小菜蛾PGRP-SA的体外表达及介导酚氧化酶活力的研究

肽聚糖识别蛋白(Peptidoglycan Recognition Proteins,PGRPs)是可以识别肽聚糖和含肽聚糖的细菌的一类模式识别受体,在介导酚氧化酶级联反应中起着重要的作用。本研究以实验室克隆的小菜蛾Px PGRP-SA(Gen Bank No.EU399240)为基础,RT-PCR克隆了其开放阅读框(ORF),在原核细胞中获得了高效重组表达,利用GST一步纯化的融合蛋白免疫新西兰大白兔,制备了抗血清,滴定效价为1∶51200。Western blot检测表明Micrococcus luteus和Serratia marcescens可以显著提高Px PGRP-SA在小菜蛾血淋巴中的含量。为了检测Px PGRP-SA与酚氧化酶PO的活力关系,本研究将Px PGRP-SA连接到真核表达载体p MT/Bip/V5/His A构建真核表达质粒p MTAPGRP,转染果蝇S2细胞中,获得稳定的细胞系,硫酸铜诱导获得表达后用anti-V5纯化获得重组蛋白Px PGRP-SA。将重组蛋白Px PGRP-SA与M.luteus和S.marcescens分别温育后,可以显著提高小菜蛾血浆中PO的活力。本研究结果阐明了重组蛋白Px PGRP-SA在小菜蛾体PO级联反应中的功能,为进一步研究Px PGRP-SA在小菜蛾体内免疫信号通路中的功能奠定了基础。     

酚氧化酶参与德国小蠊对大肠杆菌的免疫应答

【目的】探讨酚氧化酶(phenoloxidase, PO)在德国小蠊Blattella germanica对大肠杆菌Escherichia coli的免疫响应中的作用。【方法】利用同源克隆和RACE方法获得德国小蠊酚氧化酶基因（BgPO）的全长cDNA序列,用MEGA5.1软件构建BgPO与其他昆虫PO的系统进化树,用RT-PCR方法检测BgPO的组织表达模式及大肠杆菌诱导后不同时间的表达量变化,用Hultmark 方法测定抑菌活力,用邻苯二酚法测定酚氧化酶活性。【结果】获得的德国小蠊BgPO基因（GenBank登录号：KJ789157）cDNA全长为2 252 bp,其中开放阅读框大小为2 085 bp,编码695个氨基酸,预测的分子量和等电点分别为79.7 kDa和6.19。Blast分析结果表明德国小蠊BgPO与其他昆虫PO有较高的同源性,其中与白蚁Coptotermes formosanus PO的氨基酸序列一致性高达80%;系统进化树分析显示其与C. formosanus PO的亲缘关系最近。基因表达检测结果表明BgPO主要在血淋巴细胞和表皮中表达。大肠杆菌诱导德国小蠊后,发现BgPO的表达量在诱导24 h后升高,在诱导后36 h达到峰值;其血淋巴的抑菌活力及酚氧化酶的活性在诱导后6-36 h内均随着诱导时间的增加而增加,且菌诱导组与PBS诱导组之间存在显著差异(P<0.05)。【结论】本研究获得的德国小蠊酚氧化酶基因BgPO主要在血淋巴和表皮中表达,并参与了大肠杆菌诱导的免疫应答反应。研究结果为进一步探索酚氧化酶在德国小蠊对病原菌的免疫响应机制奠定基础。     

棉铃虫不同虫态及虫龄血淋巴中酚氧化酶活力的比较

分别测定了棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigeraHübner不同虫态及虫龄血清和血细胞中酚氧化酶(phenoloxidase,PO)的活力。结果显示血清和血细胞中都有酚氧化酶活性,且血细胞中高于血清中。不同虫态及虫龄的血清和血细胞中酚氧化酶活力有很大的不同,血清和血细胞中酚氧化酶活力变化规律一致。3龄幼虫酶活力最高,5龄幼虫最低。酶活力大小依次为:3龄幼虫>预蛹>4龄幼虫>蛹>5龄幼虫     

微量法与试管比色法检测ALT的比较

经实验建立了一种用于检测血浆中丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)含量的微量测定法,并与比色法（传统赖氏法)进行了比较。用两种方法检测定值血清、室内质控及样品并比较标准曲线后,结果无显著性差异,同时微量法重复性较好,结果表明微量法测定ALT酶活力可以替代比色法测定血浆中ALT含量,适合大批量血浆ALT含量的快速检测。     

