牛乳铁蛋白肽转基因小鼠的构建

目的:探讨牛乳铁蛋白肽在转基因鼠乳汁中的表达及其抑菌活性。方法:将实验室构建并保存的包含山羊β-酪蛋白基因启动子和牛乳铁蛋白肽基因的乳腺特异表达载体PI-bcp-LfcinB,用Xho I和Nru I双酶切,得到含有全部表达盒的显微注射DNA片段,采用常规显微注射技术获得转基因小鼠。并通过对泌乳期转基因雌鼠乳腺组织的RT-PCR检测,确定了牛乳铁蛋白肽在mRNA水平的表达,同时利用琼脂板扩散法检测了转基因鼠乳汁中表达产物的抑菌活性。结果:获得了牛乳铁蛋白肽转基因小鼠,且转基因小鼠乳汁中能够表达具有抑菌活性的牛乳铁蛋白肽。结论:通过转基因动物乳腺可以获得具有生物活性的牛乳铁蛋白肽,为进一步研究抗菌肽转基因牛、培育抗乳房炎奶牛新品种以及通过建立转基因动物生物反应器进行抗菌肽的大量生产奠定了基础。     

转基因动物乳腺生物反应器的发展概况及人工染色体在其中的应用

转基因动物乳腺生物反应器位点效应的影响是制备转基因动物乳腺生物反应器过程中的主要问题。酵母人工染色体（YAC）和细菌人工染色体（BAC）具有容量大的特性,可以将乳蛋白的整个基因座包括所有调控序列全部装载进去,有可能克服位点效应的影响,是一种理想的载体。YAC和BAC载体转基因技术可能成为避开基因打靶获得高效表达的转基因动物乳腺生物反应器的另一途径.     

RT-PCR测定组织纤溶酶原激活剂突变体(La-tPA)在转基因鼠乳腺表达的研究

利用所构建的乳腺表达组织纤溶酶原激活剂突变体（Ｌａ－ｔＰＡ）载体．对５４０枚小鼠受精卵进行显微注射,经ＰＣＰ和Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎｂｌｏｔ检测,获得６只整合有人Ｌａ－ｔＰＡ转基因小鼠．为了精确研究转基因在小鼠体内的表达,采用ＲＴ－ＰＣＰ方法测定转基因鼠在泌乳期１～２０ｄＬａ－ｔＰＡ基因的转录,结果表明,在转基因鼠乳腺的Ｌａ－ｔＰＡｍＲＮＡ水平在１０～１５ｄ最高,在２０ｄ时降为最低．外源基因在转基因小鼠乳腺的表达规律研究为未来利用转基因动物生产Ｌａ－ｔＰＡ提供依据     

直接注射质粒DNA表达人G—CSF的研究

转基因动物研究发展至今,对于所构建煌表达载体有效性如何,一直缺乏一个验证体系。由于转基因动物的建立较为繁琐复杂,投资大,因而直接用转基因动物去验证所用元件是不明智的。为此,我们采用小鼠乳清酸蛋白（WAP）基因（2．6Kb)为调控序列,人G－CSF基因组基因为目的的自然,将WAP第一内含子置于G－CSF基因5’端,构建成转基因动物乳腺表达载体pINGG（Fig.1）。将表达质粒直接注射到怀孕小鼠乳腺。于分婉第8天取乳汗进行ELISA检测。在泌乳期小鼠乳汁中检测出人G－CSF,表达量达15－32ng/mL(Table1)。具有一定应用前景。实验中发现：增加注射次数可以提供转染效率,但最佳注射次数仍需摸索。另外,如果换用复制型载体,整合与表达效率有可能大大提高。     

动物乳腺生物反应器的现状和趋势

利用转基因家畜的乳腺生产人类重组蛋白,可以高效获得安全、足量的药用蛋白。本文针对乳腺生物反应器的成功研制,从目的基因的选择、载体构建、转基因技术等方面探讨了动物乳腺生物反应器的研究现状。分析了提高转基因效率和外源蛋白表达水平的技术途径,提出了降低总体成本的战略措施。特别探讨了利用Cre-loxP系统发展“体细胞打靶体细胞核移植技术体系”,高效生产乳腺生物反应器动物的可能性。     

