国外科技简讯

第三代Bt杀虫剂问世 据ANI 1995年3月报道:美国宾夕法尼亚州Ecogen公司已获得美国环境保护局的准许,将重组苏云金芽孢杆菌(Bt)生物杀虫剂“Raven”投入市场。Raven是在美国环境保护局注册的第一种重组Bt,也是第三代Bt生物杀虫剂。该杀虫剂包含了来自不同的Bt株系的复合蛋白,其有效成分为8％马铃薯甲虫活性毒素和2％蠋毒素。由于马铃薯甲虫已对化学杀虫剂产生了抗性,因此化学防治日渐失效。1994年Raven田间防治试验表明效果良好,为此科学家建议将其与化学杀虫剂结合施用。据统计,目前Raven在世界市场上的销售金额已高达5—10百万美元。     

诊断剂量法监测新疆维吾尔自治区马铃薯甲虫的抗药性

本文在测定发现新疆特克斯县马铃薯甲虫Leptinotarsa decemlineata(Say)田间种群对测定杀虫剂敏感的基础上,采用特克斯田间种群确定了19种常用农药品种的诊断剂量,监测了新疆奇台(QT)、阜康(FK)、乌鲁木齐(URMQ)、昌吉(CJ)、乌苏(US)、特克斯(TKS)、尼勒克(NLK)、察布查尔(QPQL)、新源(XY)和阿勒泰(ALT)共10个县市马铃薯甲虫对常用药剂的抗性水平。发现采自昌吉和新源的马铃薯甲虫种群对三氟氯氰菊酯分别为34.3%和65.7%;采自乌苏的马铃薯甲虫种群对高效氯氰菊酯的存活率为25.0%;采自奇台和尼勒克的马铃薯甲虫种群对马拉硫磷存活率分别为60.1%和29.0%;采自昌吉和尼勒克的马铃薯甲虫种群对丁硫克百威存活率分别为64.3%和99.0%;采自昌吉的马铃薯甲虫种群对吡虫啉存活率为50.3%。上述结果证明马铃薯甲虫在新疆局部地区已对常用农药出现明显抗性。     

马铃薯甲虫自然种群生命表的组建及影响因子

应用作用因子生命表方法,组建了马铃薯2代马铃薯甲虫自然种群生命表,并采用排除分析法分析了作用因子对马铃薯甲虫种群数量的控制作用.结果表明:马铃薯甲虫卵期和1龄幼虫期的存活率分别为79.1％和69.3％,显著低于其他虫态的存活率,表明该阶段为马铃薯甲虫种群生存的脆弱阶段,是马铃薯甲虫防治的关键时期.“自然死亡”的排除作用控制指数最大(1.87);其次为“捕食及其他”,排除作用控制指数为1.51;寄生性天敌对马铃薯甲虫没有控制作用.如果排除所有天敢等因子的作用,马铃薯甲虫自然种群趋势指数将增长2.8倍.表明天敌等自然因子虽对马铃薯甲虫种群数量有一定的控制作用,但控制能力较弱.     

昆虫抗药性产生机制

杀虫剂是害虫防治的有效途径之一,但随着杀虫剂长期和广泛的使用,昆虫种群对各种杀虫剂的敏感性降低,产生了抗药性,如何克服昆虫的抗药性是害虫综合治理的重要问题。近年来,借助基因组测序和遗传操作技术的发展,对昆虫抗药性的研究已经深入到细胞水平和分子水平,取得诸多重要的突破,为害虫抗性的控制奠定了理论基础。本文从常见杀虫剂的历史沿革及作用机理切入,从靶标抗性、代谢抗性和穿透抗性3个方面阐述了杀虫剂抗性产生的机制:杀虫剂作用位点的突变降低了靶标与杀虫剂的亲和力,细胞色素P450酶系和谷胱甘肽转移酶系的激活增加了杀虫剂的降解,表皮结构成分的变化和ABC转运蛋白的增加有效阻挡了杀虫剂的渗入。利用基因操作手段或抑制剂,对上述3种抗性机制的关键步骤进行调控可能成为未来杀虫剂抗性控制的新策略。     