曲酸对飞蝗酚氧化酶以及其他生化酶活性的影响

酚氧化酶(Phenoloxidase)可以催化黑色素中间体多巴胺的形成,是昆虫黑化作用中的关键酶,在昆虫细胞免疫和体液免疫过程中发挥着重要的作用。"近年来,酚氧化酶成为新型杀虫剂靶标的研究对象之一,而酚氧化酶的抑制剂曲酸(Kojic acid)对昆虫解毒酶和保护酶的影响的研究却很少。为了探索酚氧化酶与昆虫其他解毒酶或保护酶类的关系,本文利用含不同剂量曲酸的麦麸饲喂飞蝗,检测飞蝗存活率以及虫体酚氧化酶(PO)、乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)、解毒酶(ESTs和GSTs)和保护酶(POD、SOD和CAT)的活性。结果发现,曲酸对飞蝗无明显毒力;在曲酸处理1 d和3 d后,曲酸处理组飞蝗PO二酚酶活性显著低于对照,5 d和7 d后飞蝗PO活性与对照相比差异不大;处理3 d后,飞蝗AChE活性显著低于对照,而5 d后AChE相比于对照显著升高;偏高浓度的曲酸在1 d和3 d后对飞蝗ESTS和GSTs有显著的抑制,5 d和7 d后飞蝗ESTs和GSTs活性上升;曲酸在1 d和3 d后引起了飞蝗保护酶的升高,5 d后飞蝗保护酶有一定的下降。以上结果表明,曲酸对飞蝗PO有明显抑制作用,同时也干扰了昆虫其它生化酶的活性。由此推测,曲酸可以作为杀虫剂或者杀虫真菌的增效剂。     

注射亲水性硅珠对棉铃虫血浆酚氧化酶活性的影响

昆虫通过细胞免疫和体液免疫的协同作用对入侵的异物做出防御反应。在不同时间向棉铃虫体内注射亲水性硅珠后,测定了血浆中酚氧化酶（PO）的活性,同时研究了不同抑制剂和激活剂对注射硅珠后的酚氧化酶活性的影响。结果表明,注射亲水性硅珠后,棉铃虫血浆中酚氧化酶的活性明显升高。分别以牛胰蛋白酶和昆布多糖作为酚氧化酶原（proPO）的激活剂,发现两者都可激活注射硅珠后血浆中的proPO。以牛胰蛋白酶激活时,随着注射硅珠后时间的延长,PO活性逐渐增高;而用昆布多糖激活后PO活性也明显升高,但注射硅珠后不同时间proPO被昆布多糖激活的情况基本相似。这些结果表明,在异物入侵后酚氧化酶原有很大程度的积累,并能被激活,协同细胞免疫抵御异物入侵。P-NPGB和PTU几乎能完全抑制酚氧化酶的活性。     

不同细菌刺激后仿刺参体腔液中免疫相关酶的应答变化

为了解不同细菌刺激后仿刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)体腔液中免疫因子的应答变化,分别用灿烂弧菌(Vibrio splendidus)、哈维氏弧菌(V.harveyi)、假交替单胞菌(Pseudoalteromonas nigrifacien)、溶壁微球菌(Micrococcus lysodeikticus)和停乳链球菌(Streptococcus dysgadysgalactiae)注射刺激仿刺参,然后分别采用对硝基苯基磷酸酯(p NPP)底物法、氯化硝基四氮唑蓝(NBT)法、溶壁微球菌粉法和多巴络合物生成法对体腔液上清中的酸性磷酸酶(ACP)与碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、溶菌酶(LYZ)和酚氧化酶(PO)的活力进行了测定。结果显示,灿烂弧菌刺激后,酸性磷酸酶和碱性磷酸酶活力显著升高,而超氧化物歧化酶、溶菌酶和酚氧化酶活力显著降低;哈维氏弧菌刺激后,酸性磷酸酶、超氧化物歧化酶、溶菌酶和酚氧化酶活力显著升高,碱性磷酸酶活力变化不规律;假交替单胞菌刺激后,酸性磷酸酶、溶菌酶和酚氧化酶活力显著升高,超氧化物歧化酶活力先升高后降低,碱性磷酸酶活力变化不规律;溶壁微球菌刺激后,酸性磷酸酶和酚氧化酶活力显著升高,超氧化物歧化酶活力先升高后降低,溶菌酶活力先升高后降低,而后在72 h恢复至对照水平,碱性磷酸酶活力变化不规律;停乳链球菌刺激后,除碱性磷酸酶活力在4 h有所下降外,其余免疫相关酶活力均显著升高。研究结果表明,酚氧化酶是仿刺参非特异性免疫系统中最敏感、高效的免疫因子之一;革兰氏阳性细菌与革兰氏阴性细菌之间在诱导仿刺参免疫因子应答变化上无明显规律性差异;溶壁微球菌诱导溶菌酶的应答变化与灿烂弧菌、哈维氏弧菌、假交替单胞菌和停乳链球菌存在明显差异,溶菌酶可能是仿刺参清除入侵溶壁微球菌的主要免疫因子;灿烂弧菌诱导仿刺参免疫因子应答变化显著不同于其他4株细菌,显示出本研究选取的5个免疫指标在预警灿烂弧菌病害上具有潜在应用价值;停乳链球菌在仿刺参中具有作为免疫增强剂的潜在应用价值。     

