肉苁蓉多糖的促淋巴细胞增殖作用

目的研究肉苁蓉多糖（CDPS）对小鼠淋巴细胞增殖的影响。方法MTT法检测小鼠脾淋巴细胞的增殖。环磷酰胺（Cy）复制免疫功能低下的动物模型,分别测定正常及免疫低下动物脾脏、胸腺指数。胸腺细胞增殖法测定白细胞介素-2（IL-2）活性。结果CDPS对丝裂原（ConA及LPS）活化淋巴细胞及未活化正常细胞均有明显促增殖作用,并促进淋巴细胞IL-2的分泌。腹腔给药显示CDPS具明显提高正常及免疫低下小鼠的脾指数,对因Cy所致胸腺指数的降低也有显著的对抗作用。结论CDPS可显著促进小鼠脾淋巴细胞增殖,该作用可能与其促IL-2分泌有关。     

双歧杆菌及其完整肽聚糖对脐血来源树突状细胞分泌IL-12的影响

目的探讨两歧双歧杆菌和不同剂量双歧杆菌的完整肽聚糖（WPG）对脐血来源树突状细胞（DC）分泌IL-12的影响。方法以双歧杆菌全菌（量）和不同剂量双歧杆菌WPG（1-8μg/ml）与脐血来源树突状细胞共培养,用ELISA的方法测定培养上清中IL-12的量。结果双歧杆菌和其WPG（1-6μg/ml）与树突状细胞共培养后,树突状细胞分泌的IL-12的量显著高于阴性对照组（P〈0.01）,当WPG量为1-5μg/ml时树突状细胞分泌的IL-12的量呈剂量依赖性,其中WPG量为5μg/ml时作用最为显著,WPG量为6μg/ml时分泌IL-12量减少,WPG量为8μg/ml时,分泌的IL-12量与阴性对照组差异无显著性（P〉0.05）。结论两歧双歧杆菌及其WPG能够刺激脐血来源的树突状细胞IL-12分泌;双歧杆菌WPG的免疫刺激作用呈一定的量效关系     

IL-1β对精氨酸升压素诱导的大鼠心肌成纤维细胞INOS-NO系统活性的影响

目的：探讨白细胞介素-1β（IL-1β）对精氨酸升压素（AVP）诱导下大鼠心肌成纤维细胞（CFs）诱导型一氧化氮合酶（iNOS）-一氧化氮（NO）系统活性的影响。方法：胰酶消化法分离培养SD仔鼠CFs,硝酸还原酶法、分光光度法和逆转录-聚合酶链式反应（RT—PCR）分别测定不同浓度IL-1β与AVP协同作用下CFs的NO含量、NOS活性和iNOSmRNA表达。结果：AVP诱导下CFs iNOSmRNA表达、NOS活性和NO合成均显著增加（P〈0.05）。一定浓度范围内IL-1β与AVP协同作用,剂量依赖性地增加AVP对CFs iNOS-NO系统活性的提高作用,其中AVP＋3ng／ml和AVP＋5ng／ml IL-1β组的iNOS mRNA表达、NOS活性和NO合成均显著高于AVP组（P〈0。05）,但IL-1β浓度增加至5ng／ml时,CFs的iNOSmRNA表达、NOS活性和NO合成不再继续升高,反而有所下降。结论：在一定浓度范围内IL-1β可与AVP协同提高CFs iNOS-NO系统活性。     

