Spatial organization of the fat dormouse (Glis glis) in an oak-hornbeam forest during the mating and post-mating season

Home range (HR) size and overlap, movements, and nest site use of fat dormice Glis glis (Linnaeus, 1766) were studied by live-trapping and radiotracking in the Bialowieza Forest in north-eastern Poland. The study was conducted during a mast year of oak Quercus robur (2001) and hornbeam Carpinus betulus (2002). Average HR size measured by 100% minimum convex polygons varied from 3.6 to 7.0 ha in males and from 0.55 to 0.76 ha in females. HR size in males was significantly larger in the hornbeam mast year than in the oak mast year, which was probably due to the lower energy value of hornbeam mast. Males had significantly larger HRs and used more nest sites than females. In contrast to females, HRs of males overlapped extensively. In the mating season, core areas of males overlapped significantly more and they shared their core areas with more males than in the post-mating season. During the mating season, males were found to share nest sites with other males or with a single female. Additionally, groups of 2–3 males were observed aggregating around a female during the mating season. Our data suggest that fat dormice have a promiscuous mating system where the females are territorial, and the non-territorial males directly compete for access to receptive females during the mating season.     

Increased GDP binding and thermogenic activity in brown adipose tissue mitochondria during arousal of the hibernating garden dormouse (Eliomys quercinus L.).

1. The thermogenic activity of brown adipose tissue in hibernating garden dormice during hypothermic torpor and at different states of arousal were studied. High levels of GDP binding were observed on isolated brown fat mitochondria, indicating that the thermogenic proton conductance pathway is very active in brown fat during arousal. 2. In order to investigate this phenomenon, the uncoupling protein was assessed by immunological assay and the mRNA for UCP was analysed. 3. Animals during arousal exhibited neither increase in UCPmRNA nor an increase in UCP. 4. Our results suggest that during the rewarming of garden dormice there is an acute unmasking of GDP binding sites on the protein.     

Seasonal differences in the feeding ecology and behavior of male edible dormice (Glis glis)

Mammalian hibernators undergo dramatic seasonal changes of food intake and the use of their gastrointestinal tract. During several months of hibernation fat-storing hibernators do not use their intestinal tract for nutritional intake. However, during the rest of the year they have to increase their energy intake in order to compensate high reproductive investment and store sufficient body fat to survive the following hibernation period. Edible dormice (Glis glis) are obligate fat-storing hibernators which hibernate in Germany from September until June. Males incur high energetic costs during mating and as soon as reproduction is terminated they have to accumulate high quantities of fat to survive hibernation. In order to understand how fat-storing hibernators like edible dormice cope with these energetically demanding situations, we measured body mass changes of captured male edible dormice in the field and studied their feeding ecology. Furthermore, we measured seasonal changes in food ingestion and assimilation rates by feeding experiments carried out in captivity.Results of this study revealed that during the mating season males significantly lowered their body mass, while food ingestion and assimilation rates remained constant. The body mass reduction showed that they used their body fat reserves to pay at least part of the energetic costs of reproduction. During the pre-hibernation fattening period males increased their body mass but held their assimilation rates on a constant level. Nevertheless, they increased the amount of ingested food and subsequently the amount of energy intake. Furthermore, they changed their dietary spectrum in the field by turning to lipid-rich seeds. These behavioral adaptations enable them to restore their energy losses during reproduction and to accumulate sufficient body fat to survive hibernation.     

