生物合成3-羟基丙酸的代谢工程研究进展

3-羟基丙酸(3-HP)作为一种重要的平台化合物,以此为底物能够合成多种具有商业潜质的生物制品。野生菌合成3-HP产量较低,严重限制3-HP的大规模应用与生产,通过改造合成代谢通路的相关基因,构建以廉价底物为碳源的工程菌株,实现降低生产成本提高产量的目的。文中将对近年来国内外通过代谢工程合成3-羟基丙酸的研究进展进行概述,并对甘油途径、丙二酸单酰辅酶A途径、β-丙氨酸等途径合成3-HP的优缺点进行总结分析,对3-HP未来发展前景进行展望。     

利用甘油发酵耦联生产3-羟基丙酸及1,3-丙二醇重组菌的构建及筛选

在肺炎克雷伯杆菌(Klebsiella pneumoniae)代谢甘油生产1,3-丙二醇(1,3-PD)的过程中,为了减少有毒中间产物3-羟基丙醛(3-HPA)的积累,可将其转化为3-羟基丙酸(3-HP),从而实现1,3-丙二醇和3-羟基丙酸的联产。克隆来自于酿酒酵母的NAD+依赖型的乙醛脱氢酶(ALDH)的基因aldh4,构建了表达载体pKP-aldh,转化K.pneumoniae,得到了有效表达乙醛脱氢酶的重组肺炎克雷伯杆菌(K.pneumoniae A+)。在此基础上,使用紫外诱变联合菌种驯化的方法对K.pneumoniae A+进行筛选,获得了可耐受较高3-HP浓度(≥35 g/L)的重组肺炎克雷伯杆菌K.pneumoniae A+5-3。发酵实验结果表明,K.pneumoniae A+5-3可将3-HPA转化为3-HP,能够同时利用甘油耦联生产3-HP和1,3-PD,产量分别达到5.0 g/L和74.5 g/L。     

生物合成聚3-羟基丙酸酯的研究进展

聚3-羟基丙酸酯(P3HP)作为聚羟基脂肪酸酯家族(PHAs)中的新型热塑性塑料,具有生物降解性和生物相容性等优点。目前,未见野生微生物可以合成P3HP的报道,生产途径主要为化学法和生物法。其中,通过化学法或添加3-HP单体及其结构类似物作为前体的P3HP合成效率低、成本高且不具环保性;而通过构建和改造工程菌的生物代谢途径,能够利用廉价、可再生的碳源,已经逐渐成为研究热点。文中综述了国内外P3HP生物合成研究进展,并对甘油途径、丙二酸单酰辅酶A(Malonyl-Co A)途径和β-丙氨酸途径等合成方法进行了优缺点分析,为生物合成P3HP的深入研究奠定理论基础。     

重组大肠杆菌生物转化甘油生产3-羟基丙酸

目的:以甘油为底物构建高效的3-羟基丙酸生产菌株。方法:以自身携带乙醛脱氢酶的E.coli BL21(DE3)plysS作为宿主,异源表达源自Klebsiella pneumoniae的甘油脱水酶基因dhaB。结果:重组菌E.coli HP获得的甘油脱水酶比活力在1.0mmol/L IPTG的诱导下达到了77.2 U/mg,摇瓶条件下,3-HP的最大产量为5.44 g/L,摩尔转化率为53%,该产量比目前报道的最高水平(4.4 g/L)提高了23.6%。结论:重组菌株E.coli HP实现了甘油向3-羟基丙酸(3-HP)的高效生物转化。     

α-酮戊二酸半醛脱氢酶的定点突变及酶学性质变化

3-HP是一种性质优良的化学中间体,以甘油为底物生产3-HP的研究备受青睐,而限制3-HP产量的主要原因是Ald H活力过低。对源于Azospirillam brasilense的α-酮戊二酸半醛脱氢酶(KGSADH)基因同源建模和结构分析,采用定点突变方法得到高活力KGSADH,将突变酶表达纯化,探讨酶学性质的变化。结果表明,TU-KGSADH(E120D/P219A)酶活力达6.03U/mg,比原始酶比酶活提高了322%,最适温度由35℃降低为30℃,且热稳定性降低,最适p H为8.0,在p H 6.0-8.0条件下酶活力有所提高。Zn~(2+)对KGSADH的酶活有较强的抑制作用,而Co~(2+)、Fe~(3+)、Fe~(2+)对KGSADH的酶活有较大的激活作用。在酶的动力学方面,TU-KGSADH对乙醛的K_m由7.58降为6.28 mmol/L,V_(max)由10.6提高为12.3 U/mg。对酶学性质改变的因素分析发现,120位突变与最适p H下降和p H稳定性向酸性偏移有关,219位突变可能是最适温度和热稳定性降低的原因,为醛脱氢酶进一步定向改造提供参考。     

