Deletion of gene fragment Df(3R)Espl3/TM6C affects sleep duration in Drosophila melanogaster

[目的]果蝇的睡眠活动具有生物节律性,可受到基因的调控.为了寻找影响果蝇睡眠时间的基因,本研究对与果蝇睡眠时间相关的基因型进行了筛选.[方法]选择黑腹果蝇Drosophila melanogaster基因缺失系5601,8904,7061,7146,27327,669,8103,691,9697,24416,26525,5411,3096,5877和7682的7日龄成虫和野生CS品系7日龄成虫为研究对象,利用果蝇活动监测器系统(Drosophila Activity Monitoring System,DAMS),记录果蝇的睡眠时间,累计计算24h内果蝇睡眠时间,将测得的各品系果蝇睡眠时间进行对比分析.[结果]与野生型CS品系7日龄成虫相比,缺失Df(3R)Espl3/TM6C基因片段的5601品系7日龄成虫睡眠时间明显缩短(P＜0.001).[结论]缺失Df(3R)Espl3/TM6C基因片段与果蝇睡眠有关.本研究结果为揭示影响果蝇睡眠时间的基因提供数据支持,进而为研究人类睡眠提供线索.     

缺失Df(3R)Espl3/TM6C基因片段影响黑腹果蝇的睡眠时间

【目的】果蝇的睡眠活动具有生物节律性, 可受到基因的调控。为了寻找影响果蝇睡眠时间的基因, 本研究对与果蝇睡眠时间相关的基因型进行了筛选。【方法】选择黑腹果蝇Drosophila melanogaster基因缺失系5601, 8904, 7061, 7146, 27327, 669, 8103, 691, 9697, 24416, 26525, 5411, 3096, 5877和7682的7日龄成虫和野生CS品系7日龄成虫为研究对象, 利用果蝇活动监测器系统（Drosophila Activity Monitoring System, DAMS）, 记录果蝇的睡眠时间, 累计计算24 h内果蝇睡眠时间, 将测得的各品系果蝇睡眠时间进行对比分析。【结果】与野生型CS品系7日龄成虫相比, 缺失Df(3R)Espl3/TM6C基因片段的 5601品系7日龄成虫睡眠时间明显缩短（P<0.001）。【结论】缺失Df(3R)Espl3/TM6C基因片段与果蝇睡眠有关。本研究结果为揭示影响果蝇睡眠时间的基因提供数据支持, 进而为研究人类睡眠提供线索。     

斑翅果蝇和黑腹果蝇成虫飞行能力的研究

【目的】为明确斑翅果蝇Drosophila suzukii Matsumura和黑腹果蝇Drosophila melanogaster飞行能力的差异。【方法】利用昆虫飞行磨系统对斑翅果蝇和黑腹果蝇雌、雄虫各7个日龄分别进行22-24 h连续吊飞试验,并对相关飞行参数进行显著性检验。【结果】两种果蝇在1日龄时的飞行时间、飞行速度和飞行距离均最小,随着日龄的增加,飞行能力出现两个高峰。斑翅果蝇的第一个高峰出现在2日龄,黑腹果蝇的第一个高峰出现在3日龄;两种果蝇飞行能力的第二个高峰均出现在15日龄,此时雌、雄虫的累计飞行距离均最大。斑翅果蝇雌、雄虫15日龄的总飞行距离最远,而黑腹果蝇雌虫15日龄、雄虫3日龄飞行距离最远、飞行时间最长。【结论】斑翅果蝇和黑腹果蝇的飞行能力与日龄和性别均有关系,且两种果蝇雌虫的飞行能力均强于雄虫。     

蚤蝇的昼夜活动节律及睡眠行为研究

蚤蝇是重要的法医昆虫,同时是实验室中遗传、发育和生物测定等研究的重要对象。然而,蚤蝇的昼夜活动节律和睡眠行为及其在脑部的神经网络目前还不清晰。本文通过捕获本地蚤蝇并对其进行分子鉴定,研究了蚤蝇的昼夜活动节律和睡眠行为,同时表征了蚤蝇脑部核心钟神经元和多巴胺神经元。结果表明:蚤蝇在12h光照∶12h黑暗(12L∶12D)条件下不存在对开灯前或关灯前的活动预期,其双峰活动模式是对开关灯的光反应行为。在全黑暗(DD)条件下蚤蝇内源活动周期接近24h。黑腹果蝇神经肽PDF抗体免疫显示蚤蝇脑部核心钟神经元4~5个,不像黑腹果蝇一样存在明显的神经轴突。在睡眠行为上,蚤蝇雄虫和雌虫在整体活动强度、睡眠节律模式、总睡眠上均没有明显差异。相反,雄虫总睡眠次数和晚上睡眠次数低于雌虫,而总睡眠持续时间、晚上睡眠持续时间、总入睡时间和晚上入睡时间高于雌虫。此外,影响睡眠的重要多巴胺神经元在蚤蝇脑部的分布与黑腹果蝇类似。     