Energetic constraints on sexual activity in the male edible dormouse (Glis glis)

The aim of this study was to examine to what extent reproductive activity in male edible dormice (Glis glis) might be energetically constrained. Demographic data, morphometric data, and oral body temperature (T _or) measurements were collected in two study areas between 1993 and 2002 in southwest Germany and combined with subcutaneous body temperature (T _sc) registrations of captive dormice. T _sc measurements were collected directly after emergence from hibernation (June) until the end of the mating season (July). Wild edible dormice showed strong fluctuations in their reproductive output between years. Not all males were sexually active each year and the number of litters born was positively correlated with the number of sexually active males, which suggests that sexual activity in males is constrained and in turn limits reproductive success. A comparison of the T _or of sexually quiescent and active males revealed that sexually quiescent males had significantly lower T _or (median: 28.8°C; 25/75% quartiles: 16.4/31.0; n=31) than sexually active males (median: 34.2°C; 25/75% quartiles: 32.0/35.6; n=156). Body condition of sexually active and quiescent males was not different after emergence from hibernation. However, sexually active males showed a significant reduction in their body condition between June and July, the time of mating, while body condition of sexually quiescent males remained constant. Continuous T _sc registrations in captive sexually active male dormice showed strong circadian T _sc fluctuations. Even though daily torpor bouts with T _sc below 20°C occurred in these males, most of the time T _sc fluctuated above 30°C, which is known as the critical body temperature threshold above which testes maturation can take place in this species. These results demonstrate that male dormice incur high costs due to sexual activity and that thermoregulation is determined by a trade-off between energetic savings and reproductive activity.     

Take Only Photographs,Leave Only Footprints: Novel Applications of Non-Invasive Survey Methods for Rapid Detection of Small,Arboreal Animals

The development of appropriate wildlife survey techniques is essential to promote effective and efficient monitoring of species of conservation concern. Here, we demonstrate the utility of two rapid-assessment, non-invasive methods to detect the presence of elusive, small, arboreal animals. We use the hazel dormouse, Muscardinus avellanarius, a rodent of conservation concern, as our focal species. Prevailing hazel dormouse survey methods are prolonged (often taking months to years to detect dormice), dependent on season and habitat, and/or have low detection rates. Alternatives would be of great use to ecologists who undertake dormouse surveys, especially those assessing the need for mitigation measures, as legally required for building development projects. Camera traps and footprint tracking are well-established tools for monitoring elusive large terrestrial mammals, but are rarely used for small species such as rodents, or in arboreal habitats. In trials of these adapted methods, hazel dormice visited bait stations and were successfully detected by both camera traps and tracking equipment at each of two woodland study sites, within days to weeks of installation. Camera trap images and footprints were of adequate quality to allow discrimination between two sympatric small mammal species (hazel dormouse and wood mouse, Apodemus sylvaticus). We discuss the relative merits of these methods with respect to research aims, funds, time available and habitat.     

A 13-year population study of the edible dormouse <Emphasis Type="Italic">Glis glis</Emphasis> in Britain

Edible dormice Glis glis Linnaeus, 1766 were monitored from 1996–2008 inclusive. This has been the first population study of this non-native species since its introduction to Britain in 1902. Dormice were present in nest boxes from May or June until October or November. Numbers recorded varied greatly from year to year, and breeding failure occurred in 6 of the 13 years, apparently in response to environmental cues such as food availability. Litter sizes declined with growth of the young but some of the largest litters resulted from females aggregating their offspring. Males used more nest boxes than females, some of whom showed clear site fidelity from year to year. Survival rates were high and some individual lifespans exceeded 9 years. Longevity, compensating for periodic reproductive failure, and an extremely short active season, make the life history of edible dormice exceptional among small rodents, perhaps unique. Population density, rate of population increase and evidence for local emigration in non-breeding years are discussed, issues of particular significance in populations of recently-established introduced species such as this.     

