体能训练对宜昌市西陵区儿童体质发育的影响

目的:评价体能训练对儿童体质发育的影响,探索能促进儿童体质发育的训练模式。方法:整群随机抽取宜昌市西陵区4所幼儿园,将儿童随机分成试验组和对照组,最终纳入试验组312人,对照组301人。试验组儿童进行为期1年的各项体质训练干预,对照组儿童给予常规教学。比较训练前后儿童各项体质指标、出勤率及近视率。结果:经过1年干预训练后,两组各年龄组儿童在身高、体重形态指标上无显著性差异(P0.05);素质指标中,与对照组相比,试验组各年龄组儿童在10 m折返跑、立定跳远、网球掷远、双脚连续跳、坐位前体屈5个项目上组间差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05);而在走平衡木项目上,只有7岁年龄段组间差异有统计学意义(P0.05);试验组出勤优秀率显著高于对照组(P0.05);两组近视率在干预前后差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:开展儿童体质训练能够促进儿童体质发育,应在各幼儿园广泛推广。     

The Willingness of Children to Lie and the Assessment of Credibility in an Ecologically Relevant Laboratory Setting

A series of 4 experiments were conducted to (a) determine the willingness of children to lie in a realistic setting, (b) compare judgments of credibility from both lay evaluations and Criterion-Based Content Analysis (CBCA), and (c) examine the effects of expert testimony regarding Statement Validity Assessment on mock jurors who were asked to make evaluations of the children's statements. In Experiment 1, 81% of children who witnessed a research assistant steal a textbook made accusations against the thief (truthful), 69% of children who did not witness the theft accused the research assistant of the theft following prompting by significant others, and 56% of the children who witnessed a significant other steal the textbook incorrectly accused the research assistant following a request from their significant other. Using the statements obtained from the children in Experiment 1, Experiments 2 and 3 found that classification accuracy of lay evaluators was significantly poorer than expert application of CBCA, which resulted in 89% classification accuracy. Finally, brief exposure to CBCA expert testimony appeared to have no benefits on mock jurors' assessments of credibility of the children's statements in Experiment 4. Implications for North American legal systems are discussed.     

视觉功能训练联合托吡卡胺滴眼液治疗假性近视的临床疗效观察

摘要 目的：探讨视觉功能训练联合托吡卡胺滴眼液在治疗假性近视中的临床疗效。方法：选取中国人民解放军陆军特色医学中心眼科和重庆佑佑宝贝妇儿医院眼科2019年2月至2019年8月收治的400例假性近视患儿作为研究对象,将其随机分为对照组和观察组(n=200)。对照组给予滴眼液缓解眼疲劳治疗,观察组则采用视觉功能训练联合托吡卡胺滴眼液治疗。比较两组患儿治疗前及治疗2个月、6个月后裸眼视力、眼轴长度、屈光度、正相对调节量和视疲劳评分的变化。结果：治疗2个月和6个月后,观察组患儿裸眼视力分别为(0.75±0.05)和(0.81±0.04),较对照组显著上升(P<0.05);屈光度分别为(+0.05±0.50)和(+0.06±0.48),明显高于对照组(P<0.05);正相对调节量检测结果依次是(-1.98±0.07)和(-2.51±0.24),较对照组明显增加(P<0.05)。两组患儿视觉感知双眼视功能均有明显改善,其中观察组视觉功能恢复显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。视疲劳调查显示观察组患儿视疲劳评分分别为(6.90±0.89)分和(3.91±0.89)分,显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论：视觉功能训练联合托吡卡胺滴眼液治疗能有效提高患儿裸眼视力、改善屈光度、正相对调节量和视觉感知功能,从而减少视疲劳,预防近视。     