马铃薯块茎蛾生物学、生态学与综合治理

马铃薯块茎蛾又称烟草潜叶蛾Phthorimaea operculella,起源于中美洲和南美洲北部地区,现已分布在亚洲、欧洲、北美洲、非洲等100多个国家,是茄科作物的世界性农业害虫,尤其对马铃薯有毁灭性的危害。目前,该虫在我国南方马铃薯产区普遍发生,尤其是在云南、四川、贵州等地区该害虫发生极为严重,且随着气候的变化该虫可能会扩散到其他马铃薯生产区。马铃薯块茎蛾主要进行两性生殖,少数孤雌生殖,其幼虫钻蛀叶片和薯块危害。初孵幼虫无性二态性,4龄幼虫、蛹和成虫均可依据外形特征进行雌雄区分。马铃薯块茎蛾发生世代数取决于当地的农业气候条件,年发生2~12代。马铃薯块茎蛾对温度有广泛的适应性,且在干燥炎热的年份该虫容易大爆发。马铃薯块茎蛾早期防控主要集中在种植抗性品种、深种、灌溉等农业防治措施上,但化学防治依然是马铃薯生产过程中防治马铃薯块茎蛾的主要方式,由于化学农药的广泛使用,该虫对有机磷类、拟除虫菊酯类等杀虫剂均产生了不同程度的抗性;为了减少化学农药的使用,延缓抗药性的发展,发现并筛选到多种对马铃薯块茎蛾具有防治作用的天敌昆虫和昆虫病原微生物。以(E4,Z7) 十三碳二烯基乙酸酯和(E4,Z7,Z10) 十三碳三烯基乙酸酯为主要成分的马铃薯块茎蛾性信息素在马铃薯块茎蛾监测和防治中也取得了较好的效果。桉树、皱叶薄荷等植物源化合物能够抑制马铃薯块茎蛾产卵;转基因抗虫马铃薯、遗传不育技术等绿色防控技术也成为了防控马铃薯块茎蛾的新方法。以往的研究发现使用单一生物防治手段很难达到理想的防控效果,集成与生物防控技术相容的化学物质、自然天敌和病原微生物等技术是有效控制马铃薯块茎蛾种群的重要趋势。本文系统综述了国内外马铃薯块茎蛾发生为害规律及综合防控技术研究进展,以期为马铃薯块茎蛾的持续治理提供参考依据。     

多种植物挥发物及马铃薯甲虫聚集素对马铃薯甲虫的引诱作用

马铃薯甲虫Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say)是马铃薯上一种最主要的毁灭性害虫。由于其严重的抗药性, 急需寻找一种替代杀虫剂的防治方法。本实验从开发马铃薯甲虫引诱剂的目的出发,用“Y”型嗅觉仪测定了马铃薯甲虫对来自植物的7种挥发物单体、8个挥发物混合物配方以及马铃薯甲虫聚集素的行为反应,并进一步进行了田间诱集试验。室内生测结果表明,2-苯乙醇对马铃薯甲虫雌雄虫都有明显的引诱作用。芳樟醇+水杨酸甲酯+顺乙酸-3-己烯酯的混合物对马铃薯甲虫雄虫有很强的引诱作用(81.67%), 但是对雌虫引诱作用不明显(63.33%)。在其中加入马铃薯甲虫聚集素不但提高了对雄虫的引诱率（88.33%）,还消除了之前的雌雄性别间反应差异现象,使对雌虫的引诱率达到了83.33%。田间诱集结果显示,芳樟醇+水杨酸甲酯+顺乙酸-3-己烯酯+马铃薯甲虫聚集素在所研究的引诱剂配方中引诱效果最好。从而为马铃薯甲虫发生的预测预报和诱杀技术提供了研究基础。     

