(W.Beck.)C.J.Wang移到Sect.Trigonocarpae Godr.是正确的。     

堇菜属组间的系统发育与亲缘关系：基于trnL-trnF、psbA-trnH、rpL16、ITS序列,细胞学以及形态学证据

以鼠鞭草（Hybanthus enneaspermus）、鳞隔堇（Scyphellandra pierrei）、雷诺木（Rinorea benga-lensis）作为外类群,对堇菜属（Viola）20个类群的trnL-trnF序列,17个类群的psbA-trnH、rpL16序列以及1个类群的nrDNAITS序列进行了测定,并从GenBank下载相应的序列,运用最大简约法以及贝叶斯推论法进行系统分析,构建系统发育树。结果表明：堇菜亚属（subgen. Viola）不是一个单系类群,并明确了堇菜属部分组间类群的亲缘关系。本文还结合形态与细胞学证据对堇菜属进行性状演化的推测。结果表明：1）直立茎较匍匐茎、莲座状茎（叶基生）原始;2）托叶边缘长流苏状与托叶1/2～3/4合生分别是鸟嘴柱头堇菜组（sect. Trigonocarpae）和合生托叶组（sect. Adnatae）演化路线的重要性状标志;3）花柱样式从柱头无喙演化至柱头有喙,并由柱头简单演化至柱头复杂,再趋向于柱头简化。     

堇菜属组间的系统发育与亲缘关系：基于trnL-trnF、psbA trnH、rpL16、ITS序列，细胞学以及形态学证据

以鼠鞭草(Hybanthus enneaspermus)、鳞隔堇(Scyphellandra pierrei)、雷诺木(Rinorea bengalensis)作为外类群,对堇菜属(Viola)20个类群的trnL trnF序列,17个类群的psbA trnH、rpL16序列以及1个类群的nrDNA ITS序列进行了测定,并从GenBank下载相应的序列,运用最大简约法以及贝叶斯推论法进行系统分析,构建系统发育树。结果表明：堇菜亚属(subgen.Viola)不是一个单系类群,并明确了堇菜属部分组间类群的亲缘关系。本文还结合形态与细胞学证据对堇菜属进行性状演化的推测。结果表明：1）直立茎较匍匐茎、莲座状茎（叶基生）原始;2）托叶边缘长流苏状与托叶1/2~3/4合生分别是鸟嘴柱头堇菜组（sect.Trigonocarpae）和合生托叶组（sect.Adnatae）演化路线的重要性状标志;3）花柱样式从柱头无喙演化至柱头有喙,并由柱头简单演化至柱头复杂,再趋向于柱头简化。     

河北堇菜属植物的进一步研究

本文着重运用聚类分析的方法,对河北地区堇菜属植物进行研究,确定本属中组和亚组的划分界限,并通过对形态学特征和地理分布式样的分析,确认蒙古堇菜(V. mongolica Franch．)和北京堇菜(V．pekinensis(Regel) W．Beck．)实属同一个种,北京堇菜不应作为独立的种存在。通过将美丽堇菜组(Sect．Melanium Ging．)与其它类群进行比较,发现差异很大,超出了组和组间的相似性范围,因而支持Juzepczuk(1949)将它提升为亚属的分类处理。     

基于ITS序列对中国簇毛黄耆亚属（黄耆属）系统学问题的初步研究

测定了簇毛黄耆亚属（Pogonophace)4组8种和外类群Caragana roborovskyi的ITS序列,从GenBank中调出相关12属47种的ITS序列,组成数据距阵,应用PAUP程序中的最大简约法构建了系统发育树状图。扁荚组（Sect.Sesbanella)与亚属其余类群在系统树上处于不同的分支,亲缘关系较远这个亚属不是一个单系类群;膨果组（Sect.Bibracteola)。背扁组（Sect.Phyllolobium)和袋果组（Sect.Trichostylus)作为一个单系类群能得到ITS序列的支持,但与分组以及膨果组下系的划分都得不到ITS序列分析的支持。     