玫烟色棒束孢侵染对小菜蛾幼虫体内不同酶活的影响

在实验室条件下,测定了昆虫病原真菌玫烟色棒束孢Isaria fumosorosea的侵染对小菜蛾Plutella xylostella3龄幼虫体内酚氧化酶(PO)和不同抗氧化酶类,包括超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢(CAT)及谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GSTs)活力的变化。结果表明,玫烟色棒束孢侵染小菜蛾3龄幼虫后,体内PO、SOD、POD、CAT和GSTs活力均受到明显的影响。其中感病小菜蛾幼虫体内的PO活力始终高于同期未感染的小菜蛾幼虫,当接菌40h时,酚氧化酶活力达到最大37.4U/g,为对照的2.6倍,而SOD、POD、CAT和GSTs活力在感病前期明显高于对照,接菌40–48h各种酶活力均达到最大,当接菌56h酶活力开始下降,64h时酶活力均明显低于对照。可见玫烟色棒束孢的侵染严重干扰了小菜蛾幼虫体内正常的生理活动。     

褐飞虱和桃蚜粗提液中酚氧化酶原激活系统的激活特点

采用研磨法制备褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens (Stål)和桃蚜Myzus persicae (Sulzer)粗提液,用于研究几种化学因子对粗提液中酚氧化酶原激活系统(proPO-AS)的激活特点。结果表明, 在0.1～100 mmol/L的Ca²⁺浓度范围内,虱液和蚜液的酚氧化酶(PO)活性随Ca²⁺浓度升高而增强,并在30 mmol/L处PO活性达到最高,在此限之上PO活性反而下降。当昆布多糖浓度从10^-4 mg/mL升至10 mg/mL时,虱液和蚜液的PO活性也随之升高,但再提高昆布多糖浓度却未见PO活性的峰顶出现。在6种葡聚糖对PO的激活作用中,昆布多糖和酵母聚糖能显著增强PO活性,但curdlan对虱液和蚜液的PO无明显激活作用,而甘露聚糖、右旋糖苷和纤维素则降低PO活性。这些结果显示β-1,3-葡聚糖能有效激活proPO-AS。Ca²⁺和丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂PMSF加样顺序的不同也会影响PO活性。     

2-羟基-4-甲氧基苯甲醛缩苯胺对菜青虫酚氧化酶的抑制作用

为筛选对十字花科蔬菜害虫菜青虫Pieris rapae（L.）酚氧化酶具有高抑制活性的化合物,为寻找新型害虫控制剂提供线索,采用酶标仪微量法以室内合成、筛选的高活性化合物2-羟基-4-甲氧基苯甲醛缩苯胺为抑制剂,研究了其对菜青虫酚氧化酶的抑制活性及抑制类型。结果表明,供试化合物对菜青虫酚氧化酶的抑制中浓度（IC₅₀）为0.116 mmol/L;该化合物为典型的可逆非竞争型抑制剂,抑制常数（K_i）为1.96 mmol/L。该化合物直接对靶标酚氧化酶产生作用,而不是通过影响酶结构内的铜离子来产生作用的。     

Adaptation to phenylacetamide as a growth substrate by an acetanilide-utilizing mutant of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Mutants able to utilize phenylacetamide as sole nitrogen source were isolated from the acetanilide (N-phenylacetamide)-utilizing Pseudomonas aeruginosa mutant strain AI3 and from its parent strain L10. Growth properties of the mutants (Ph strains) on amide media and the physicochemical properties of their amidases in cell free extracts indicated that their phenylacetamidase activities were attributable to alterations in their amidases. Differences in amide hydrolase specificities between the AI3-and the L10-Ph mutants were observed. The AI3 group had a high level of activity towards 4-nitrophenylacetamide, activity towards phenylacetyl-4-nitroaniline but, unlike strain AI3, no activity towards acetyl-4-nitroaniline; the L10 group had a low activity towards 4-nitrophenylacetamide, no activity towards phenylacetyl-4-nitroaniline but retained the low level of activity towards acetyl-4-nitroaniline exhibited by strain L10. Confirmation of the association between these altered specificition of alterations in amidases was obtained from analysis of the properties of phenylacetamidases purified from an AI3-Ph mutant (pH5) and an L 10-Ph mutant (Ph14). The original mutation in the amidase gene of strain AI3 appeared responsible for the differences between the two groups of Ph mutants and the binding interactions with acetanilide that it determined were eliminated in AI3-Ph mutants.     