High survival during hibernation affects onset and timing of reproduction

The timing of reproduction is one of the most crucial life history traits, with enormous consequences for the fitness of an individual. We investigated the effects of season and timing of birth on local survival probability in a small mammalian hibernator, the common dormouse (Muscardinus avellanarius). Local monthly survival probability was lowest in the early active season (May–August, ϕ_adult = 0.75–0.88, ϕ_juvenile = 0.61–0.68), increased during the late active season (August–October), and highest during hibernation (October–May, ϕ_adult = 0.96–0.98, ϕ_juvenile = 0.81–0.94). Consequently, dormice had an extremely high winter survival probability. We observed two peaks in the timing of reproduction (June and August/September, respectively), with the majority of juveniles born late in the active season. Although early investment in reproduction seems the better life history tactic [survival probability until onset of reproduction: ϕ_{born early} = 0.46, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.28–0.64; ϕ_{born late} = 0.19, 95% CI = 0.09–0.28], only females with a good body condition (significantly higher body mass) invest in reproduction early in the year. We suggest the high over-winter survival in dormice allows for a unique life history pattern (i.e., combining slow and fast life history tactics), which leads to a bimodal seasonal birth pattern: (1) give birth as early as possible to allow even the young to breed before hibernating, and/or (2) give birth as late as possible (leaving just enough time for these young to fatten) and enter directly into a period associated with the highest survival rates (hibernation) until maturity.     

The role of fat dormouse (Glis glis L.) as reservoir host for spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in the region of Gorski Kotar, Croatia

To determine whether some of the B. burgdorferi sensu lato genospecies associate with fat dormouse as a reservoir host, we investigated the prevalence of infection in questing animals. A total of 45 adult fat dormice (30 female and 15 male) were captured by hunters during their hunting season in the region of Gorski Kotar, Croatia. Dead animals were aseptically dissected, and the urinary bladder tissue was used for isolation attempt and for deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) extraction. Out of 45 DNA samples extracted from urine bladder tissue, we found four (8.88%) to be polymerase chain reaction (PCR) positive. The RFLP analysis of the PCR product after cleavage with DraI and MseI distinguished between the three major genospecies: B. burgdorferi sensu stricto, B. garinii and B. afzelii. All positive samples were typed as B. afzelii with a unique DraI or MseI pattern. The results of the analysis of urinary bladder tissue samples culture for the presence of Borrelia were negative. Results showed that a prevalence of the Borrelia infection among population of fat dormice indicated their epizootiological involvement as a reservoir of Borrelia spirochetes. Furthermore, this work is an initial step in the investigation of the molecular epidemiology/epizootiology of Lyme borreliosis in Croatia.     

Factor affecting body mass of young fat dormics (Glis glis) at weaning and by hibernation

This paper describes the factors affecting body mass at weaning and by hibernation of young fat dormice (Glis glis) We studied a free-living population in 1991 and 1992 in a mixed forest where 100 nest-boxes were placed. In the two years, 128 females used the nest-boxes to give birth and rear their litters and more than 900 dormice have been individually marked. Body mass of young at weaning was positively correlated to body mass of the mother in both years and to birth date in 1991, while litter size was negatively correlated to body mass of the young in 1992 only, when birth took place about two weeks later than in 1991. On the contrary, by the time of hibernation, young born later weighed significantly less than those born earlier in the season, and heavier young at weaning remained heavier by hibernation, while maternal body mass and litter size did not significantly affect body mass of young at this stage. Body mass of the mother was negatively related to the date of parturition and early breeding females lost weight during lactation, while females that bred later did not. It seems, therefore, that early breeding carries a cost that only females in good condition can afford. It appears that females may follow two strategies: those in poor body condition will delay pregnancy so that lactation occurs when environmental feeding conditions are at their best; those in good condition will breed earlier, since they can afford to lose weight during lactation. Their young will have more time to grow before hibernation and the mothers themselves will have a longer period of time for restoring their fat reserves.     

Growing seasons of Nordic mountain birch in northernmost Europe as indicated by long-term field studies and analyses of satellite images