基于ITS序列对中国簇毛黄耆亚属(黄耆属)系统学问题的初步研究

测定了簇毛黄耆亚属(Pogonophace)4组8种和外类群Caragana roborovskyi的ITS序列,从GenBank中调出相关12属47种的ITS序列,组成数据距阵,应用PAUP程序中的最大简约法构建了系统发育树状图.扁荚组(Sect. Sesbanella)与亚属其余类群在系统树上处于不同的分支,亲缘关系较远,这个亚属不是一个单系类群;膨果组(Sect. Bibracteola),背扁组(Sect. Phyllolobium)和袋果组(Sect. Trichostylus)作为一个单系类群能得到ITS序列的支持,但与鱼鳔槐亚族比与黄耆属其他类群的关系更近; Astragatus complanatus和A. tribulifolius可能为一对替代种;亚属下的分组以及膨果组下系的划分都得不到ITS序列分析的支持.     

山东藨草属(广义)植物果皮微形态特征及其分类学意义

利用光学显微镜和扫描电镜对山东产藤草属Scirpus L.(广义)11个类群的坚果果皮微形态进行了观察和研究,该属11种的微形态可以分为4个类型,即:Ⅰ波形网状纹饰,Ⅱ网瘤状复合纹饰,Ⅲ平滑型纹饰,Ⅳ横长网状纹饰.研究结果支持将藤草属Scirpus L.(广义)中藨草亚属Subgen.Scirpus的具球茎藨草组Sect.Bolboschoenus Ascheron、藨草组Sect.Scirpus和丝状刚毛藤草组Sect.Trichophorum (Pers.) Darl.分别提升为三棱草属Bolboschoenus( Ascheron) Palla和蔗草属Scirpus L.以及将藤草属Scirpus L.(广义)中秆苞蔗草亚属Subgen.lsolepis的湖边藨草组Sect.Schoenoplectus Reichb.和藨草组Sect.Actaeogeton Reichb提升为水葱属Schoenoplectus( Rchb.)Palla的处理意见.认为应在水葱属下设立湖边水葱组Sect.Schoenoplectus ( Reichb.)F.Z.Li & L.N Liu,藨草组Sect.Actaeogeton( Reichb.)F.Z Li & L.N.Liu,剑苞藤草组Sect.Ehrenbergii F.Z.Li & L.N.Liu.支持将青岛藤草Scirpus trisetosus Tang et Wang作为藤草Scirpus triqueter L.异名处理的意见.并对山东藨草属种类的学名进行了订证.     

石松类和蕨类植物研究进展: 兼论国产类群的科级分类系统

综述了石松类和蕨类植物系统发育的最新研究成果。目前研究表明传统的蕨类植物概念(包括石松类和蕨类)需要修订, 一个关于蕨类植物的分类系统也已经发表。中国的植物多样性很丰富, 包括了世界上石松类和蕨类植物主要类群的代表。我们利用rbcL基因序列(包括国产蕨类63科中的62科179属184种)构建了系统发育树。基于rbcL序列分析所获得的石松类和蕨类各主要类群间的系统演化关系同以往对各个特定类群开展的较为密集的类群取样和多性状分析(形态学＋分子序列证据)的结果基本一致。在参考Smith等人系统的基础上, 我们尝试性地对中国石松类和蕨类植物进行了科级水平上的系统发育重排。     

衣藻属的系统发育分析——基于形态形状和nrDNA ITS序列

通过实验分析莱茵衣藻 ( Chlamydomonas reinhardtii) 1个种和互连网获得衣藻属 1 5个种及丝藻属 1个种 ( Ulothrix zonata) ,共 1 7个种的 nr DNA ITS序列 ,并以 U.zonata为外类群 ,采用计算机分析软件包对其进行分析及构建分子系统发育树图。同时以 1 2个传统分类性状 ,对此 1 6种衣藻构建数据矩阵 ;以 U.zonata动孢子的相应性状为外类群原始性状 ,用Wagner法在计算机上对其进行分枝分析 ;然后比较并分析分子系统树和表征性状分支分析树的异同。初步尝试以 ITS分子序列系统发育分析作为传统性状分析的补充来研究衣藻种间的亲缘关系。     