新疆石河子和博州地区马铃薯甲虫抗药性检测

马铃薯甲虫Leptinotarsa decemlineata(Say)在新疆北部的危害逐年加重。本文采用点滴法检测了石河子、博州和昌吉3个地区4个马铃薯甲虫田间种群对有机磷、氨基甲酸酯、拟除虫菊酯、新烟碱类等15种杀虫药剂的抗性水平。结果表明,所检测的沙湾、玛纳斯、博乐和奇台4个马铃薯田间种群对拟除虫菊酯类高效氯氟氰菊酯和溴氰菊酯产生了11～155倍的抗性,博乐种群对高效氯氰菊酯抗性为27倍;4个种群对氨基酸酯类的丁硫克百威也产生了33～59倍的抗性。另外,对硫丹和阿维菌素也分别产生了11～23倍和4～7倍的抗性。但对水胺硫磷等4种有机磷和吡虫啉等3种新烟碱类杀虫药剂仍然比较敏感。研究结果为上述地区马铃薯甲虫的有效控制提供重要依据。     

防治科罗拉多甲虫的生物杀虫剂

Ecogen Inc.已得到美国环保署(EPA)的批准,可以销售其重组苏云金芽孢杆菌(Bt)产品Raven生物杀虫剂。 Raven的用途是防治科罗拉多马铃薯甲虫(CPB) (Leptinotarsa decemlineata),其世界范围     

控制害虫的新设想——不育基因的生物工程

害虫防治的重要性和艰巨性害虫给农作物和人类健康所造成的危害是巨大的。在长期生产实践中,人们已经发展了各种方法来控制害虫,其中包括农业防治、化学药剂防治、生物防治(应用微生物杀虫剂和天敌昆虫)、物理防治和遗传防治等防治和技术。但是这些方法的使用都有一定的局限性和副作用,有的甚至造成了严重后果。例如作为目前生产中占主导地位的化学药剂防治,已给人类带来了很大麻烦,害虫对化学农药产生抗性,导致农药的     

危害茄科蔬菜的外来入侵害虫——马铃薯甲虫

马铃薯甲虫是世界著名的入侵害虫,是我国的重要检疫性有害生物,主要危害马铃薯、茄子和西红柿等茄科蔬菜。该甲虫目前分布于美洲、欧洲和亚洲等30多个国家和地区,于1993年入侵我国新疆,到2010年扩散到36个县市,最前沿为木垒县。该文介绍了马铃薯甲虫的扩散历史、危害情况、发生规律以及防治措施,指出我国在西北方向遭受新疆马铃薯甲虫入侵内地威胁的同时,也在东北方向遭受俄罗斯滨海边区马铃薯甲虫对黑龙江及东北地区入侵的严重威胁,应加强防范。     

Local variation in susceptibility of Colorado potato beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) to insecticide

The susceptibility status of Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), adults to phosalone was determined by dip and glass jar assay techniques. Bioassay results indicated a narrow variation in Colorado potato beetle insecticide susceptibility among sample sites. LC50 values were generally highest from specimens collected in field that received frequent phosalone applications for seven consecutive growing seasons. In five populations tested, LC50 values ranged from 503.72 to 827.95 ppm in dip test method. In glass jar technique, resistance ratio value of 1.72 for LC50 was obtained. A significant linear relationship between LC50 values of individual populations across test methods was detected. Both bioassay techniques were suitable for monitoring resistance to insecticide in Colorado potato beetle adult populations. Glass jar technique, however, exhibited less variability in LC50 estimates and showed a higher degree of sensitivity than the dip method. Filter paper and leaf disk techniques for larvae were two bioassay methods used to determine phosalone susceptibility in L. decemlineata populations. Both bioassay techniques exhibited a similar level of susceptibility of the larvae to phosalone; however, the fiducial limit values from filter paper method were narrow than the leaf disk assay technique. A significant direct relationship between LC50 values of individual population across test methods was observed. Differences in LC50 ranking among fields between adults and larvae indicated a differential susceptibility to insecticide between life stages. Low LC50 values obtained from Colorado potato beetle in sample sites indicated that phosalone resistance was not severe in these fields. The glass jar and filter paper testing methods are simple and sensitive test techniques for measuring susceptibility of Colorado potato beetle adults and larvae to phosalone, respectively.     