The phenophases first greening (bud burst) and yellowing of Nordic mountain birch (Betula pubescens ssp.tortuosa, also called B. p. ssp. czerepanovii) were observed at three sites on the Kola Peninsula in northernmost Europe during the period 1964–2003, and at two sites in the trans-boundary Pasvik-Enare region during 1994–2003. The field observations were compared with satellite images based on the GIMMS-NDVI dataset covering 1982–2002 at the start and end of the growing season. A trend for a delay of first greening was observed at only one of the sites (Kandalaksha) over the 40 year period. This fits well with the delayed onset of the growing season for that site based on satellite images. No significant changes in time of greening at the other sites were found with either field observations or satellite analyses throughout the study period. These results differ from the earlier spring generally observed in other parts of Europe in recent decades. In the coldest regions of Europe, e.g. in northern high mountains and the northernmost continental areas, increased precipitation associated with the generally positive North Atlantic Oscillation in the last few decades has often fallen as snow. Increased snow may delay the time of onset of the growing season, although increased temperature generally causes earlier spring phenophases. Autumn yellowing of birch leaves tends towards an earlier date at all sites. Due to both later birch greening and earlier yellowing at the Kandalaksha site, the growing season there has also become significantly shorter during the years observed. The sites showing the most advanced yellowing in the field throughout the study period fit well with areas showing an earlier end of the growing season from satellite images covering 1982–2002. The earlier yellowing is highly correlated with a trend at the sites in autumn for earlier decreasing air temperature over the study period, indicating that this environmental factor is important also for autumn phenophases.     

Should I Stay or Should I go? The Influence of Handling by Researchers on Den use in an Arboreal Nocturnal Rodent

Understanding how animals respond to disturbance by investigators is essential for a fair assessment of the presence of bias in routinely used research protocols. It is also an essential prerequisite for anyone interested in animal welfare and ethically sound research. Here, we utilize an automatic logging system to monitor nest box use by PIT‐tagged edible dormice, Glis glis, after standard handling procedures applied during a regular nest‐box monitoring programme. The edible dormouse is an arboreal nocturnal rodent that relies on tree hollows as daytime den sites. We assessed the effect of disturbance on dormice in two ways: whether it affected the decision of an individual to stay in the same den site for a subsequent day and whether it affected the timing of the individual's nocturnal emergence from the den site. We found handling had a strong negative effect on short‐term den use. In addition, females and sexually active individuals were more likely to spend the following day in the nest box. Individuals that had left the den site after our handling returned to them after an average of 4 d. Handling did not have a significant effect on the period of absence, but reproductively active animals returned on average after 3 d, while reproductively quiescent animals returned after more than 5 d. Manipulation did not have a significant effect on the initiation of nocturnal activity. Our study suggests that disturbance by investigators may modify certain aspects of animal behaviour, but this effect is likely to be short term and does not appear to impair the efficacy of routinely practiced capture‐mark‐recapture field protocols.     

Ultrasonography to Quantify Hepatic Fat Content: Validation by 1H Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

An abundance of fat stored within the liver, or steatosis, is the beginning of a broad hepatological spectrum, usually referred to as fatty liver disease (FLD). For studies on FLD, quantitative hepatic fat ultrasonography would be an appealing study modality. Objective of this study was to develop a technique for quantifying hepatic fat content by ultrasonography and validate this using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (¹H MRS) as gold standard. Eighteen white volunteers (BMI range 21.0–42.9) were scanned by both ultrasonography and ¹H MRS. Altered ultrasound characteristics, present in the case of FLD, were assessed using a specially developed software program. Various attenuation and textural based indices of FLD were extracted from ultrasound images. Using linear regression analysis, the predictive power of several models (consisting of both attenuation and textural based measures) on log 10–transformed hepatic fat content by ¹H MRS were investigated. The best quantitative model was compared with a qualitative ultrasonography method, as used in clinical care. A model with four ultrasound characteristics could modestly predict the amount of liver fat (adjusted explained variance 43.2%, P = 0.021). Expanding the model to seven ultrasound characteristics increased adjusted explained variance to 60% (P = 0.015), with r = 0.789 (P < 0.001). Comparing this quantitative model with qualitative ultrasonography revealed a significant advantage of the quantitative model in predicting hepatic fat content (P < 0.001). This validation study shows that a combination of computer‐assessed ultrasound measures from routine ultrasound images can be used to quantitatively assess hepatic fat content.     