一株淡水多甲藻的形态观察和多甲藻属系统发育分析

通过形态学方法将中国淡水藻种库一株编号为FACHB-329的甲藻鉴定为楯形多甲藻不等变种Peridinium umbonatum var.inaequale Lemmermann,并且描述了此甲藻所产生的孢囊形态。还对该藻的SSU和LSU rDNA序列进行测序,系统发育分析的结果也支持形态鉴定。系统发育研究结果表明多甲藻属是多系起源的,本研究所用的多甲藻属类群可以形成两个大的分枝——Peridinium umbonatum类群形成的分枝和狭义多甲藻属类群（Peridinium sensu stricto）形成的分枝。并且形态学和分子数据都显示了P.umbonatum类群与狭义多甲藻属类群之间的差异。P.umbonatum类群形成的淡水单系类群虽然没有高度的自展支持但获得了不同的系统发育分析的支持,而狭义多甲藻属类群形成的单系类群获得了高度的支持。淡水多甲藻P.aciculiferum和P.wierzejskii则与海洋斯氏藻属关系密切。     

Infrageneric relationships of Korean Viola based on eight chloroplast markers

Phylogeny and infrageneric relationships were reconstructed for Korean Viola(Violaceae)using eight chloroplast sequences: the atpB-rbcL intergenic spacer,the atpF-H intergenic spacer,the matK gene,the psbA-trnH intergenic spacer,the psbK-I intergenic spacer,the rpl16 intron,the rpoC1 exon 2,and the trnL-trnF regions.The combined analyses of the eight chloroplast regions suggest that sections Dischidium and Chamaemelanium are monophyletic,whereas section Nomimium is paraphyletic; sections Dischidium and Chamaemelanium form a clade with subsections Hypocarpae and Trigonocarpae of section Nomimium,but unresolved within the clade; two subsections(subsects.Bilobatae and Vaginatae)of section Nomimium form a clade and are placed between the stem and stemless species group; and subsection Patellares of section Nomimium is monophyletic,and Viola dissecta is diverged first in the clade with high support(BS = 100,PP = 100).Our present results support the subsectional grouping based on morphological characteristics,although discordance remained at the series level.     

中国栎属(壳斗科)基于叶表皮及叶结构特征的分支分析

以三棱栎为外类群,基于叶表皮及叶结构特征对中国栎属进行初步的分支分析,结果显示了栎属内稳定的“支”结构及其种间关系。栎亚属可划分为5个组,分别为巴东栎组,高山栎组,Jiang子栎组,麻栎组和槲栎组,Jiang子栎组是栎亚属常绿栎类与落叶栎类之间的过渡类群;高山栎组应为栎亚属常绿栎类中的特化类群,而非最原始类群,5个组中,仅巴东栎组不是单系类群,而是一个多系类群,青冈亚属较栎亚属早分支,可划分为3大类;无毛类,简单被毛类和复杂被毛类;无毛类最原始,复杂被毛类与栎亚属关系最近,因此,叶表皮及叶结构特征对解决栎亚属组间亲缘关系有重要的分类学意义。     