直接注射质粒DNA表达人G-CSF的研究(英文)

转基因动物研究发展至今,对于所构建的表达载体有效性如何,一直缺乏一个验证体系。由于转基因动物的建立较为繁琐复杂,投资大,因而直接用转基因动物去验证所用元件是不明智的。为此,我们采用小鼠乳清酸蛋白（ＷＡＰ）基因（２．６Ｋｂ）为调控序列,人ＧＣＳＦ基因组基因为目的片段,将ＷＡＰ笫一内含子置于ＧＣＳＦ基因５’端,构建成转基因动物乳腺表达载体ｐＩＮＧＧ（Ｆｉｇ．１）。将表达质粒直接注射到怀孕小鼠乳腺。于分婉第８天取乳汁进行ＥＬＩＳＡ检测。在泌乳期小鼠乳汁中检测出人ＧＣＳＦ,表达量达１５３２ｎｇ／ｍＬ（Ｔａｂｌｅ１）。具有一定应用前景。实验中发现：增加注射次数可以提供转染效率,但最佳注射次数仍需摸索。另外,如果换用复制型载体,整合与表达效率有可能大大提高。     

动物乳腺生物反应器的应用与展望

应用转基因技术生产乳腺生物反应器可以获得高效、安全、足量的人类重组蛋白、药用蛋白及其目的蛋白.本文概述了制备转基因动物过程中目的基因选择、载体构建等技术环节的研究现状;通过叙述乳腺生物反应器的原理和应用现状来分析乳腺生物反应器的优势及特点,为乳腺生物反应器的发展和应用奠定理论基础.     

人凝血IX因子基因乳腺组织特异性表达载体的构建及其在奶山羊乳腺中的分泌性表达

血友病B(Hernophilia B)是由于人凝血IX因子(hFIX)缺乏所致的一种严重出血性疾病。常规治疗方法是通过输血或输入人浓缩凝血IX园子来实现的,因此患者很容易被肝炎病毒甚至爱滋病毒感染。近年来,人们期望通过转基因动物乳腺表达并从乳汁中分离生产hFIX蛋白,以解除血友病患者的痛苦。以转基因动物的乳腺组织即乳腺生物反应器生产外源蛋白具有原核生物,酵母以及离俸真核细胞生产系统所不具备的优点：生产的外源蛋白经过体内加工和修饰,特别是真核蛋白的转译后加工(如糖基化和羧基化)．其生化特性、生物学活性与天然蛋白完全相同^[1];另外从乳汁中生产外源蛋白不需要复杂的工厂设备。因此开展人凝血IX因子乳腺生物反应器的研究具有重要的经济意义和临床应用价值。转基因动物乳腺生物反应器的关键在于外源基因乳腺组织特异性表达载体的构建。我们利用小鼠MAR元件(Matrix attachment regions)．牛的β-casein基因调控顺序,hFIX mini-gene和hFIX cDNA分别建成两种乳腺组织特异性表达载体pMCIXm和pMCIX,经SA脂质体包埋载体DNA后直接转染奶山 羊乳腺小叶,hFIX蛋白在奶山革乳汁中获得瞬间分泌性表达,最高表达量为13.7ng/ml乳汁。其中含hFIX mini-gene的表达载体在奶山羊乳汁中的表达量高于含hFIX cDNA的表达载体．表明hFIX的in-tronl能够提高该基因在活体奶山羊乳腺中的表达。A7单抗和柠檬酸钡吸附检测表明乳汁中的hFIX 蛋白羧基化和活性比率都在90％以上。以上结果肯定了载体构建的正确性．不但为研制hFIX蛋白乳腺生物反应器提供了有效的表达载体,同时也表明利用阳离子SA脂质体包埋质粒DNA直接转染活体物乳腺可以作为验证乳腺表达载体构建正确性的快速检测手段。     