黑腹果蝇昼夜活动节律及行为时间分配

采用试验室单管观察记录的方法,对3,4,5日龄野生型黑腹果蝇Drosophila melanogaster Meigenw1118成虫每日活动节律进行研究。试验将果蝇活动划分为强活动(飞行和爬行)、弱活动(梳理、觅食等原地发生的运动)和静息(身体不发生移动的休息)3种类型。强活动和弱活动之和为总运动。研究结果显示,野生型黑腹果蝇w1118的昼夜活动表现为明显的双峰模态,晨峰和晚峰分别处于开、关灯前后;雌、雄果蝇总体活动无差异,关灯(18:30)前后雌蝇活动稍强于雄蝇,开灯(6:30)前后则相反;果蝇强活动的节律与总运动基本一致,而弱活动节律不明显;静息节律为单峰模式,其高峰期位于夜间1:00~5:00;雌蝇的静息活动显著多于雄蝇(P<0·05)。     

日龄、性别及线虫侵染对松树蜂飞行能力的影响

【目的】明确松树蜂Sirex noctilio Fabricius雌雄成虫飞行能力随日龄的变化以及线虫Deladenus siricidicola Bedding侵染对松树蜂飞行能力的影响,为研究松树蜂扩散规律及评估线虫防治松树蜂效果提供重要参考资料。【方法】从黑龙江省鹤岗市采集樟子松虫害木,于室内饲养羽化获得松树蜂成虫。利用佳多飞行磨系统对实验种群松树蜂的1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8日龄的雌雄成虫个体分别进行12 h连续吊飞试验,测定其累计飞行距离、累计飞行时间、平均飞行速度。【结果】随日龄增加,松树蜂雌雄成虫在12 h内的累计飞行距离和累计飞行时间呈下降趋势。不同日龄雌成虫的平均飞行速度存在显著差异,随日龄增加,平均飞行速度逐渐下降;不同日龄雄成虫的平均飞行速度无显著差异。不同性别松树蜂飞行能力有差异,雌性相比雄性累计飞行距离和累计飞行时间普遍较高;而不同性别成虫间平均飞行速度未存在显著差异。性别和日龄的互作对松树蜂累计飞行距离的影响达到了显著水平。线虫侵染对雌雄成虫飞行能力(累计飞行距离、累计飞行时间、平均飞行速度)的影响均不显著。【结论】随日龄增加,松树蜂雌雄成虫飞行能力呈下降趋势,雌虫比雄虫的飞行能力较强;线虫侵染对雌雄成虫飞行能力无显著影响。     

模拟微重力效应对果蝇运动及睡眠的影响

本研究旨在探讨利用模拟微重力效应研究微重力对果蝇运动及睡眠影响的可行性.通过研制能够在模拟微重力环境下实时监测果蝇行为的随机定位仪,监测短时间(3 d)模拟微重力处理过程中,及长时间(10 d、20 d、30 d)处理后雄蝇运动和睡眠的变化;选取受影响较显著的短时间处理组,研究模拟微重力效应对生物钟核心基因(period (per)、timeless(tim)、clock (clk)、cycle (cyc)、cryptochrome (cry))、神经递质多巴胺(dopamine,DA)和5-羟色胺(5-hydroxytryptamine,5-HT)关键合成酶(多巴脱羧酶、酪氨酸羟化酶、色氨酸羟化酶)的编码基因ddc、pale和trh表达水平及DA和5-HT含量的影响.结果显示:短时间暴露下,雄蝇夜晚的运动量增加、单位时间运动次数增加、睡眠时间和次数减少、生物钟基因tim、clk、cyc、cry及神经递质合成相关编码基因ddc、pale和trh的表达水平均显著上升;长时间处理后对雄蝇运动和睡眠的影响较小.本研究认为利用模拟微重力效应研究微重力对果蝇运动及睡眠的影响是可行的,相关研究结果对航天医学研究具有借鉴意义.     