Interviewing Child Witnesses: Questioning Techniques and the Role of Training

The last decade has seen major developments in the legal arena concerning the evidential interviewing of children. Research evidence clarifying the ability of children to provide valid and reliable information has been incorporated into the development of evidential interviewing techniques. This in turn has focused attention on the importance of training. Despite the increase in training, research with both child and adult interviewers has shown that inappropriate questioning strategies and poorly structured interviews still typify a significant number of investigations. This study evaluated the effect of a 1-week intensive training course on police and social worker forensic interviewing with children and investigated the actual types of questions employed by interviewers. Analysis of videoed interviews was used to compare trained and untrained interviewers on a series of rating scales designed to assess interviewer performance. The number of requests for free reports and the number of open, specific, leading, and nonleading questions used were obtained. The study found no differences in performance between trained and untrained interviewers on any rated behaviors with both trained and untrained interviewers rating poorly. Specific and leading questions were found to occupy over half the total number of questions used by both sets of interviewers, and few free report requests were used. That is, interviewers mostly asked the types of questions least likely to obtain valid and reliable information from children, with no evident variation from this pattern within the trained group. These findings echo the results of other studies in suggesting that interviewers use inappropriate questioning strategies to obtain information even after training and rely heavily on specific rather than open questioning. The results of this study suggest that the frequently adopted model of the short, intensive training course may not be the most effective way of training investigators to interview children, and more research is needed to establish the best way forward.     

Individual Differences in Children's Eyewitness Recall: The Influence of Intelligence and Shyness

This study was conducted to examine influences of personality characteristics on children's eyewitness recall. A sample of 217 children from 3 age groups (6-, 8-, and 10-year-olds) were included in the study. To explain individual differences in children's free recall of an observed event as well as in their ability to answer specific questions accurately, intelligence and teachers' rating of shyness were selected as central personality characteristics. The results revealed a significant influence of intelligence on free recall but not on suggestibility and a significant influence of shyness on the accuracy of cued recall. Whereas the effect of intelligence was positive, shyness was negatively related to eyewitness recall: Shy children were less accurate in answering specific questions than were those children of the same age group who were not shy.     

Parental attachment and children's memory for attachment-relevant stories

Despite evidence that parents’ attachment is associated with children's memory, less is known about the mechanisms underlying this association or the contexts in which the association is most meaningful. The present study examined whether parents’ attachment predicted children's memory for stories regarding attachment-related topics, whether the cohesiveness of children's stories mediated the association between attachment and memory, and whether the association varied by interview support at retrieval. Five- to six-year-olds completed attachment-relevant stories while parents provided information about their romantic attachment. Children's stories were coded for cohesiveness. A week later, children's memory for their stories was tested by either a supportive or nonsupportive interviewer. When the interview was nonsupportive, greater parental avoidance was associated with poorer memory, whereas when the interview was supportive, greater parental avoidance was associated with fewer errors. Findings provide insight into the context under which parents’ attachment is most influential in shaping children's memory.     

血清胱抑素C、血肌酐及血尿素氮对窒息新生儿肾功能损害的临床意义

目的:探讨体外反搏联合言语训练治疗脑性瘫痪并语言发育迟缓儿童的临床疗效。方法:选择2015年12月至2017年12月在上海市儿童医院康复科普通门诊确诊的脑瘫并语言发育迟缓患儿52例,按照随机数字表法将其随机分为治疗组和对照组,每组26例。对照组仅给予言语训练治疗,治疗组给予体外反搏联合言语训练治,以4周1个疗程,两组均治疗3个疗程。治疗前后,采用中国康复研究中心汉语版儿童语言发育评定法s-s法、Gesell发育评分法评价和比较患儿言语发育商和认知发育商的变化。结果:治疗后,两组言语发育商和认知发育商均显著高于治疗前,且治疗组言语发育商和认知发育商均显著高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(均P0.01)。结论:体外反搏联合言语训练较单纯言语训练可更有效改善脑瘫并语言发育迟缓患儿的言语发育和认知发育。     

Assessing the Effectiveness of a Training Program for Interviewing Child Witnesses

Twenty-seven experienced interviewers attended a 10-day training institute designed to provide knowledge and skills for improving investigative interviews with young children. Participants completed pre- and posttraining surveys assessing their knowledge of the scientific evidence regarding memory, suggestibility, and other aspects of children's ability to provide accurate accounts of events during interviews. They also conducted pre- and posttraining interviews with preschool children about 2 previously experienced events. Participants' knowledge about children's abilities and the scientific basis of various interviewing protocols increased significantly after the training. However, training did not have a significant impact on interviewers' questioning styles or the amount of accurate information elicited from the children. Results indicate that successfully translating knowledge into practice requires multiple opportunities for skill practice and feedback.     