IL-6 对胆管癌细胞凋亡的作用机制研究

目的：探讨不同浓度白细胞介素6（IL-6）对胆管癌细胞的凋亡作用及其机制。方法：采用胆管癌细胞株QBC939 进行试验, 用MTT 法检测不同浓度IL-6 对人胆管癌细胞系QBC939 增殖的影响,用Annexin V和PI染色检测不同浓度IL-6对人胆管癌细 胞系QBC939 凋亡的影响,RT-PCR 检测细胞内Bcl-2、Bax 的mRNA水平,并且将QBC939 细胞移植至裸鼠皮下观察移植瘤的 生长速度、重量以及体积的变化。结果：同时间段不同浓度IL-6 的QBC939 细胞增殖明显高于对照组（P<0.05）,且IL-6 的浓度越 高,其增殖的水平也越高,OD 值与IL-6 的浓度呈正相关关系;不同浓度IL-6 对胆管癌细胞的凋亡率较对照组明显下降 （P<0.05）,且随着IL-6 的浓度不断的增高,细胞的凋亡率逐渐下降,IL-6 的浓度与细胞的凋亡率呈负相关关系;对照组细胞培养 48 h 后的凋亡率显著高于培养24 h后（P<0.05）,而IL-6 实验组的细胞的24 h凋亡率与48 h凋亡率差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。 Bcl-2 的mRNA水平随着IL-6 浓度增加逐渐升高,而Bax 的mRNA水平随着IL-6 的浓度增加逐渐降低,且IL-6 浓度与Bcl-2 mRNA水平呈正相关关系,IL-6 的浓度与Bax mRNA水平呈负相关关系。IL-6 实验组的肿瘤体积和重量与对照组相比均明显增 大（P<0.05）,且IL-6 实验组移植瘤的生长速度明显高于对照组（P<0.05）。结论：IL-6 能够促进QBC939细胞增殖,抑制其凋亡,可 能与上调Bcl-2 的mRNA水平以及下调Bax的mRNA水平有关。     

脂多糖对人支气管上皮细胞STAT1、STAT3、STAT4、STAT6表达的影响

目的观察脂多糖对人支气管上皮细胞16HBESTAT1、STAT3、STAT4、STAT6表达的影响。方法采用普通RT—PCR检测16HBE细胞STAT1、STAT3、STAT4、STAT6的mRNA表达;Western印迹检测16HBE细胞STAT1、STAT4、STAT6的蛋白表达。分别采用不同浓度的脂多糖在不同的时间点处理16HBE细胞,采用Real—timePCR的方法检测16HBE细胞STAT1、STAT3、STAT4、STAT6的mRNA表达。结果1μg／m1的LPS处理16HBE细胞1h组、0．25μg／m1的LPS处理16HBE细胞4h组、1μg／ml的LPS处理16HBE细胞4h组STAT1、STAT4的mRNA表达较正常对照组显著增高（P〈0．01）;0．25μg／ml的LPS处理16HBE细胞2h组、1μg／ml的LPS处理16HBE细胞2h组、10μg／ml的LPS处理16HBE细胞2h组STAT1、STAT4的mRNA表达较正常对照组有所增高（P〈0．05）;1μg/ml的LPS处理16HBE细胞1h组STAT6的mRNA表达较正常对照组显著增高（P〈0．01）。所有LPS处理16HBE细胞组STAT3的mRNA表达均较正常对照组减低。结论人支气管上皮细胞表达STAT1、STAT3、STAT4、STAT6的mRNA和STAT1、STAT4、STAT6的蛋白,一定剂量的脂多糖在某些时间点分别刺激了人支气管上皮细胞STAT1、sTAT4、STAT6的mRNA表达。     

金线莲多糖对免疫抑制小鼠脾淋巴细胞体外增殖、分泌NO及细胞因子的影响

本试验旨在研究金线莲多糖(ARP)对免疫抑制小鼠脾淋巴细胞体外增殖、NO及细胞因子IL-2、IL-6、IFN-γ分泌水平的影响。MTT法检测小鼠脾淋巴细胞体外增殖;Griess法检测NO分泌水平;ELISA法检测细胞因子IL-2、IL-6、IFN-γ的含量。结果显示,与对照组比较,ARP在50~400μg/m L可明显促进免疫抑制小鼠脾淋巴细胞体外增殖(P0.01),促进NO分泌(P0.01),促进细胞因子IL-2、IL-6和IFN-γ分泌(P0.05,P0.01)。以上结果提示ARP能提高免疫抑制小鼠脾淋巴细胞体外免疫活性,其作用机制可能与促进免疫抑制小鼠脾淋巴细胞增殖,促进NO产生以及提高IL-2、IL-6、IFN-γ的分泌水平有关。     