静息细胞转化生产3-羟基丙酸的条件优化

本文研究了静息细胞生物转化生产3-羟基丙酸的反应体系。考察了以甘油为底物,利用静息细胞转化生产3一羟基丙酸的相关因素,确定了最佳的转化条件：细胞浓度20g／L,甘油浓度20g／L,辅酶VB12浓度10mg／L,NAD＋浓度0．15mmol／L,温度35℃,反应体系为0．05mol／LpH7．0Tris—HCl缓冲液。在上述条件下反应6h后,3-羟基丙酸的产量达到为3．17g／L,底物转化率为28．33％。由上述结果可知,采用静息细胞转化法为3-HP的生物合成提供了一种可能的方法。     

5-碘吲哚酚[3]苯基膦酸酯的合成及应用

本文利用苯基氧氯化膦和N-乙酰-5-碘吲哚酚为原料,建立了5-碘吲哚酚[3]苯基膦酸酯铵盐的合成和纯化方法。并报道该产品的紫外光谱、红外光谱、元素分析等理化性质,以及作为酶底物的应用情况。实验结果说明,合成的产品经提取和重结晶可达到层析纯。氢、氮、碳元素分析数据与理论结构计算值相符。产品在常温条件下保存两年以上无结构变化,受酶催化的专一性好,能用于磷酸二酯酶分析和组织化学研究。     

合成生物学应用产品开发现状与趋势

目的：从产品开发角度分析全球合成生物学发展现状和趋势。方法：在伍德罗·威尔逊国际学者中心的合成生物学产品和应用清单（synthetic biology products and applications inventory）的数据基础上,对全球合成生物学产品的开发状态、市场应用和发展前景等进行补充检索和分析。结果：至2015年,全球至少已有81家企业（或研究机构）的116种合成生物学产品得到了市场应用开发,主要开发者为美国企业（或研究机构）,产品主要集中于化学和医药领域。结论：合成生物学实现了从生物学分析向生物学合成的范式转移,其产品开发将给一系列的行业带来深刻的变革。     

一种用于检测5′-核苷酸磷酸二脂酶的荧光底物合成方法

本文利用间苯二酚为原料合成4-甲基伞形酮,继而经过磷酸酯化,缩合等反应过程合成4-甲基伞形酮-5′-胸腺嘧啶核苷磷酸二酯。反应过程中对胸腺嘧啶核苷的3′位羟基未加任何保护,缩合反应特异地发生在核苷的5′位羟基上。产品经过DEAE-葡聚糖凝胶柱层析分离纯化。利用纸层析、吸收光谱和酶学反应特征鉴定都证明合成的产品对于5′-核苷酸磷酸二酯酶具有专一性,可以用于5′-核苷酸磷酸二酯酶活性测定以及其同工酶谱分析。     

假单胞菌中基于羟基苯甲酸的合成生物学

假单胞菌是一类重要的环境微生物,具有卓越的物质分解转化和合成能力,利用莽草酸途径可以合成多种芳香族化合物,包括羟基苯甲酸等平台产品。羟基苯甲酸,如2-羟基苯甲酸(2-HBA)、3-羟基苯甲酸(3-HBA)、4-羟基苯甲酸(4-HBA)和3,4-二羟基苯甲酸(PCA),在假单胞菌碳代谢中起着重要作用。以羟基苯甲酸作为合成生物学的一个基本模块,用于合成高附加值的衍生物具有广阔的前景。探究基于不同羟基苯甲酸为前体的细胞工厂建立,可为假单胞菌合成生物学平台的应用和构建打下良好的基础。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.