A freeze-dried diet to test pathogens of Colorado potato beetle

The Colorado potato beetle is an important pest on potato, eggplant, and tomato. Because Colorado potato beetles develop resistance to insecticides quickly, new methods are needed for control. Bacillus thuringiensis is the only bacterium to successfully control Colorado potato beetle. Until recently, one of the drawbacks to testing bacteria against the Colorado potato beetle has been the lack of an artificial diet for screening. Previous artificial diets will only be consumed by Colorado potato beetle larvae when fresh. To improve storage, we developed a freeze-dried diet, based on a 96-well plate, suitable to feed larvae for the duration of a bioassay. Individual diet components were tested both for their effect on insect growth and on pathogen toxicity. When the preservatives, methylparaben and sorbic acid, were removed from the diet, the average weight of second instar larvae increased from 7.9 mg to greater than 9.8 mg. The preservatives inhibited the growth of two of the bacteria tested, Photorhabdus luminescens HM and Chromobacterium sp. PRAA. The removal of these preservatives also allowed for fungal growth and reduced survival from 94 to 38%. Removing diet preservatives, that inhibited the growth of Chromobacterium sp. PRAA, increased the total mortality of the larvae as well as reducing the time needed to kill 50% of the larvae. Compared to incorporation of bacteria into molten diet, the total mortality of Colorado potato beetle fed either P. luminescens HM or Chromobacterium sp. PRAA on freeze-dried diet doubled. Preparation of freeze-dried diet need not be synchronized with the insect or the pathogen. The freeze-dried diet gave consistent results as measured by low control mortality and pathogen toxicity over time.     

Pymetrozine causes a nontarget pest, the Colorado potato beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), to leave potato plants

Pymetrozine is a selective insecticide that targets aphids. Published assessments of the effects of pymetrozine on nontarget organisms focus mainly on predatory insects, and they rarely indicate toxicity. In a laboratory bioassay, survival of Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), larvae was not affected by pymetrozine exposure. We subsequently used pymetrozine to implement low-aphid-density treatments in a field experiment that involved separate manipulations of Colorado potato beetle density. Unexpectedly, the addition of Colorado potato beetle adults and eggs did not increase the densities of Colorado potato beetle larvae in plots that were sprayed with pymetrozine (applied with water and an adjuvant). In control plots sprayed with water and adjuvant (without pymetrozine), addition of Colorado potato beetles increased densities of their larvae. Data collected on a smaller scale suggest that a behavioral mechanism underlies the population-level pattern: Colorado potato beetle larvae become more active and are less likely to remain on a host plant after exposure to pymetrozine. Thus, potato, Solanum tuberosum L., growers who use pymetrozine against aphids also might benefit in terms of Colorado potato beetle control.     

Impact of Bacillus thuringiensis – insecticides on population dynamics and egg predation of the Colorado potato beetle in North Carolina potato plantings