TNF—α对哮喘模型大鼠气道平滑肌细胞增殖及ERK1／2活性的影响

目的探讨TNF—α对哮喘大鼠气道平滑肌细胞（ASMCs）增殖及对ASMCs上ERK1／2mRNA、p-ERK1／2表达水平的影响。方法通过对哮喘模型大鼠ASMCs培养,分别以0．2μg／L、1．0μg/L、20μg/L TNF-α干预ASMCs生长。采用流式细胞仪、MTT法检测ASMCs增殖情况,观察不同浓度TNF—α对ASMCs增殖的影响。RT-PCR检测ASMCs上ERK1／2mRNA表达,免疫细胞化学染色法检测磷酸化ERK1／2蛋白的表达及定位。结果哮喘组ASMCsS期比例、A值、ERK1／2mRNA、p-ERK1／2蛋白的表达量分别为（34．45±2．08）％、（0．550±0．010）、（0．995±0．118）、（130．77±4．16）,与对照组（11．17±0．96）％、（0．292±0．008）、（0．576±0．098）、（163．82±1．38）比较均显著增高（均P〈0．01）。各TNF—α干预组ASMCs的S期比例、A值、ERK1／2mRNA和p-ERK1／2蛋白表达量与哮喘组比较均显著降低（均P〈0．01）,0．2μg/L和1．0μg／LTN-α组p-ERK1／2蛋白表达量高于对照组（P〈0．01）,20μg／L TNF-α组p-ERK1／2蛋白表达量与对照组比较无差异（P〉0．05）。结论与正常鼠相比,慢性哮喘大鼠气道平滑肌细胞增殖明显,处于S期的细胞比例明显增高。经TNF—α干预后,慢性哮喘大鼠气道平滑肌细胞处于S期的细胞比例减少,增殖减弱,TNF-α可能抑制慢性哮喘大鼠气道平滑肌细胞增殖。TNF—α可下调慢性哮喘大鼠气道平滑肌细胞上ERK1／2mRNA及p-ERK1／2表达,TNF-α可能通过抑制ERK信号转导通道的活性对气道平滑肌细胞的增殖进行调控。     

双歧杆菌完整肽聚糖对脐血来源树突状细胞分化成熟的影响

目的研究两歧双歧杆菌完整肽聚糖（WPG）对脐血来源树突状细胞（DC）形态及分泌细胞因子的影响,了解双歧杆菌WPG对DC分化、成熟及免疫调节功能的作用;并为益生菌及其生物活性成分的进一步开发提供依据。方法分离正常孕妇脐血单个核细胞诱导生成未成熟树突状细胞（Dendritic cells,DCs）,实验组在培养的第7天分别加入两歧双歧杆菌WPG（5μg／ml）、两歧双歧杆菌全菌（100μg/ml）,阳性对照组加入脂多糖（LPS）,阴性对照组仅加入培养基。倒置显微镜在培养各期形态学观察,流式细胞术检测表面标志物CD83及CD1a的表达,NLR检测DCs刺激同种异体T淋巴细胞能力,ELISA法测定DCs培养上清中IL-12p70、IL-10的分泌。结果脐血单核细胞在双歧杆菌WPG与GM-CSF、IL-4协同诱导作用下,能成为形态上具有典型树突状突起的DCs;诱导后的CB-MDDCs刺激同种异体T细胞的增殖能力及分泌IL-12：p70、IL-10的水平显著高于阴性对照组（P〈0．01）且细胞表面标志物CD83及CD1a的表达增加。结论（1）双歧杆菌WPG能影响CB-MDDCs的成熟状态。（2）双歧杆菌WPG对CB-MDDCs成熟程度及分泌细胞因子水平的影响强于双歧杆菌全菌,说明WPG是双歧杆菌主要免疫活性成分。     