黄粉虫幼虫体壁硬化过程中酚氧化酶活性的变化

为研究酚氧化酶(PO)在昆虫蜕皮过程中的功能和作用, 采用微量测定法研究了黄粉虫Tenebrio molitor体壁硬化过程中血淋巴和表皮中的PO活性变化。结果表明：初蜕皮幼虫血淋巴中PO活性较高, 但随着体壁的不断黑化与硬化, 其活性呈现下降趋势, 在3～4 h内达到最低点, 而后PO活性逐渐上升, 7 h左右活性上升至最高, 并接近于正常幼虫的水平;在刚蜕完皮后的1 h内, 体壁中 PO活性基本无变化, 但随后即开始下降, 3 h左右降到最低点, 然后开始回升, 6~7 h左右恢复到正常水平, 并趋于稳定;以L-DOPA为底物, 通过双倒数曲线作图法求得黄粉虫血淋巴PO的Km＝1.176 mmol/L, 体壁PO的Km＝0.881 mmol/L, 表明体壁PO与底物L-DOPA的亲和力要高于血淋巴PO。研究表明两种来源的酚氧化酶均参与了黄粉虫幼虫的体壁硬化过程, 但在作用方式及与底物的亲和力方面存在差异。     

Description of Bacillus thuringiensis wratislaviensis (H-47), a new serotype originating from WrocŁaw (Poland), and other soil isolates from the same area

Twenty-four Bacillus thuringienis ( Bt ) strains were isolated and examined in respect of serotype, plasmid content crystal-composing proteins and insecticidal activity. Strains PO1–PO11 and PO14–PO15 were recognized as B. thuringiensis kurstaki H3a3b3c. The strains PO12 and PO13 were found to share a common novel antigen determining the new serotype H-47, and were designated as serovar wratislaviensis . Further investigations showed that all strains carried multiple plasmids (for example six different large plasmids in PO12 strain) and formed crystals composed of either two proteins, 135·8 kDa and 66·2 kDa (strains PO1–PO11 and PO14–PO24), or on protein, 66·2 kDa (strains PO12 and PO13). Preliminary toxicity tests with crude suspensions of spores and crystals showed rather low activity (<50% mortality) against fruitfly larvae and nymphs of cockroaches and high toxic effects (up to 90% mortality) against house fly larvae.     

Phenoloxidase Activity in Hemolymph of Plasmodium-Melanizing and Nonmelanizing Strains of Anopheles gambiae

ABSTRACT Phenoloxidase (PO) activity was compared in two strains of the mosquito, Anopheles gambiae , one of which melanotically encapsulates and kills malaria parasites ( Plasmodium spp.) and a second which permits normal development of these parasites. The enzyme assay, based on the formation of dopachrome from L-dopa, was linear with respect to enzyme concentration and time and was as inhibitable by phenylthiourea. There were no significant differences in the K m or V max of hemolymph samples taken from 3 days old naive mosquitoes of each strain. An age course demonstrated that PO activity was slightly higher in the refractory strain on Days 1 and 2 after emergence but decreased to similar stable levels in both strains by Day 3. PO activity differed in the two strains following an uninfected blood meal. While PO activity significantly increased by 48 h post blood feeding in Plasmodium -susceptible strain, activity remained level or slightly decreased in the Plasmodium -refractory strain. Finally, protease inhibitors and proteases were tested for effects on PO activity. Leupeptin, TLCK, and TPCK all inhibited PO activity in both strains. PO in both strains was activated by bovine trypsin but not by bovine chymotrypsin.     