乳腺生物反应器的研究现状和产业化前景

转基因动物乳腺生物反应器是伴随转基因动物技术而发展起来的一项高新生物技术。利用这项技术,我们可以从动物乳汁中源源不断地获取用于医疗或保健目的的有生物活性的基因产物。这是一种全新的蛋白质生产模式,它将成为许多国家的重要支柱产业之一。本文介绍了乳腺生物反应器的基本概念和基本原理;概述了制备过程中的目的基因选择、载体构建、转基因等技术环节的研究现状;分析了乳腺生物反应器的优势及存在的问题,并就其产业化前景进行了展望。     

药用蛋白质乳腺生物反应器的制作技术及新方法进展

用乳腺生物反应器生产人类珍稀的药用蛋白已经构成了现代生物技术的一个重要领域.与其他的生物工程方法比起来,用乳腺生物反应器生产人类珍稀的药用蛋白具有更多的优点.这一生物技术的实际应用依赖于基因的时空表达调控操作和可靠的转基因动物制作方法.综述了这一技术的优点,概括描述了了乳腺生物反应器表达载体的构建方法,及转基因动物的制作方法.讨论了这些方法的优缺点及技术改进的发展方向,特别是介绍了最近出现的、有研究和应用价值的用精原干细胞制作转基因动物的方法.     

提高动物乳腺生物反应器表达水平的策略

在转基因动物乳腺生物反应器研究中,组织特异性表达水平、表达率和表达定位性是决定性的指标。因此,高效表达乳腺生物反应器的制备是许多研究者要实现的目标,也是走向产业化的基本要求。本文从基因构件、动物基因转移方面叙述了如何提高乳腺生物反应器表达水平、增强表达特异性及表达率,着重探讨如何提高动物乳腺生物反应器表达水平。     

Expression of active human blood clotting factor VIII in mammary gland of transgenic rabbits

Human clotting factor VIII is probably the largest protein to be expressed to date in the mammary gland of a transgenic animal, and it requires extensive posttranslational modification to achieve full biological activity. The mammary gland specific construct mWAP-hFVIII-MT-I was injected into the pronuclei of rabbit zygotes, and three transgenic offspring were obtained. Founder 385 showed germ-line transmission of a single integrated copy, and a homozygous line was established from this animal. The rhFVIII was transcribed and translated exclusively in the mammary gland. The activity of rhFVIII in the rabbit milk ranged from 5 to 8% of that found in normal human plasma. Results indicate the suitability of the transgenic rabbit mammary gland for rhFVIII production.     

Integrin-interacting protein Kindlin-2 induces mammary tumors in transgenic mice

Kindlin-2, an integrin-interacting protein, regulates breast cancer progression. However, currently, no animal model to study the role of Kindlin-2 in the carcinogenesis of mammary gland is available. We established a Kindlin-2 transgenic mouse model using a mammary gland-specific promoter, mammary tumor virus (MMTV) long terminal repeat (LTR). Kindlin-2 was overexpressed in the epithelial cells of the transgenic mice. The mammary gland ductal trees were found to grow faster in MMTV-Kindlin-2 transgenic mice than in control mice during puberty. Kindlin-2 promoted mammary gland growth as indicated by more numerous duct branches and larger lumens, and more alveoli were formed in the mammary glands during pregnancy under Kindlin-2 overexpression. Importantly, mammary gland-specific expression of Kindlin-2 induced tumor formation at the age of 55 weeks on average. Additionally, the levels of estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor were decreased, whereas human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 and β-catenin were upregulated in the Kindlin-2-induced mammary tumors. These findings demonstrated that Kindlin-2 induces mammary tumor formation via activation of the Wnt signaling pathway.