淋巴细胞合成的内源性儿茶酚胺对T细胞增殖功能的影响

目的：提供淋巴细胞合成儿茶酚胺（CAs）的证据,并探讨淋巴细胞合成的内源性CAs对淋巴细胞自身功能的影响及其受体介导机制。方法：用RT-PCR技术检测CAs合成的限速酶酪氨酸羟化酶（TH）mRNA在大鼠肠系膜淋巴结细胞内的表达。用单胺氧化酶（CAs降解酶）的抑制剂优降宁及α1、α2、β1和β2肾上腺素受体（AR）的拮抗剂作用于淋巴细胞．然后用四唑蓝比色法测定淋巴细胞对刀豆蛋白A（ConA）刺激的增殖反应。结果：大鼠肠系膜淋巴结细胞具有,TH mRNA的表达,并且淋巴细胞在用ConA刺激活化后,其TH mRNA的表达明显上调。10^-6和10^-5mol／L优降宁能显著抑制ConA诱导的T淋巴细胞增殖,而10^-7mol／L优降宁不能明显降低T淋巴细胞的增殖反应。β2-AR拮抗剂ICI 118551（10^-7和10^-6mol／L）可完全阻断优降宁（10^-5mol／L）对T细胞增殖的抑制作用;α1-AR拮抗剂柯喃因和α2-AR拮抗剂育亨宾部分阻断优降宁抑制T细胞增殖的作用;而β1-AR拮抗剂阿替洛尔不能阻断优降宁的抑制作用。结论：淋巴细胞具有合成CAs的能力,这种合成能力随着淋巴细胞的激活而明显增强。淋巴细胞合成的内源性CAs可能通过自分泌或／和旁分泌路径主要激活淋巴细胞上的β2-AR,从而抑制T细胞的增殖反应。     

内源性IL-17诱导MIP-2与IL-6表达在衣原体肺炎中促进中性粒细胞循环

目的 探讨衣原体肺炎中白细胞介素-17（interleukin -17,IL-17）对中性粒细胞（polymorphonuclear leucocyte,PMN）循环的调节作用及机制.方法 用40 μl含1×10^3包涵体形成单位（inclusion-forming units,IFU）的衣原体鼠肺炎株（Chlamydia muridarum,Cm）呼吸道感染BALB/c小鼠,诱导鼠衣原体肺炎.用抗鼠IL-17单克隆抗体吸入中和内源性IL-17,以相应独特型抗体（IgG2α）作为对照.用RT-PCR检测小鼠肺组织及肺上皮细胞系巨噬细胞炎性蛋白-2 （macrophage inflammatory protein-2,MIP-2）和IL-6 mRNA的表达.取小鼠支气管肺泡灌洗液细胞染色计数PMN,感染肺组织进行病理染色.结果 衣原体肺炎中,内源性IL-17中和小鼠肺组织PMN浸润显著降低,支气管肺泡灌洗液PMN数量显著低于对照组.IL-17与TNF-α协同可上调肺上皮细胞MIP-2和IL-6 mRNA表达,且内源性IL-17中和小鼠肺组织MIP-2和IL-6表达显著降低.结论 衣原体肺炎中IL-17通过促进肺组织细胞分泌趋化性细胞因子MIP-2和前症性细胞因子IL-6,诱导PMN循环,参与宿主抗衣原体炎性应答.     

IL-23 and IL-17 in tuberculosis

Tuberculosis is a chronic disease requiring the constant expression of cellular immunity to limit bacterial growth. The constant expression of immunity also results in chronic inflammation, which requires regulation. While IFN-gamma-producing CD4+ T helper cells (Th1) are required for control of bacterial growth they also initiate and maintain a mononuclear inflammatory response. Other T cell subsets are induced by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection including those able to produce IL-17 (Th17). IL-17 is a potent inflammatory cytokine capable of inducing chemokine expression and recruitment of cells to parenchymal tissue. Both the IL-17 and the Th17 response to Mtb are largely dependent upon IL-23. Although both Th17 and Th1 cells are induced following primary infection with Mtb, the protective response is significantly altered in the absence of Th1 cells but not in the absence of Th17. In contrast, in vaccinated animals the absence of memory Th17 cells results in loss of both the accelerated memory Th1 response and protection. Th1 and Th17 responses cross-regulate each other during mycobacterial infection and this may be important for immunopathologic consequences not only in tuberculosis but also other mycobacterial infections.     