Daily torpor in free-ranging common dormice (Muscardinus avellanarius) in Lithuania

Torpid common dormice (Muscardinus avellanarius) were found in nestboxes during all the activity period from early April until late October. Prevalence of torpor among dormice was highest in spring, decreased considerably in summer and increased again in October. The proportion of adult dormice that were torpid was inversely related to mean monthly air temperature, except in September, when dormice prepare for hibernation by accumulating fat reserves. In spring and summer, torpid dormice were found when ambient temperature was up to 14–15 °C and in the arousal phase of torpor – up to 19–20 °C. In autumn, dormice were active at much lower ambient temperatures compared to spring and summer, and only dormice that were fat enough and ready for hibernation were torpid. Torpor bouts usually lasted only until noon, but also in the afternoon during persistently low ambient temperatures in April and October. In April–July, torpor was more frequent among adult males than females (75% vs. 46%), and pregnant females were never found in deep torpor. Prevalence of torpor among young-of-the-year was lower compared to adult dormice at the same time. In October, the average weight of torpid young-of-the-year dormice was significantly higher compared to the weight of active dormice (22.3 vs. 17.5 g).

Zusammenfassung

Tagestorpor bei frei lebenden Haselmäusen (Muscardinus avellanarius) in LitauenHaselmäuse (Muscardinus avellanarius) im Torpor wurden während der gesamten aktiven Saison zwischen zeitigem April und Ende Oktober in Nistkästen gefunden. Im Frühjahr war die Torporfrequenz am höchsten, während des Sommers ging sie beträchtlich zurück, und im Oktober stieg sie wieder deutlich. Der Anteil an Haselmäusen im Torpor war umgekehrt abhängig von der mittleren Monatslufttemperatur, mit Ausnahme des Septembers, wo sich die Haselmäuse Fettreserven in Vorbereitung des Winterschlafes anlegen. Während des Frühlings und des Sommers konnten Haselmäuse im Torpor gefunden werden, wenn die Umgebungstemperatur bis 14–15 °C war, und in der Aufwachphase bei Temperaturen bis 19–20 °C. Im Herbst waren die Haselmäuse bei viel tieferen Temperaturen als im Sommer oder Frühjahr aktiv und nur die Haselmäuse die fett genug waren, um in den Winterschlaf gehen zu können, waren lethargisch. Die Torporphasen dauerten in der Regel nur bis zum Mittag, aber im April und Oktober während lang anhaltenden tiefen Umgebungstemperaturen auch bis in den Nachmittag hinein. Zwischen April und Juli konnten mehr adulte Männchen als Weibchen im Torpor nachgewiesen werden (75% vs 46%). Tragende Weibchen waren niemals im tiefen Torpor zu finden. Die Torporfrequenz war bei Haselmäusen in ihrem ersten Lebensjahr geringer als bei adulten im selben Zeitraum. Im Oktober war bei den lethargischen Jungtieren des Jahres das Durchschnittsgewicht höher als bei den aktiven Haselmäusen (22.3 vs. 17.5 g).     

Green algae in Lake Tanganyika: is morphological variation a response to seasonal changes?

In the framework of a planktological and ecological study in Lake Tanganyika, East Africa (CLIMLAKE, 2001–2005), variations of cell abundance and size were observed in a green alga, Eremosphaera tanganyikae, at two study sites, one in the north basin of the lake (off Kigoma, Tanzania) and the other in the south basin (off Mpulungu, Zambia). Whereas most green algae developed better in the rainy season and in the northern part of the lake, Eremosphaera developed better in the southern basin, in the dry season. It also exhibited large variations in cell abundance and cell size, with maxima in the middle of the dry season, which may be related to increased phosphorus availability. Moreover, increase in cell size (up to 80 μm in length), without notable change in S/V ratio, may provide the alga with resistance to grazing by copepods, which reach maximal abundance during the dry season.     