爬沙虫提取液对果蝇繁殖力及寿命的影响

本实验通过研究爬沙虫提取液对果蝇繁殖力及寿命的影响,证实爬沙虫提取液具有增强果蝇的繁殖力和提高雌性果蝇寿命的作用。采用乙醚麻醉法,收集8 h内羽化的成虫,选择个体大小相近的雌雄果蝇,在不同爬沙虫浓度的培养基中培养,统计各组第一子代(first filial generation,F1)果蝇成体的数目及果蝇体重。收集各培养基中果蝇,区分雌雄,在原浓度爬沙虫培养基中培养,每日观察果蝇死亡数,直至全部死亡。结果表明:与对照组比较,各爬沙虫处理组子代果蝇雄体数目均显著增加(P<0.05),2.500%组的子代果蝇雌体数目差异显著(P<0.05)。各爬沙虫处理组刚羽化的果蝇体重极显著高于对照组(P<0.01)。2.500%剂量组果蝇雌体平均寿命极显著增加(P<0.01)。本研究为更好地利用爬沙虫的药用价值提供了参考依据。     

黑腹果蝇Mst84Db敲降引起的父本缺陷类似Wolbachia诱导的细胞质不亲和

【目的】Wolbachia 是广泛存在于昆虫体内的一类通过母系传递的共生菌,能够通过多种方式影响宿主的生殖。细胞质不亲和（CI）是Wolbachia 引起的最普遍的一种表型,即感染Wolbachia的雄性和未感染的雌性宿主交配后,胚胎发育停滞于早期阶段。但目前有关CI的分子机理还不清楚。本研究组前期实验表明,Wolbachia感染引起黑腹果蝇Drosophila melanogaster 3龄幼虫精巢中Mst84Db基因的表达显著下调。本研究的目的是进一步研究Mst84Db与CI的关系。【方法】我们体外合成了Mst84Db的双链RNA（dsRNA）,注射雄性果蝇,将注射过的雄果蝇与野生雌果蝇交配,检测其繁殖力。基因表达采用定量RT-PCR方法进行检测。胚胎表型采用DAPI染色进行分析。【结果】注射dsRNA 24 h后,Mst84Db基因的表达水平发生显著下调。注射后72 h,基因表达下调幅度最大。与对照组相比,基因敲降后的雄蝇繁殖能力显著下降,与雌果蝇交配后胚胎孵化率显著低于对照组,这与Wolbachia诱导的CI现象类似。未孵化胚胎的表皮上没有体节出现,说明胚胎停滞于发育的早期。部分胚胎细胞核分裂不同步,且有染色质间桥出现,这也与CI胚胎中的细胞学表型一致。【结论】Wolbachia感染可能抑制果蝇精子发生过程中Mst84Db基因的表达,从而使精子失去正常功能,最终导致与雌性果蝇交配后,胚胎发育停滞,并最终死亡。Mst84Db基因在雄性果蝇中表达下调可能是产生CI的重要原因之一。     

圈养林麝春季活动节律及时间分配

2006 年春季,使用红外夜间观察记录仪,对崇明东平麝场12 只成年林麝(8 雌,4 雄)的行为进行了24 h昼夜连续观察。发现春季林麝的行为有37 种,可归并为休息、摄食、运动、社会、维持和排遗6 大行为类型,据此,建构了春季林麝的行为谱。根据各行为持续时间比率和频次分析表明,林麝的主要行为为休息;雌麝的摄食行为所占的比率高于雄麝,这是由于春季雌麝妊娠的能量需求较高所致。活动节律呈典型的晨昏双峰型,清晨(4:00 ～ 6:00)和傍晚(17:00 ～ 19:00)为活动高峰;夜间活动性显著高于白天。     

酒石酸唑吡坦对非器质性失眠症患者Actigraphy检测指标的影响

目的:应用Actigraphy仪检测酒石酸唑吡坦对非器质性失眠患者睡眠质量的影响。方法:选择非器质性失眠症患者36例,实验第二晚给予10 mg酒石酸唑吡坦,实验第一晚和第四晚采用Actigraph仪监测,观察用药后Actigraph指标的变化。同时设置正常对照组24名,进行基础Actigraph监测。结果:失眠组患者服用酒石酸唑吡坦后,夜间Actigraphy检测显示实际觉醒时间(AWT)、睡眠潜入期(SL)、平均每次觉醒时间(MWB T)与服药前相比,显著缩短(P0.01);睡眠效率(SE)、平均静息状态时长(MLI)与服药前相比,显著提高(P0.01),同时反映身体活动的参数平均活动分数(MAS)和睡眠总体破碎程度的割裂指数(FI)与对照组相比,显著降低(P0.05)。结论:酒石酸唑吡坦能明显改善非器质性失眠患者睡眠,在非器质性失眠症的诊断治疗中Actigraphy仪是一种有效、便捷的方法。     