IL-1，IL-6，IL-8 与胃癌的关系

胃癌是常见的恶性肿瘤之一,在我国其发病率居各类肿瘤前列,导致的死亡人数占所有肿瘤的四分之一,而且每年有近40万新增的胃癌病人,但是其早期诊断率低于20%,胃癌已经成为危害人民健康的最严重的疾病之一。白细胞介素(interleukin,IL)作为在白细胞或免疫细胞间相互作用的淋巴因子,不仅在介导T、B细胞活化、增殖与分化以及炎症反应中起着重要作用,近年来,越来越多的学者发现其与肿瘤的发生及发展也有着密不可分的联系。目前为止,已经发现了29种白细胞介素,分别被命名为IL-1~IL-29,它们各自承担着相应的使命。国内外大量实验及文献表明,IL-1,IL-6,IL-8和胃癌有着密切的关系,这对于胃癌的早期诊断及治疗提出了新的思路,进而提高胃癌的早期诊断率,改善胃癌的治疗状况。本文对IL-1,IL-6,IL-8的来源、分子结构及受体方面进行简要概述,同时阐述了其生物学特性及与胃癌的关系。     

IL-4-supported induction of cytolytic T lymphocytes requires IL-2 and IL-6

Previous work indicated that a CTL response can be generated by the combination of IL-2 plus IL-6 or IL-4 alone. Because of the ubiquitous production of IL-6 and its apparent ability to induce IL-2, we explored the interdependence of these lymphokines in supporting a CTL response from murine thymocytes. For thymocytes cultured in IL-4, further addition of IL-6 enhanced thymocyte proliferation. In addition, a role for IL-6 in thymocyte activation was indicated by the ability of anti-IL-6 mAb to block both IL-4-directed proliferation and the cytotoxic response found in the presence of IL-4. The addition of IL-2 to limiting doses of IL-4 augmented the CTL response; however, the response to high levels of IL-4 was not augmented by addition of IL-2. Consistent with this apparent involvement of IL-2 in the IL-4-mediated response we found: (a) that mAb to IL-2 significantly reduced the CTL response generated in the presence of IL-4; (b) that IL-2 activity was present in culture supernatant following incubation of thymocytes with high levels of IL-4; and (c) that enhanced IL-2 receptor expression found in the presence of IL-4 was blocked with the addition of anti-IL-2 antibody to the thymocyte culture. In contrast to the data for proliferation, anti-IL-4 mAb had no effect on the generation of CTL in the presence of IL-2 + IL-6 but readily blocked the CTL response to IL-4. These results indicate that, for thymocyte responders, the CD8+ CTL generated in the presence of IL-4 require both IL-2 and IL-6.     

Structures and biological functions of IL-31 and IL-31 receptors

Interleukin-31, produced mainly by activated CD4⁺ T cells, is a newly discovered member of the gp130/IL-6 cytokine family. Unlike all the other family members, IL-31 does not engage gp130. Its receptor heterodimer consists of a unique gp130-like receptor chain IL-31RA, and the receptor subunit OSMRβ that is shared with another family member oncostatin M (OSM). Binding of IL-31 to its receptor activates Jak/STAT, PI3K/AKT and MAPK pathways. IL-31 acts on a broad range of immune- and non-immune cells and therefore possesses potential pleiotropic physiological functions, including regulating hematopoiesis and immune response, causing inflammatory bowel disease, airway hypersensitivity and dermatitis. This review summarizes the recent findings on the biological characterization and physiological roles of IL-31 and its receptors.     

Influence of acute alcohol intake and alcohol withdrawal on circulating levels of IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 and IL-12

Cytokine balance alterations are responsible for some of the systemic and hepatic manifestations of alcoholism. The present study was aimed to evaluate the influence of both acute alcohol abstinence (in alcoholics) and acute alcohol intake (in healthy subjects) on serum IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and IL-12 levels. Serum cytokine concentrations were determined on admission and after a median of 6 days of ethanol abstinence in 29 patients with alcohol withdrawal syndrome. The same determinations were made in five healthy volunteers at baseline and after 36 h of a single 60 g-dose alcohol intake. Increased serum levels of IL-6, IL-10 and, to a lesser extent IL-8, declined in the few days after alcohol abstinence in patients with alcohol withdrawal syndrome. Serum IL-8 values increased after alcohol intake in healthy subjects. Rapid variation of serum cytokine levels along with alcohol intake or abstinence should be taken into account in cytokine studies in alcohol abusers.     