Field studies to assess the impact of Bacillus thuringiensis var. tenebrionis (Btt)-insecticides on Colorado potato beetle populations, egg survivorship and levels of predation on egg masses were conducted in replicated field research plots during two years. Stage-specific abundance of the Colorado potato beetle and predation on egg masses were monitored in Btt-treated and untreated potato plots in both years. The Btt-treatments significantly reduced densities of large (third and fourth instar) Colorado potato beetle larvae. The densities of large larvae remained below 0.5 and 3 per plant in the Btt-treatment while peak densities of 4.5 and 21 large larvae per plant occurred in the untreated control in 1992 and 1993, respectively. Regular sampling of egg masses indicated that predation rates in Btt-treated and untreated plots did not differ significantly although, in 1993, predation rates of up to 100% were recorded, only in Btt-treated plots. In a predator exclusion study carried out in 1992, survivorship of protected eggs was consistently higher than of eggs exposed to predation. Seasonal survivorship of exposed eggs was significantly lower in the Btt-treated than in untreated plots. Btt insecticides for control of Colorado potato beetles provided direct protection of the crop and were compatible with naturally-occurring biological control of Colorado potato beetle eggs due to predation.     

Evaluation of natural and engineered resistance mechanisms in potato against Colorado potato beetle in a no-choice field study

The Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say, is the major insect pest of potato, Solanum tuberosum L., in eastern North America and is renowned for resistance development, currently resistant to >40 insecticides worldwide. Host plant resistance may assist in delaying in resistance development to insecticides. We evaluated natural host plant resistance mechanisms (glandular trichomes and Solanum chacoense Bitter-derived resistance) and engineered resistance mechanisms (Bacillus thuringiensis [Bt] Berliner cry3A and cry1Ia1) in a no-choice cage study. Six different potato lines representing four host plant resistance mechanisms were evaluated over 2 yr. Egg masses were placed in each cage (one egg mass per plant). Almost no feeding was observed in the Bt-cry3A lines, and only minor feeding was observed in the Bt-cry1Ia1 lines in either year. On the S. chacoense-derived line, there was significantly less defoliation than on either the susceptible line or the glandular trichome line in 2003. In 2004, there was significantly higher defoliation on the S. chacoense-derived line than on the susceptible line or glandular trichome line. The defoliation of the Solanum chacoense-derived line was largely due to larvae clipping the petioles, rather than consumption of the leaves. Defoliation on the glandular trichome line did not differ significantly from the defoliation of the susceptible line, suggesting glandular trichomes may not be effective in controlling larvae and preventing defoliation. This study suggested that Bt can provide high levels of resistance, but the natural resistance mechanisms tested here are variable for control of Colorado potato beetle larvae in no-choice situations.     

Resistance of Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say) to commonly used insecticides in Iran

The Colorado potato beetle (CPB, Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say), is a major pest of potatoes in Iran and many other parts of the world. Injury is caused when adults and larvae feed on the foliage and stems of potato plants, resulting in poor yields and/or plant death. Adult beetles can also vector plant diseases. Historically, the CPB been controlled using different insecticides, but it is currently resistant to nearly all classes of insecticides and remains a serious pest in many parts of the world. All of the resistance mechanisms reported in insects have been demonstrated in CPB. L. decemlineata invaded Iran in the early 1980s, probably through the importation of infested potatoes. It has caused significant damage to potato crops in affected areas, and it accordingly remains a major threat to Iranian potato production. Regrettably, no IPM programs have been developed for managing CPB infestations in Iran. Furthermore, there are no organized CPB resistance monitoring programs in Iran, and the recommended insecticides for CPB control, endosulfan and phosalon, have not changed in over 22 years. Anecdotal evidence from local farmers suggests a reduction in the efficacy of control of CPB by commonly used insecticides, probably due to the reduced susceptibility to these insecticides. Given the economic significance of L. decemlineata infestations, the increasing prevalence of resistance in this species, the rate of spread of infestations, and the extent of the area infested, there is an urgent need to develop effective and sustainable integrated pest management programs for CPB in Iran.     