A Study on the Genus Juncus Linn. from China

Juncus Linn. is a cosmopolitan genus with about 240 species, widely distributed in both hemispheres, but most abundant in the frigid and temperate zones. In the present paper, a revision of this genus in China is made, and a key to the species is provided. This paper also presents a systematic arrangement of the genus Juncus Linn. from China, recognizing six subgenera, 14 sections (includ. ten new), four series (includ. two new), 77 species (includ. 14 new), one subspecies (new) and ten varieties (includ. four new). They are as follows: Subgen. 1. Genuini Buchen. Sect. 1. Inflexi K. F. Wu, sect. nov. Sect. 2. Effusi (V. Krecz. et Gontsch. )K. F. Wu, stat. nov. Subgen. 2. Pseudotenageia V. Krecz. et Gontsch. Sect. 1. Kangpuenses K. F. Wu, sect. nov. Sect. 2. Compressi (V. Krecz. et Gontsch. )K. F. Wu, stat. nov. Sect. 3. Tenues (V. Krecz. etGontsch.)K. F. Wu, stat. nov. Subgen. 3. Poiophylli Buchen. Sect. 1. Nigroviolacei K. F. Wu, sect. nov. Sect. 2. Bufonii (V. Krecz. et Gontsch. )K. F. Wu, stat. nov. Subgen. 4. Graminifolii Buchen. Subgen. 5. Septati Buchen. Sect. 1. Allioides K. F. Wu, sect. nov. Sect. 2. Articulati K. F. Wu, sect. nov. Ser. 1. Articulati V. Krecz. et Gontsch. Ser. 2. Dongchuanenses K. F. Wu, ser, nov. Subgen. 6. Alpini Buchen. Sect. 1. Triglumes K. F. Wu, sect. nov. Ser. 1. Triglumes K. F. Wu, ser. nov. Ser. 2. Benghalenses K. F. Wu, ser. nov. Sect. 2. Minimi K. F. Wu, sect. nov. Sect. 3. Sikkimenses K. F. Wu, sect. nov. Sect. 4. Concinni K. F. Wu, sect. nov. Sect. 5. Sphacelati K. F. Wu, sect. nov.     

中国灯心草属植物的研究

本文通过对国产灯心草属植物的研究,提出了一个中国灯心草属分类系统排列,首次确认我国产6亚属,14组(包括10个新组),4个系(包括3个新系),77种(包括14个新种),l亚种(新亚种)和10变种(包括4个新变种),对其中一些种类作了归并及处理。     

Seed Morphology of Plantago in China and Its Taxonomic Significance

Studied in this work was seed morphology of the genus Plantago (2 subgenera, 8 sections, 17 species and １ variety )in China. The sculpture was observed under scanning election microscope. Four forms of seed morphology are recognized as follows: (1)Multi-angular type: seeds are variously angulate, yellow-brown or black, 6-30 in a fruit; seed-coat sculpture ranges from reticulate to papillate. It occurs in Subgen. Plantago Sect. Polyneuron: P. scheideri, P. denstflorus, P. major, P. hostifolia, P. asiatica, P. erosa and P. centralis. (2) Navicular type: seeds are navicular, yellow, brown to black, 2 in a fruit; seed-coat sculpture is reticulate. It was found in Subgen. Plantago Sect. Novorbis: P. virginica; Sect. Arnoglossum: P. lanceolata; Sect. Leucopsyllium: P. minuta, P. lessingii and P. aristata and Subgen. Psyllium Sect. Psyllium: P. indica. (3)Ovoid type: seeds are long-ovoid, yellow-brown, black and lustrous. Seed-coat sculpture scali-ratiform. P. maxima in Subgen. Plantago Sect. Lamprosantha belongs to this type. (4)Recti-circular type: seeds are recti-circular, yellow-brown, black, 1-2 or 4-5 in a fruit; seed-coat sculpture is reticulate and papillate. It was found in P. maritima var. salsa of Subgen. Plantago Sect. Coronopus and P. depressa, P. camtschatica and P. arachnoidea of Sect. Mesembrynia. The seed morphology and seed-coat sculture exhibit specific characters, by which some of confused species can be clarified and a new species, P. densiflorus J. Z. Liu. is established. The present author’s seed morphology classification is in accordance with Pilger’s systemof the genus, which was established using other features.     