应用微量滴定法测定天花疫苗效力

微量滴定法代替血球吸附法测定天花疫苗效力。通过对Vero细胞接种浓度和细胞病变判定时间的优化,确定了微量滴定法测定天花疫苗效力的方法,用Vero细胞微量滴定法和血球吸附法测定14批天花疫苗。两种滴定方法的检测结果差异有显著意义(P<0.05),二者存在正相关(r=0.76,0.001相似文献   

Interactions of arsenate, sulfate and phosphate with yeast mitochondria

In the presence of K(+), addition of ATP or ethanol to yeast mitochondria triggers the depletion of the transmembrane potential (DeltaPsi) and this is prevented by millimolar concentrations of phosphate (PO(4)). Different monovalent and polyvalent anions were tested for their protective effects on mitochondria from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Only arsenate (AsO(4)) and sulfate (SO(4)) were as efficient as PO(4) to protect mitochondria against the K(+) mediated swelling, depletion of the DeltaPsi, and decrease in the ratio of uncoupled state to state 4 respiration rates. Protection by PO(4), SO(4) or AsO(4) was inhibited by mersalyl, suggesting that these anions interact with a site located in the matrix side. In addition, the effects of SO(4) and AsO(4) on the F(1)F(0)-ATPase were tested: both SO(4) and AsO(4) inhibited the synthesis of ATP following competitive kinetics against PO(4) and non-competitive kinetics against ADP. The mersalyl sensitive uptake of (32)PO(4) was not inhibited by SO(4) or AsO(4), suggesting that the synthesis of ATP was inhibited at the F(1)F(0)-ATPase. The hydrolysis of ATP was not inhibited, only a stimulation was observed when AsO(4) or sulfite (SO(3)) were added. It is suggested that the structure and charge similarities of PO(4), AsO(4) and SO(4) result in undiscriminated binding to at least two sites located in the mitochondrial matrix: at one site, occupation by any of these three anions results in protection against uncoupling by K(+); at the second site, in the F(1)F(0)-ATPase, AsO(4) and SO(4) compete for binding against PO(4) leading to inhibition of the synthesis of ATP.     

Pentavalent ions dependency is a conserved property of adenosine kinase from diverse sources: identification of a novel motif implicated in phosphate and magnesium ion binding and substrate inhibition

The catalytic activity of adenosine kinase (AK) from mammalian sources has previously been shown to exhibit a marked dependency upon the presence of pentavalent ions (PVI), such as phosphate (PO4), arsenate, or vanadate. We now show that the activity of AK from diverse sources, including plant, yeast, and protist species, is also markedly enhanced in the presence of PVI. In all cases, PO4 or other PVI exerted their effects primarily by decreasing the Km for adenosine and alleviating the inhibition caused by high concentrations of substrates. These results provide evidence that PVI dependency is a conserved property of AK and perhaps of the PfkB family of carbohydrate kinases which includes AK. On the basis of sequence alignments, we have identified a conserved motif NXXE within the PfkB family. The N and E of this motif make close contacts with Mg2+ and PO4 ions in the crystal structures of AK and bacterial ribokinase (another PfkB member which shows PVI dependency), implicating these residues in their binding. Site-directed mutagenesis of these residues in Chinese hamster AK have resulted in active proteins with greatly altered phosphate stimulation and substrate inhibition characteristics. The N239Q mutation leads to the formation of an active protein whose activity was not stimulated by PO4 or inhibited by high concentrations of adenosine or ATP. The activity of the E242D mutant protein was also not significantly altered in the presence of phosphate. Although PO4 had no effect on the KmAdenosine for this mutant, the KmATP, K(i)Adenosine, and K(i)ATP were significantly decreased. In contrast to these mutations, N239L or E242L mutant proteins showed greatly decreased activity with an altered Mg2+ requirement. These observations support the view that N239 and E242 play an important role in the binding of PO4 and Mg2+ ions required for the catalytic activity of adenosine kinase.     

Measurement of ATP citrate-lyase and acetyl-CoA synthetase activity using arylamine acetyltransferase.

Methods are described for the assay of ATP citrate (pro-3S)-lyase (EC 4.1.3.8) and acetyl-CoA synthetase (EC 6.2.1.1) activity in crude tissue extracts. Arylamine acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.5) and p-nitroaniline serve as indicator system in these tests. The methods have several advantages with respect to other optical enzyme assays. They are more sensitive than NADH- or hydroxylamine-dependent methods due to the higher molar extinction coefficient of p-nitroaniline, which was redetermined under assay conditions. The assay is independent of nonspecific “NADH oxidase” activity. Continuous readings of the optical density can be performed. Specific activities of ATP citrate-lyase and acetyl-CoA synthetase have been measured in livers of starved and refed rats. Carbohydraterich refeeding leads to an increase in both enzyme activities. A modification of the biuret method for the use in lipid-rich tissue extracts is described.