Circadian Preference and Sleep-Wake Regularity: Associations With Self-Report Sleep Parameters in Daytime-Working Adults

The aim of this study was to explore how interindividual differences in circadian type (morningness) and sleep timing regularity might be related to subjective sleep quality and quantity. Self-report circadian phase preference, sleep timing, sleep quality, and sleep duration were assessed in a sample of 62 day-working adults (33.9% male, age 23–48 yrs). The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) measured subjective sleep quality and the Sleep Timing Questionnaire (STQ) assessed habitual sleep latency and minutes awake after sleep onset. The duration, timing, and stability of sleep were assessed using the STQ separately for work-week nights (Sunday–Thursday) and for weekend nights (Friday and Saturday). Morningness-eveningness was assessed using the Composite Scale of Morningness (CSM). Daytime sleepiness was measured using the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS). A morning-type orientation was associated with longer weekly sleep duration, better subjective sleep quality, and shorter sleep-onset latency. Stable weekday rise-time correlated with better self-reported sleep quality and shorter sleep-onset latency. A more regular weekend bedtime was associated with a shorter sleep latency. A more stable weekend rise-time was related to longer weekday sleep duration and lower daytime sleepiness. Increased overall regularity in rise-time was associated with better subjective sleep quality, shorter sleep-onset latency, and higher weekday sleep efficiency. Finally, a morning orientation was related to increased regularity in both bedtimes and rise-times. In conclusion, in daytime workers, a morning-type orientation and more stable sleep timing are associated with better subjective sleep quality. (Author correspondence: asoehner@berkeley.edu)     

Dynamical properties of the two-process model for sleep-wake cycles in infantile autism

The two-process model is a scheme for the timing of sleep that consists of homeostatic (Process S) and circadian (Process C) variables. The two-process model exhibits abnormal sleep patterns such as internal desynchronization or sleep fragmentation. Early infants with autism often experience sleep difficulties. Large day-by-day changes are found in the sleep onset and waking times in autistic children. Frequent night waking is a prominent property of their sleep. Further, the sleep duration of autistic children is often fragmented. These sleep patterns in infants with autism are not fully understood yet. In the present study, the sleep patterns in autistic children were reproduced by a modified two-process model using nonlinear analysis. A nap term was introduced into the original two-process model to reproduce the sleep patterns in early infants. The nap term and the time course of Process S are mentioned in the present study. Those parameters led to bifurcation of the sleep-wake cycle in the modified two-process model. In a certain range of these parameter sets, a small external noise was amplified, and an irregular sleep-wake cycle appeared. The short duration of sleep led to another irregular sleep onset or waking. Consequently, an irregular sleep-wake cycle appeared in early infantile autism.     

Personality correlates with sleep-wake variables

A mail-in questionnaire study and two confirmatory archival analyses are described. Variables related to personality and measures of sleep timing, sleep quality, and sleep duration were initially assessed by self-report in a sample of 54 working adults (31.5% male, 23-48 yrs). Extraversion and neuroticism were measured by the Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI), and the level of sub-clinical manic-type symptoms by the Attitude to Life Questionnaire (ATLQ). The quality of sleep was measured by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and by questions relating to habitual sleep latency and minutes awake after sleep onset from the Sleep Timing Questionnaire (STQ). The duration and timing of sleep was assessed using the STQ separately for work-week nights (Sunday-Thursday) and for weekend nights (Friday and Saturday). Morningness-eveningness was assessed using the Composite Scale of Morningness (CSM). Two confirmatory analyses using separate archival samples (Study A: n=201, 55.7% male, 20-57 yrs; Study B: n=101, 47.5% male, 18-59 yrs) were then used to confirm specific correlations of interest. In both initial and confirmatory studies, increased sub-clinical manic-type symptoms were found to be significantly associated with later bedtimes and wake-times during the work-week and lower (more evening-type) CSM scores, and higher neuroticism was associated with poorer sleep as indicated by higher PSQI scores. In contrast, no significant correlations emerged between any of the personality variables and any of the sleep duration variables. Personality appears to affect certain aspects of the timing and subjective quality of sleep, but not necessarily its duration.     