Resistance potential of colorado potato beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) to novaluron

Novaluron (Rimon 10 EC), a novel insect growth regulator, could play an important role in future management programs for Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say). Studies were conducted to determine the potential of Colorado potato beetle to develop resistance to novaluron before its widespread use in Colorado potato beetle management. Second instars of an imidacloprid-resistant Colorado potato beetle strain exhibited reduced susceptibility (2.5-fold) to novaluron. The toxicity of novaluron to this strain was synergized by S,S,S-tributyl phosphorotrithioate (DEF) but not by piperonyl butoxide (PBO), suggesting that esterase-based detoxification mechanisms were responsible for novaluron resistance. Bioassays with treated potato foliage found that a single low- or medium-rate novaluron application was highly persistent under field conditions, resulting in up to 85% mortality of second instars 5 wk after treatment. Thus, intense selection pressure for novaluron-resistant Colorado potato beetle may continue long after population densities have been reduced below an economic threshold level. In a national survey, the susceptibility of second instars to a novaluron diagnostic dose was determined for 27 different field populations collected from six Canadian provinces in summer 2003. Despite no previous exposure to novaluron, mortalities at the diagnostic dose ranged from 55 to 100%. Although novaluron has several characteristics that should delay resistance development in insect pests, these results highlight the need for judicious use of the compound in management of Colorado potato beetle.     

Heat‐induced mortality and expression of heat shock proteins in Colorado potato beetles treated with imidacloprid

The Colorado potato beetle is an important pest of solanaceous plants in the Northern Hemisphere. Better understanding of its physiological responses to temperature stress and their interactions with still‐prevalent chemical control has important implications for the management of this insect. We measured mortality and expression of the Hsp70 heat shock proteins in the Colorado potato beetle larvae exposed to sublethal concentration of the commonly used insecticide imidacloprid, and to supraoptimal temperatures. Both turned out to be significant stress factors, although induction of Hsp70 by imidacloprid observed in the present study was low compared to its induction by the heat. The two factors also interacted with each other. At an extreme temperature of 43 °C, exposure to a sublethal dose of imidacloprid resulted in a significant rise in larval mortality, which was not observed at an optimal temperature of 25 °C. Heat‐stressed larvae also failed to respond to imidacloprid by producing more Hsp70. These findings suggest that when field rates of insecticides become insufficient for killing the exposed beetles under optimal temperature conditions due to the evolution of resistance in beetle populations, they may still reduce the probability of resistant beetles surviving the heat shock created by using propane flamers as a rescue treatment.     

Effect of crop rotation distance on populations of Colorado potato beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae): development of areawide Colorado potato beetle pest management strategies

The Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), overwinters adjacent to field edges and infests nearby fields in the spring, primarily by walking. Crop rotation is known to be an effective cultural control against Colorado potato beetle populations limiting spring infestations. Spatial separation is an important consideration in optimizing the rotational effect because long-distance rotations have been shown to reduce Colorado potato beetle infestations. To determine the effect of long-distance rotations on Colorado potato beetle populations in commercial Wisconsin potato production, a geographic area of >18,200 ha (>45,000) acres in southern Portage County, Wisconsin, was selected as an experimental area for areawide pest management of the Colorado potato beetle. From 1997 to 1999, beetle populations at edges within each potato field in this region were determined by spring and fall field sampling. The rotational distance between current and previous potato fields was measured and analysis was run between the distance and Colorado potato beetle populations. Long-distance rotations of >400 m were an effective cultural control management strategy to limit adult beetle infestations in the spring. This strategy can be optimized when collaborating growers are able to maximize their rotational distances by coordinating their rotational schemes within large areawide, geographic locations. Deploying long-distance rotations within a geographic area over many years would limit Colorado potato beetle populations and could result in a significantly reduced Colorado potato beetle populations entering fields in the spring.     

Genetic Structure of Populations of the Colorado Potato Beetle Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

The genetic structure of a Colorado potato beetle population from Kiev oblast was examined by cluster analysis of individual RAPD patterns. The obtained clustering indicates that the population is structured. This may be explained by adaptation to pyrethroid insecticides used for controlling the population size of this pest. Microevolutionary factors affecting the genetic structure of local populations of Colorado potato beetle are discussed.