Guest Editorial: Bildung-Psychology: The Substance and Structure of an Emerging Discipline

The present study examined (1) the ways investigative interviewers in forensic settings prepared children for substantive questioning, and (2) whether the techniques used and the amount of time spent in the pre-substantive phase were related to children's informativeness. Accuracy of the children's statements was not assessed. The sample included investigative interviews of a small sample of 75 alleged victims of sexual abuse in Malaysia, aged 5 to 15 years. Explanations of the conversational rules, purpose of the interview, and the children's roles as informants appeared to help the youngest children to be informative. The results also revealed possible limits to the potential benefits of rapport-building and suggest that interviewers should monitor the amount of time they spend preparing children for substantive questioning. Implications for addressing the limitations of the present research and directions for future research are discussed.     

The Development of Elementary Forms of Thinking in Preschool Children

Among the new problems that society has posed to the educational system, that of developing preschool children's intellectual ability is of special importance. One of the central questions of intellectual training is developing children's thinking.     

Reliability and effectiveness of screening for hearing loss in high risk neonates.

OBJECTIVE--To establish the reliability and effectiveness of screening for hearing loss by brainstem auditory evoked potential testing in high risk neonates. DESIGN--Seven year investigation of newborn babies admitted to a special care baby unit and monitored through a regional children''s audiology unit. SETTING--Special care baby unit and children''s audiology department, Belfast. SUBJECTS--405 neonates admitted to the baby unit, during 1 October 1982 to 31 March 1987. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES--Presence of hearing impairment, type and severity of hearing impairment, mortality. RESULTS--85 children failed the screening test, 62 of whom were followed up. Five children had severe bilateral sensorineural impairment and 12 had conductive impairment requiring surgical intervention. A further 18 had severe neurological disorder detected. The sensitivity of screening was 100% and specificity was 88%. If the procedure was introduced into routine clinical practice the mean age at diagnosis for all children with severe perinatal hearing impairment would be 11 (median 1) months. The mean age at diagnosis with the health visitor screening service was 23 (19) months (difference 10 months, 95% confidence interval 6 to 16 months; p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION--Screening for hearing loss in high risk neonates is highly reliable and cost effective. It also provides valuable neurophysiological information. Routine testing of these infants would result in over half of all children with severe bilateral perinatal sensorineural hearing impairment being identified by 2 months of age. This would make an important contribution to the habilitation of this socially, emotionally, and educationally vulnerable group.     

Qualitative interview study of communication between parents and children about maternal breast cancer

Objective To examine parents'' communication with their children about the diagnosis and initial treatment of breast cancer in the mother. Design Qualitative interview study within a cross-sectional cohort. Setting Two breast cancer treatment centers. Participants 32 women with stage I or stage II breast cancer with 56 school-aged children. Main outcome measures Semistructured interview regarding timing and extent of communication with children about the diagnosis and initial treatment of the mother''s illness, reasons for talking to children or withholding information, and help available and requested from health professionals. Results Women were most likely to begin talking to their children after their diagnosis had been confirmed by biopsy, but a few waited until after surgery or said nothing at all. Family discussion did not necessarily include mention of cancer. There was considerable consistency in the reasons given for either discussing or not discussing the diagnosis. The most common reason for not communicating was to avoid children''s questions, particularly those about death. Although most women had helpful discussion with a physician concerning their illness, few were offered help with talking to their children; many would have liked help, particularly the opportunity for both parents to talk to a health professional with experience in understanding and talking to children. Conclusion Parents diagnosed with cancer or other serious illnesses should be offered help to think about whether, what, and how to tell their children and about what children can understand, especially as they may well be struggling themselves to come to terms with their illness.     

Visual perceptual difficulties and under-achievement at school in a large community-based sample of children

Introduction

Difficulties with visual perception (VP) are often described in children with neurological or developmental problems. However, there are few data regarding the range of visual perceptual abilities in populations of normal children, or on the impact of these abilities on children''s day-to-day functioning.