Stranded on an island: consequences of forest fragmentation for body size variations in an arboreal mammal, the edible dormouse (Glis glis)

The island rule states that small mammals isolated on islands have the evolutionary tendency to become larger, while large mammals tend to become smaller. However, the underlying mechanisms and life history consequences of these insular shifts in body size still remain speculative. The aim of this study was to investigate whether an arboreal mammal, the edible dormouse (Glis glis), showed shifts in body size when inhabiting isolated forest fragments. We analysed a data set of 541 individuals captured between 2005 and 2010 in four different forest fragments and one continuous forest, which served as a reference area. Sex, age, body mass, and size of all individuals were known. We used linear mixed-effect models to investigate whether individuals differed in their body size and mass between forest fragments and continuous forest. Our study revealed that edible dormice inhabiting forest fragments were significantly larger and heavier than individuals in the continuous forest, in accordance with patterns described by the island rule for small mammals. Because edible dormice frequently use nest boxes to rest during the day and to rear offspring, the life history strategies of this rodent can be easily investigated under evolutionary relevant conditions in the field. Thus the edible dormouse represents an excellent model organism for studying the mechanisms underlying shifts in body size as a response to habitat fragmentation and to investigate the consequences of these shifts on their life history strategies.     

On the virtue of being the first born: the influence of date of birth on fitness in the mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis

We found in an earlier study that mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis and G. holbrooki) ceased reproduction in the late summer, long before the end of warm weather, stored fat, then utilized reserves to survive the winter and initiate reproduction the following spring. We hypothesized that this pattern of fat utilization was a life history adaptation that enabled the fish to acquire food resources in the autumn then allocate them to reproduction the following spring when the fitness of the young would be greater. Here we evaluate one aspect of this hypothesis by evaluating the probability of survival to maturity and fecundity of young as a function of date of birth. We placed cohorts comprising eight to ten litters of young born early‐, mid‐ or late in the reproductive season in replicate field enclosures. The entire experiment was repeated in two different years. Early‐born young had a significantly higher probability of survival to maturity but did not differ in fecundity relative to the last cohort of the season. Early‐born young also attained maturity early enough to reproduce in their year of birth while late‐born young had to overwinter before reproduction. The fitness consequences to the mother of either producing one more litter of young at the end of the season, versus instead storing fat and reproducing the following spring are not as determinate as are the effects of date of birth on offspring fitness. Females most often gain fitness by not producing one last litter and instead over‐wintering. If, however, the overwinter survival of offspring is not influenced by their size at the end of the season, then a female's fitness could be enhanced by producing one more litter late in the season. If instead the probability of overwinter survival is strongly influenced by the size of offspring at the end of the season, then our results suggest that a female gains more by deferring reproduction and storing for overwinter survival and reproduction the following spring.     

Nest losses of cavity nesting birds caused by dormice (Gliridae, Rodentia)

Mammals are common predators on bird nests. However, their species identity frequently remains unknown. Here we present long-term data (1975–2005) from a central European woodland on the predatory effect of three dormice species (Rodentia, Gliridae) on cavity-nesting birds. Dormice are mostly frugivorous during the active late-summer season, but shortly after they terminate hibernation, they frequently depredate cavity-nesting-bird nests. The seven bird species studied, lost on average between 2.9 to 18.4% of their broods. MigratoryFicedula flycatchers suffered the highest brood losses, while the residentParus titmice and the nuthatchSitta europaea had much lower brood losses. The three dormice species differed significantly in their predatory effect during different avian breeding stages. The edible dormouseGlis glis (Linnaeus, 1766) depredated both eggs and nestlings equally, while the common dormouseMuscardinus avellanarius (Linnaeus, 1758) and the forest dormouseDryomys nitedula (Pallas, 1778) destroyed more nests during egg laying and the incubation period. Among adult birds, females were taken more frequently by dormice than males. Among avian species, adultFicedula flycatchers were more often depredated than the titmice and nuthatch. Our study provided further evidence, that among the traditional studies on the costs of reproduction, parental mortality at the nests needs to be considered and that incubating or brooding females might be under higher predation risk than the males.     

