四川重楼属植物2新记录变种

报道了四川重楼属植物2新分布变种,分别是宽瓣球药隔重楼(Paris fargesii var. latipetala H. Li et V. G. Soukup)和红果五指莲(Paris axialis H. Li var. rubra H. H. Zhou, K. Y. Wu et R. Tao)。其中红果五指莲为贵州特有类群,且为孤点分布。四川新分布的发现对于重楼属植物的系统分类和迁徙演化研究具有重要意义。     

湖北单子叶植物新记录

于2011~2013年对湖北神农架国家级自然保护区进行了第四次全国中药资源普查,发现若干湖北植物新记录。该研究报道了湖北单子叶植物2个新记录属——顶冰花属(Gagea Salisbury)和筒距兰属(Tipularia Nuttall),8个新记录种分别为:少花顶冰花[Gagea pauciflora(Turczaninow ex Trautvetter)Ledebour]、凤凰蜘蛛抱蛋(Aspidistra fenghuangensis K.Y.Lang)、卷瓣重楼(Paris undulata H.LiV.G.Soukup)、筒距兰(Tipularia szechuanica Schlechter)、大黄花虾脊兰(Calanthe sieboldii Decaisne ex Regel)、小杜若[Pollia miranda(H.Léveillé)H.Hara]、长耳南星(Arisaema auriculatum Buchet)、大针薹草(Carex uda Maximowicz)。包含3种国家二级保护植物——卷瓣重楼、筒距兰、大黄花虾脊兰。IUCN将筒距兰列为易危级别,卷瓣重楼和大黄花虾脊兰被列为极危级别,其中大黄花虾脊兰还是我国极小种群野生植物资源。该文对这些物种分布新区域的报道,扩大了这些植物的分布范围,也丰富和加深了对湖北植物多样性的认识与了解。     

四川重楼属（延龄草科）一新变种——短瓣凌云重楼

描述了四川延龄草科重楼属一新变种——短瓣凌云重楼[Paris cronquistii (Takht.)H.Li var.brevipetalata H.X.Yin et H.Zhang].新变种——短瓣凌云重楼与凌云重楼[P.cronquistii (Takht.)H.Li]相似,区别在于花瓣线形、长1.2～3.1 cm、远短于萼片、下垂,雄蕊较少、8～12枚,仅2轮,叶上表面深绿色,沿中脉具淡绿色斑纹.     

重楼属二新种

五指莲重楼 新种 图1 五指(子)莲(云南彝良)、绥江);小重楼(四川荥经),九道箍(江津),铁灯台(峨眉)。 Paris axialis H.Li sp.nov. Species habitu affinis P.fargesii Fr.sed ovario 4—6-lopculari placentisaxilibus,rhizomate saepissime ramoso,perianthii segmentis interioribus longio-ribus 5.5—6cm longis,exteriora multo superantibus,staminibus numero segmen-tis,exterioribus triplo aequalibus,patentibus,longioribus quam pistillo,ad 1.3     

重楼属两个新种的染色体组型分析

五指莲(Paris axialis H.Li)和绿劝花叶重楼(Paris luquaensis H.Li)是新近发现的两个重楼属新种,分布于云南奕良和绿劝。这两个新种分别属重楼属的两个亚属,前者属中轴亚属,后者属侧膜亚属。这两个种的染色体组型结构与国内外已报道过的重楼属一些种的结构大体相似。五指莲是由3对中部着丝点型和两对端着丝点型的染色体组成;绿劝花叶重楼是由3对中部着丝点型、1对近中着丝点型和1对端着丝点型的染色体组成,这两个种的组型结构存在着明显差异。现将这两个新种的染色体组型报道如下。     