Methods

Data were obtained for 4512 participants in an ongoing birth cohort study (Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children; ALSPAC). The children''s mothers responded to questions designed to elicit indications of visual perceptual difficulties or immaturity, when their children were aged 13 years. We examined associations with standardised school test results in reading and in mathematics at age 13–14 years (SATS-KS3), accounting for potential confounders including IQ.

Results

Three underlying factors explained half the variance in the VP question responses. These correlated best with questions on interpreting cluttered scenes; guidance of movement and face recognition. The adjusted parameter estimates (95% CI) for the cluttered-scenes factor (0.05; 0.02 to 0.08; p<0.001) suggested positive associations with the reading test results whilst that for the guidance-of-movement factor (0.03; 0.00 to 0.06; p = 0.026) suggested positive association with the mathematics results. The raw scores were associated with both test results.

Discussion

VP abilities were widely distributed in this sample of 13-year old children. Lower levels of VP function were associated with under-achievement in reading and in mathematics. Simple interventions can help children with VP difficulties, so research is needed into practicable, cost-effective strategies for identification and assessment, so that support can be targeted appropriately.     

Excavating Culture: Ethnicity and Context as Predictors of Parenting Behavior

Ethnic, socioeconomic, and contextual predictors of parenting and family socialization practices were examined among African American and European American families. This is one of a set of coordinated studies presented in this special issue (Le et al.). With the goal of sampling African American and European American children and families that were roughly equivalent on socioeconomic indicators, 103 mothers and their children were interviewed when the children were in kindergarten, and 83.5% were interviewed again in fourth grade. There were no ethnic differences in mothers' reports of warmth and communication at kindergarten; mothers' and children's reports of behavioral control at fourth grade, and children's reports of warmth at fourth grade. Among the ethnic differences in the parenting constructs, a number of them were related to cultural variables. For example, African American mothers expressed higher levels of self-efficacy and this was positively related to beliefs in communicating ethnic pride in their children. Similarly, although African American mothers expressed lower levels of warmth than European American mothers at fourth grade, among African American mothers, warmth was positively related to ethnic pride and beliefs in ethnic equality. A similar pattern was found for Psychological Control at fourth grade. When parenting practices among African Americans are examined in relation to ethnic socialization goals and ethnic identity, endorsement of ethnic socialization and identity was associated with more adaptive parenting practices. Longitudinally, there were several notable changes in ethnic differences in parenting practices across age.     

Is Parental Control over Children's Eating Associated with Childhood Obesity? Results from a Population‐Based Sample of Third Graders

Objective: Identifying parental behaviors that influence childhood obesity is critical for the development of effective prevention and treatment programs. Findings from a prior laboratory study suggest that parents who impose control over their children's eating may interfere with their children's ability to regulate intake, potentially resulting in overweight. These findings have been widely endorsed; however, the direct relationship between parental control of children's intake and their children's degree of overweight has not been shown in a generalized sample. Research Methods and Procedures: This study surveyed 792 third‐grade children with diverse ethnic and socioeconomic backgrounds from 13 public elementary schools. Parental control over children's intake was assessed through telephone interviews using a state‐of‐the‐art instrument, and children were measured for height, weight, and triceps skinfold thickness. Results: Counter to the hypothesis, parental control over children's intake was inversely associated with overweight in girls, as measured by body mass index, r = ?0.12, p < 0.05, and triceps skinfolds, r = ?0.11, p < 0.05. This weak relationship became only marginally significant when controlling for parents’ perceptions of their own weight, level of household education, and children's age. No relationship between parental control of children's intake and their children's degree of overweight was found in boys. Discussion: Previous observations of the influence of parental control over children's intake in middle‐class white families did not generalize to 8‐ to 9‐year‐olds in families with diverse socioeconomic and ethnic backgrounds. The present findings reveal a more complex relationship between parental behaviors and children's weight status.     