Circulating IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-alpha and IL-10/IL-6 and IL-10/TNF-alpha ratio profiles of polyparasitized individuals in rural and urban areas of gabon

Malaria, blood-borne filarial worms and intestinal parasites are all endemic in Gabon. This geographical co-distribution leads to polyparasitism and, consequently, the possibility of immune-mediated interactions among different parasite species. Intestinal protozoa and helminths could modulate antimalarial immunity, for example, thereby potentially increasing or reducing susceptibility to malaria. The aim of the study was to compare the cytokine levels and cytokine ratios according to parasitic profiles of the population to determine the potential role of co-endemic parasites in the malaria susceptibility of populations. Blood and stool samples were collected during cross-sectional surveys in five provinces of Gabon. Parasitological diagnosis was performed to detect plasmodial parasites, Loa loa, Mansonella perstans, intestinal helminths (STHs) and protozoan parasites. Nested PCR was used to detect submicroscopic plasmodial infection in individuals with negative blood smears. A cytometric bead array was used to quantify interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α in the plasma of subjects with different parasitological profiles. Median IL-6 and IL-10 levels and the median IL-10/TNF-α ratio were all significantly higher among individuals with Plasmodium (P.) falciparum infection than among other participants (p<0.0001). The median TNF-α level and IL-10/IL-6 ratio were higher in subjects with STHs (p = 0.09) and P. falciparum-intestinal protozoa co-infection (p = 0.04), respectively. IL-6 (r = -0.37; P<0.01) and IL-10 (r = -0.37; P<0.01) levels and the IL-10/TNF-α ratio (r = -0.36; P<0.01) correlated negatively with age. Among children under five years old, the IL-10/TNF-α and IL-10/IL-6 ratios were higher in those with intestinal protozoan infections than in uninfected children. The IL-10/TNF-α ratio was also higher in children aged 5–15 years and in adults harbouring blood-borne filariae than in their control counterparts, whereas the IL-10/IL-6 ratio was lower in those aged 5–15 years with filariae and intestinal parasites but higher in adults with intestinal parasitic infections. Asymptomatic malaria is associated with a strong polarization towards a regulatory immune response, presenting high circulating levels of IL-10. P. falciparum/intestinal protozoa co-infections were associated with an enhanced IL-10 response. Immunity against malaria could differ according to age and carriage of other parasites. Helminths and intestinal protozoa can play a role in the high susceptibility to malaria currently observed in some areas of Gabon, but further investigations are necessary.     

Synergistic anti-tumor effect of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored IL-2 and IL-12

BACKGROUND: Preclinical and clinical studies have demonstrated that interleukin 2 (IL-2), interleukin 12 (IL-12), and some other cytokines, play important roles in activating host immune responses against tumor growth. However, severe side effects caused by systemic high-dose administration of these cytokines limit their clinical application. In our previous study, local high doses of IL-2 were achieved by a GPI-anchoring technology; therefore, it will be interesting to know if this technology works for other cytokines. METHODS: A fusion gene containing murine IL-12 and the glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor signal sequence was generated and transfected into the murine melanoma tumor cell line B16F0 either alone or together with a vector encoding GPI-anchored IL-2. The GPI-anchored cytokine expression of the selected stable clones was assayed in vitro by ELISA and their anti-tumor effects were analyzed in vivo by tumor lymphocyte infiltration and tumor growth studies. RESULTS: GPI-anchored IL-12 was successfully expressed on the cell surface as indicated by FACS analysis and IL-12 ELISA assay. The GPI-anchored IL-12 enhanced lymphocyte infiltration and significantly inhibited tumor growth. More importantly, when GPI-anchored IL-12 and GPI-anchored IL-2 were co-delivered, a synergistic anti-tumor effect was observed in both subcutaneous and intravenous tumor models. CONCLUSIONS: GPI anchorage of cytokines represents a new approach to locally deliver high doses of cytokines without the severe adverse effects normally accompanied with systematic high-dose administration of these cytokines.