An empirical analysis of the demand for sleep: Evidence from the American Time Use Survey

Using data from the American Time Use Survey, this paper empirically examined the demand for sleep, with special attention to its opportunity cost represented by wages. Variation in the unemployment rate by state was also used to investigate the cyclical nature of sleep duration. We conducted separate estimations for males and females, as well as for those who received a fixed salary and hourly wages. The findings predominantly revealed no relationship between sleep duration and the business cycle. However, an inverse relationship between sleep duration and wages was detected. This is in accordance with sleep duration being an economic choice variable, rather than a predetermined subtraction of the 24-h day. Although the inverse relationship was not significant in all the estimations for salaried subjects, it was consistent and strong for subjects who received hourly wages. For instance, elasticity measures were −.03 for those who received hourly wages and −.003 for those who received a fixed salary.     

Sleep quality in pregnancy during treatment with Bryophyllum pinnatum: An observational study

IntroductionPoor sleep quality in pregnancy is frequent. A treatment with sedatives is problematic due to possible adverse effects for mother and embryo/foetus. In the present study, we investigated the sedative effect of Bryophyllum pinnatum, a phytotherapeutic medication used in anthroposophic medicine. In previous clinical studies on its tocolytic effect, B. pinnatum showed a good risk/benefit ratio for mother and child. A recent analysis of the prescribing pattern for B. pinnatum in a network of anthroposophic physicians revealed sleep disorders as one of the most frequent diagnoses for which these preparations are prescribed.Materials and methodsIn this prospective, multi-centre, observational study, pregnant women suffering from sleep problems were treated with B. pinnatum (350 mg tablets, 50% leaf press juice, Weleda AG, Arlesheim, dosage at physician's consideration). Sleep quality, daily sleepiness and fatigue were assessed with the aid of standardised questionnaires, at the beginning of the treatment and after 2 weeks. Possible adverse drug reactions perceived by the patients during the treatment were recorded.ResultsThe number of wake-ups, as well as the subjective quality of sleep was significantly improved at the end of the treatment with B. pinnatum. The Epworth Sleeping Scale decreased, indicating a decrease of the tiredness during the day. There was, however, no evidence for prolongation of the sleep duration, reduction in the time to fall asleep, as well as change in the Fatigue Severity Scale after B. pinnatum. No serious adverse drug reactions were detected.ConclusionB. pinnatum is a suitable treatment of sleep problems in pregnancy. The data of this study encourage further clinical investigations on the use of B. pinnatum in sleep disorders.     

Individual differences in the sleep/wake cycle of Arctic flexitime workers

Daytime workers tend to have shorter sleep duration and earlier sleep onset during work days than on days off. Large individual differences in sleep onset and sleep duration may be observed on work days, but work usually synchronizes sleep offset to a similar time. The present study describes individual differences in sleep behaviour of 48 daytime workers (25 men, aged 20–58 years) from an iron ore mine in Northern Sweden. The aim of the study was to determine whether differences in sleep patterns during work days were associated with the outcomes of sleepiness and sleep complaints. Cluster analysis was used to group workers into two categories of sleep onset and sleep duration. The “Late Sleep Onset” cluster comprised workers who slept 1.30 h later than the “Early Sleep Onset” cluster (p < 0.0001 for all weekdays). The “Long Sleep Duration” cluster slept 1.10 h longer than the “Short Sleep Duration” cluster (p < 0.0002 for work nights). The “Late Sleep Onset” cluster reported less refreshing sleep (p < 0.01) and had lower sufficient sleep scores (p < 0.01) than the “Early Sleep Onset” cluster. The “Short Sleep Duration” cluster also reported lower scores for sufficient sleep (p < 0.04) than the “Long Sleep Duration” cluster. For combined characteristics (phase and duration), workers with a late phase and short sleep duration reported greater sleep debt and sleepiness than workers with an early phase and short sleep duration (p < 0.02). Work schedule and commuting time modulate both sleep phase and sleep duration independently. Workers, classified as having an intermediate sleep phase preference, can organize their sleep time in order to minimize sleep debt and sleepiness symptoms. Individual differences in sleep phase and duration should be considered when promoting well-being at work even among groups with similar sleep needs. In order to minimize sleep debt and sleepiness symptoms, successful sleep behaviour could be promoted involving extend use of flexitime arrangement (i.e. later starting times) and reduce use of alarm clocks.