支气管哮喘患儿病情控制的影响因素及其家长知信行问卷调查分析

摘要 目的：调查支气管哮喘患儿家长知信行情况,并分析支气管哮喘患儿病情控制的影响因素。方法：于2016年7月~2020年7月期间,选取我院收治的500例支气管哮喘患儿及其家长作为研究对象。患儿家长知信行情况采用《哮喘患儿家长知信行问卷》调查。患儿近4周的病情控制水平参照《诸福棠实用儿科学(第8版)》中的相关标准进行确定,病情控制水平包括良好控制、部分控制和未控制。将良好控制、部分控制的患儿纳为哮喘控制组,将未控制的患儿纳为哮喘未控制组。采用本院自制的调查量表调查患儿及其家长的信息,分析支气管哮喘患儿病情控制的影响因素。结果：支气管哮喘儿童家长知信行情况不容乐观。支气管哮喘患儿病情控制率为38.06%（187/491）。单因素分析结果表明,支气管哮喘患儿病情控制与家庭人均月收入、患儿个人过敏史、家长受教育程度、哮喘家族史、是否坚持长期用药、是否定期复诊有关（P<0.05）。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,家长受教育程度、家庭人均月收入、患儿个人过敏史、哮喘家族史、是否坚持长期用药、是否定期复诊均是支气管哮喘患儿病情控制的影响因素（P<0.05）。结论：本研究中支气管哮喘患儿病情控制水平一般,且支气管哮喘儿童家长知信行情况不容乐观,其中家长受教育程度、家庭人均月收入、患儿个人过敏史等均是支气管哮喘患儿病情控制的影响因素,临床中应结合相关因素进行针对性的干预或治疗,以期实现对支气管哮喘患儿病情的良好控制。     

小儿推拿疗法联合中药热奄包治疗小儿夜啼的疗效及对睡眠质量和生长发育的影响

摘要 目的：探讨小儿推拿疗法联合中药热奄包治疗小儿夜啼的疗效及对睡眠质量和生长发育的影响。方法：选取2019年4月~到2021年8月期间石家庄市中医院收治的120例夜啼患儿作为研究对象。根据双色球法将患儿分为对照组（常规药物治疗）和观察组（对照组的基础上接受小儿推拿疗法联合中药热奄包治疗）,各为60例。对比两组疗效、中医证候评分、睡眠质量、生长发育相关指标和不良反应发生情况。结果：与对照组相比,观察组的临床总有效率明显升高（P<0.05）。与对照组相比,观察组治疗1周后啼哭、腹喜按摩、睡喜蜷曲、四肢欠温、大便稀溏、小便色清评分更低（P<0.05）。与对照组相比,观察组治疗1周后白天睡眠时间、夜间睡眠时间更长,夜间清醒时间更短,夜醒次数更少（P<0.05）。与对照组相比,观察组治疗6个月后年龄别体质量Z值（WAZ）、年龄别身长Z值（LAZ）、身长别体质量Z值（WLZ）和头围Z值（HCZ）更大（P<0.05）。治疗期间两组均未出现不良反应。结论：小儿推拿疗法联合中药热奄包治疗小儿夜啼,可有效改善患儿临床症状,提高睡眠质量,促进生长发育。     

综合康复治疗对分泌性中耳炎致小儿听力损伤的临床效果

目的:探讨综合康复治疗对分泌性中耳炎致小儿听力损伤的临床效果。方法:以88例2016年1月-2017年8月于我院诊治的分泌性中耳炎致听力损伤患儿为研究对象,将其随机分为综合组和对照组,每组44例。综合组采用综合康复治疗,对照组采用耳部按摩治疗,观察并比较两组临床疗效,治疗前后气导、骨导听阈值的变化。结果:治疗后,综合组有效率为79.55%,显著高于对照组(56.82%,P0.05)。与治疗前相比,两组治疗后0.25-0.8 Hz各频率下气导听阈值及2.0和4.0 kHz下骨导听阈值均显著降低(P0.05),且综合组患儿以上指标均显著低于对照组(P0.05)。结论:综合康复治疗即联合感音训练、耳部按摩、音乐感知及运动训练对分泌性中耳炎致小儿听力损伤有较好的疗效,能改善患儿气导、骨导听阈水平。