重楼属的细胞分类研究

本文报道5种重楼植物的核型:凌云重楼(P. cronquistii);南重楼(P. vietnamensis);金线重楼(P. delavayi);长柱重楼(P. forrestii);和平伐重楼(P. vaniotii)。讨论了重楼属植物的核型结构和倍性的变异,以及杂合性、多态性、B染色体等染色体的结构变异。并将重楼属植物的核型归纳成三个主要的基本类型。1. 4t型,基本核型为2n=2x=10=6m+4t,分布于南部热带亚热带的多叶重楼P. polyphylla等13种的核型属于这一类型;2.2st型,基本核型为2n=2x=10=6m+2st+2t,分布于北温带的P. verticilata等5种属于这一类型;3.4st型,核型为2n=2x=10=6m+4st,仅有巴山重楼P. bashanensis的核型属这一类型。每个类型中各个种之间在染色体的结构上又表现出一定的差异。根据植物的染色体核型的演化规律,对三个类型核型的演变作了探讨。     

四川重楼属(延龄草科)一新变种——峨眉重楼

报道了四川峨眉山地区延龄草科Trilliaceae重楼属Paris一新变种——峨眉重楼Paris polyphylla Smith var. emeiensis H.X.Yin,H.Zhang ＆ D.Xue。该变种与宽瓣重楼P.polyphylla var.yunnanensis （Franch.）Hand.-Mazz.相似,区别在于叶柄较短,长2–5mm,叶片较窄,披针形,宽1.5–2.5cm,花梗短,长6–10（–13）mm,花瓣丝状,长2–3cm,药隔突出部分较短,长0.2–0.5mm。高效液相色谱法对新变种及多叶重楼P.polyphylla Smith各变种的甾体皂苷类成分的对比分析显示,宽瓣重楼以薯蓣皂苷为主,长药隔重楼P.polyphylla var.pseudothibetica H.Li以偏诺皂苷为主,而峨眉重楼、多叶重楼P.polyphylla var.polyphylla、华重楼P.polyphylla var.chinensis（Franch.）Hara、狭叶重楼P.polyphylla var.stenophylla Franch.、宽叶重楼P.polyphylla var.latifolia F.T.Wang ＆ C.Yu Chang、白花重楼P.polyphylla var.alba H.Li ＆ R.J.Mitchell所含皂苷均为微量,由此揭示了峨眉重楼同近缘种之间的关系。     

中国重楼属(延龄草科)一新组合——西畴重楼

将Paris cronquistii (Takht.) H. Li var. xichouensis H. Li提升为一独立的种,即西畴重楼Paris xichouensis (H. Li) Y. H. Ji, H. Li &; Z. K. Zhou。该种与凌云重楼P. cronquistii和越南重楼P. vietnamensis (Takht.) H. Li近似,但叶纸质,花瓣绿色,远短于萼片,蒴果成熟时绿黄色而不同。     

重楼属系统发育探讨

重楼属是延龄草科一个特征鲜明的属,共约17—18种,分布于欧洲和亚洲,以中国为分布中心。在区别重楼属下各级类群时,最为有效的指标为:1.花基数(3—)4—10,花辫或萼片数与心皮数目相同;2.雄蕊2—6轮,其数目为心皮数目(或萼片数,或花瓣数)的2—6倍;3.子房1室具(3—)4—10个侧膜胎座或数室而具中轴胎座,果为开裂的蒴果或不开裂的浆果;4.种子具多汁的假种皮、具不完全的假种皮或无假种皮;5.根状茎粗壮或细长匍匐。根据属内系统发育的趋势,可以确认:海南重楼Paris dunniana Levl.具粗厚根状茎、雄蕊4—6轮、子房1室具侧膜胎座、蒴果开裂、种子具完全的假种皮,是本属最原始的1个种。根据上述指标,本属划分为2个亚属7个组,其系统顺序如下:A.侧膜亚属subgen.Daiswa(Raf.)H.Li:1.海南组 sect.Dunniana H.Li;2.蚤休组 sect.Daiswa(Raf.)H.Li;3.花叶组sect.Marmorata H.Li;4.球药隔组sect.Fargesiana H.Li;B.中轴亚属sebgen Paris:5.五指莲组sect.Axiparis H.Li;6.日本重楼组sect.Kinugasa(Tatewaki et Suto)Hara;7.北重楼组sect.Paris。     