Seasonal changes in thyroid-gonadal interactions in the edible dormouse,Glis glis

Summary This study was conducted to determine changes in thyroid-gonadal interaction in the edible dormouse during the phase of the annual cycle that corresponds to the end of the breeding season (from June to September). We evaluated intra-hypothalamic luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) content, and plasma concentrations of luteinizing hormone (LH), testosterone, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroxine (T4) in three groups of dormice: (1) controls; (2) dormice receiving sufficient T4 supplementation to maintain June levels in control animals until September, thus counteracting the seasonal reduction of T4 that normally begins in July; and (3) thyroidectomized dormice. The effect of thyroidectomy was only detectable in June, when plasma T4 concentration in the control group was maximal, and consisted of a significant decrease in plasma testosterone levels. This provides strong support for the hypothesis that thyroid function positively influences gonadal function during the breeding season. The T4 supplementation resulted in a decrease in hypothalamic LHRH concentration, suggesting that an increased LHRH release led to the observed stimulated hypophyseal secretion of LH in June and September and the increased circulating testosterone levels in September. There was no detectable effect in July and August. These results show that thyroid axis activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal system is only possible during certain phases of the annual cycle, particularly evidenced here during the breeding season. They also reinforce our conclusions drawn from the thyroidectomy results. Conversely, the summer testicular regression which normally occurs after the breeding season is no longer controlled by plasma T4 levels. Even though the sensitivity of the gonadal axis to the thyroid axis appears to reappear at the end of the summer, results of previous studies indicate that this resumption is only temporary.Abbreviations LH luteinizing hormone - LHRH luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone - RIA radioimmunoassay - T4 thyroxine - TSH thyroid-stimulating hormone     

In vivo and in vitro effects of oestradiol-17β on lipid metabolism in Notemigonus crysoleucas

The effects of oestradiol-17β on the gonosornatic index, liver size, hepatic and body lipid levels in the cyprinid teleost, Notemigonus crysoleucas , were investigated. Administration of oestradiol to female TV. crysoleucas during the gonadal preparatory and prespawning seasons stimulates increases in ovarian size. During the early spawning season oestradiol therapy results in a reduction of ovarian gonosomatic index. Oestrogen treatment of males causes a suppression of testicular growth. In female fish exposed to long (15-5L/8-5D) or intermediate (12L/12D) photoperiods oestradiol increases body fat reserves. At short photoperiods (9L/15D) oestrogen treatment of females results in body fat store depletion Low doses deplete and high doses of oestradiol increase body lipid reserves in male fish. The hepatosomic index increases in both male and female fish following oestrogen treatment. Oestradiol therapy during the gonadal preparatory season, but not during the prespawning season, increases total liver lipids. The in vitro effects of oestradiol on liver lipid and carbohydrate metabolism were also examined. Under the conditions used in these experiments, lipid depletion was observed in liver slices incubated with or without oestradiol. Pretreatment of fish with oestradiol before liver tissue was removed drastically reduced in vitro lipid depletion. Oestradiol retards the gluconeogenesis and glycogenesis seen in liver slices incubated in a hormone-free medium.     

Spontaneous and experimental variations in body weight, food intake and metabolic rate in captive dormice (Glis glis)

Captive dormice (Glis glis) showed spontaneous cyclical fluctuations in body weight that were not synchronous between animals and not directly related to season. Presenting the animals with a varied and palatable (cafeteria) diet for short periods caused marked increases in energy intake and body weight, and higher levels of oxygen consumption (V02). The level of hyperphagia was fairly constant, but the rise in V02 during cafeteria feeding varied (20-80%) according to season, being greatest in the winter (Nov.-Jan.). Removal of the cafeteria foods caused weight loss, hypophagia and a fall in V02 to levels below that seen in either normally-fed or fasted dormice. This hypometabolism was associated with increased periods of sleep and torpor, and it is suggested that the excess fat deposition resulting from cafeteria feeding may have induced a transient "hibernation-like" state.