     

Production GH transgenic goat improving mammogenesis by somatic cell nuclear transfer

Growth hormone is a positive regulator of mammary gland development. Dairy animals that are administered growth hormone display enhanced lactation performance, a desirable agricultural trait. The objective of the current research was to generate an improved milk production phenotype in a large animal model using over-expressed GH in the mammary gland to promote mammogenesis. To this end, we constructed a mammary gland-specific expression vector, pcGH, and demonstrated effective GH expression in goat mammary epithelial cells in vitro by ELISA. Then, to produce transgenic offspring that were capable of stable GH expression in vivo, the linearized pcGH vector was electroporated into goat fetal fibroblasts. Cell colonies that were positive for GH were used as donors for nuclear transfer to enucleated oocytes. A total of 253 morulae or blastocytes developed from the reconstructed embryos were transferred to 56 recipients, resulting in 24 pregnancies at day 35. Finally, six transgenic goats were born. PCR detection confirmed the success of the cloning procedure. To observe the mammogenesis of dairy goats, the GH transgenic goats were mated with a completely healthy buck. In the later pregnancy period, the mammary gland of the GH transgenic goats were extensive than non-transgenic goats. These experiments indicated that the pcGH vector was incorporated into the transgenic goats and affected mammogenesis, which laid a solid foundation for elucidating the impact of GH on mammogenesis and lactation performance.     

Sustained mammary gland-directed, ponasterone A-inducible expression in transgenic mice.

The ability to regulate temporal- and spatial-specific expression of target genes in transgenic mice will facilitate analysis of gene function and enable the generation of murine models of human diseases. The genetic analysis of mammary gland tumorigenesis requires the development of mammary gland-specific transgenics, which are tightly regulated throughout the adult mammary epithelium. Analysis of genes implicated in mammary gland tumorigenesis has been hampered by mosaic transgene expression and the findings that homozygous deletion of several candidate genes (cyclin D1, Stat5A, prolactin receptor) abrogates normal mammary gland development. We describe the development of transgenic mouse lines in which sustained transgene expression was inducibly regulated, both specifically and homogeneously, in the adult mammary gland epithelium. Transgenes encoding RXRalpha and a chimeric ecdysone receptor under control of a modified MMTV-LTR, which targets mammary gland expression, were used. These transgenic 'receptor' lines were crossed with transgenic 'enhancer' lines in which the ecdysone/RXR binding site induced ligand-dependent expression of transgenic beta-galactosidase. Pharmacokinetic analysis of a highly bioactive ligand (ponasterone A), identified through screening ecdysteroids from local plants, demonstrated sustained release and transgene expression in vivo. This transgenic model with both tightly regulated and homogeneous transgene expression, which was sustained in vivo using ligands readily extracted from local flora, has broad practical applicability for genetic analysis of mammary gland disease.     

制备动物乳腺生物反应器的问题和对策

动物乳腺是理想的用于生产复杂的生物活性蛋白的生物反应器。目前,显微注射仍然是制备大型转基因动物的主要方法,但外源基因整合效率低下和位置效应还需要解决。要解决这两个问题,人们探索了几种策略。尽管使用转染的体细胞和基因打靶的体细胞作为核移植的供体的动物克隆技术还在改善中,但是这一技术是有应用前景的转基因牲畜的方法。在转基因载体中使用LCR和MAR序列可显著提高表达水平和转基因效率。YAC、BAC作为理想的转基因载体可能因为它们能容纳基因座的所有元件。虽然这些技术和方法还存在不完善之处,但其发展将极大地提高动物乳腺生物反应器的整合率和表达水平。     

转基因动物乳腺暂时性表达系统的建立

以乳清酸蛋白(WAP)基因5′区为调控序列,人基因组G-CSF基因为目的片段,同时将WAP基因第一内含子插入G-CSF基因5′端,构建成转基因动物乳腺表达载体。将其直接注射到小鼠乳腺,在泌乳期表达出人G-CSF。表明乳腺直接注射质粒的方法可以做为暂时性的一种表达系统,同时也表明内含子对表达有一定的作用。