西畴重楼生物学特征补述及其系统位置

西畴重楼(Paris cronquistii var.xichouensis)为云南省特有物种,野外调查发现了广西(田林、那坡)的省级新分布,针对该新分布居群,观测并描述西畴重楼植物形态学特征,记录物候学特征,野外观测其地理分布特征,综上对其生物学特性进行补述,并结合前人基于细胞核ITS、叶绿体psbA-trnH和trnL-trnF等序列的分子系统学研究结果探讨其系统关系。结果表明:西畴重楼叶背面无紫色斑块,花瓣较宽而显著区别于凌云重楼(P.cromquistii var.cromquistii),但西畴重楼部分植株沿叶脉有紫色斑纹,表明与凌云重楼存在形态过渡,二者雄蕊数量均以3轮为主,而且变化范围一致;西畴重楼的物候期与同域分布的凌云重楼相近,同南重楼(P.vietnamensis)差异显著;西畴重楼多条序列的分子系统学研究显示西畴重楼和凌云重楼始终聚为一支,证实二者高度的亲缘关系。该研究结果完善了西畴重楼的生物学特性描述,首次报道了西畴重楼与凌云重楼形态特征存在过渡类型,物候学特征较一致,地理分布中心重叠,分子系统学位置相邻,仍支持李恒系统将西畴重楼作为凌云重楼的一变种。     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Biological control of three floating water weeds,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eichhornia crassipes,Pistia stratiotes</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salviniamolesta</Emphasis> in the Republic of Congo

Since 1999, four specific weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) were released in the Republic of Congo against three exotic floating water weeds: Neochetina eichhorniae Warner and N. bruchi Hustache against water hyacinth, Neohydronomus affinis Hustache against water lettuce, and Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands against water fern. Recoveries of exotic weevils were made from all 24 release sites except one, and all four species have established and spread (up to 800 km for water hyacinth weevils). Within a few years of releases, control of water fern and water lettuce was such that fishing and navigation could be resumed, while reductions of water hyacinth populations were only beginning.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Die GattungKarschia — Bindeglied zwischen bitunicaten Ascomyceten und lecanoralen Flechtenpilzen?

The genusKarschia, in the earlier sense, including saprophytes and parasites on lichens, has been thought to be a non-lichenized parallel genus of the lichen genusBuellia. Modern workers included it on the one hand inBuellia, on the other hand combined it with bitunicate ascomycetes. It is now proved thatKarschia is heterogeneous and contains but superficially similar members both of the genusBuellia of theLecanorales and of typical or masked bitunicateAscomycetes. Therefore, it can not be regarded as a link betweenLecanorales andDothideales. The type species ofKarschia belongs to theDothideales.

     

Demographic characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus)

Synopsis In a fourteen month study (May 1976 – June 1977) I examined the following characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus) in Morro Bay, California, U.S.A.: annual and seasonal patterns of abundance, age composition and growth rates, survivorship and mortality patterns, and the reproductive cycle for female gobies. Fishes were collected with the aid of quinaldine and otoliths and ovaries removed. Age and growth rates were estimated from otolith annuli using a back calculation formula and a Brody-Bertalanffy growth curve. Mortality rates were derived using the methods of Heincke (1913), Robson & Chapman (1960), mean age, and a catch curve (Ricker 1975). A gonad index was used to describe the annual reproductive cycle. Results indicated that abundance fluctuated seasonally and that these fluctuations appeared to be caused by reproductive emigrations. Bay gobies reached an age of 7+ and a standard length of 87 mm. Growth was relatively constant (6 mm yr⁻¹) until age 5, at which point it began to decline. The mean rates of survivorship, mortality, and instantaneous mortality were 0.75, 0.25, and 0.29 respectively. Mortality rates for individual age classes ranged from 0.13 to 0.51 and increased with age. This stock appears to reproduce mainly during the winter.     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.