中国蒿属植物化学分类的初步研究――精油化学成分与系统分类的相关性

分析了171个中国蒿属植物样品的精油化学成分,鉴定出305个化合物。这些样品代表64个种,其中蒿亚属47种,龙蒿亚属17种。 分析结果表明,这些化合物在两亚属中的分布有一定的规律性。在蒿亚属精油中主要含单萜类和倍半萜类化合物,而在龙蒿亚屑精油中主要含倍半萜类化合物和芳香族化合物。这种分布与中国蒿属植物从较原始到进化划分为7个组的系统分类有一定的相关性,即蒿亚属:莳萝蒿组(单萜类化合物)→艾蒿组(单萜类化合物)→艾组(单萜类化合物)→腺毛蒿组(单萜类化合物和倍半萜类化合物)→白苞蒿组(倍半萜类化合物)。龙蒿亚属:龙蒿组(倍半萜类化合物和芳香族化合物)→牡蒿组(倍半萜类化合物和芳香族化合物)。     

SEM Observation of the Inner Surface Structure of Needle Cuticles in Pinus

Comparative investigation on the inner surfaces of needle cuticle of Pinus was made for 17 species and two varieties under SEM. It is shown that the differences in protrusions and depressions of the internal cuticle surfaces of needles in the genus are not remarkable. However, the features of intercellular flanges are rather distinct and three types can be distinguished. They are: (1) Subgen. Strobus (Sweet) Rehd (except Sect. Parrya) is of the Pinus koraiensis type; (2) Subgen. Pinus is of the P. tabulaeformis type; (3) Sect. Parrya Mayr of Subgen. Strobus (Sweet) Rehd is of the P. bungeana type. The character may provide taxonomy of the genus Pinus with a new piece of evidence. Based on the features mentioned above, together with many others, such as wood anatomy, warts of wood tracheids, bark structure, needle anatomy and cuticle structure as well as karyotypic analysis in Pinus, the author considers that division of Pinus into two subgeuera is natural and that separation of Sect. Parrya Mayr from Subgen. Strobus (Sweet) Rehd. and thesubsequent establishment of the subgenus Parrya of its own are also reasonable.     

蒿属与邻近属的谱系分支分析

本文首次报道“蒿属与邻近属的谱系分支分析”,结果如下:在蒿自然群中,蒿属和绢蒿属及线叶菊属和栉叶蒿属各为一对姐妹群,后一对姐妹群还与毛蒿自然群有较近的亲缘关系;紊蒿属和百花蒿属在进化过程中,作为两个独立的属,很早就与蒿自然群其它属分化出。在蒿属各组中,腺毛蒿组和白苞蒿组为一对姐妹群,并与艾组构成姐妹关系;龙蒿亚属三个组(龙蒿组、牡蒿组和球蒿组)的亲缘关系很接近,且与友蒿组有较近的亲缘关系。 研究的结果支持林有润的蒿属与蒿自然群的演化假说和紊蒿作为一个独立的属的观点以及将中国蒿属分为蒿亚属和龙蒿亚属以及七个组的观点。根据谱系分支分析的结果以及形态上的特征,建议在蒿属下建立一新亚属,灰蒿亚属。     

Infrageneric Phylogeny of the Genus Viola (Violaceae) Based on trnL trnF,psbA trnH,rpL16, ITS Sequences,Cytological and Morphological Data

The sequences of chloroplast trnL trnF (20 species), psbA trnH(17 species), rpL16 (17 species) and ITS(one species) regions of the genus Viola were analyzed for phylogenetic relationships in the genus with the maximum parsimony (MP) and Bayesian inference (BI) analyses. Hybanthus enneaspermus, Scyphellandra pierrei and Rinorea bengalensis were used as outgroups. Additional sequences corresponding to the same DNA regions for the other taxa in Viola were downloaded from GenBank. The phylogenetic tree indicated that subgenViola is not monophyletic. Moreover, some intrageneric relationships in Viola were clarified. Combining sequences with morphological characters and chromosome number, the inference of morphological evolution in Viola was put forward. It was inferred that: 1) erect stems might well be more primitive than stolons and rosettes; 2) long fimbriate margin in stipules and stipules with 1/2-3/4 adnate part might represent distinctive evolutionary trends of sectTrigonocarpae and of sectAdnatae respectively; 3) species with stigmatic beaks might have been derived from ancestors without beaks; simple structure stigmas transformed into complex structure stigmas, and then transformed back to simple stucture patterns.