历史生物地理学的进展

近年来历史生物地理学的进展主要是隔离分化学派的进展。对隔离分化学派的几个分支学派,特别是分支生物地理学和泛生物地理学在理论和方法方面的进展作了简要回顾和介绍。最近十年来分子手段广泛应用于历史生物地理学研究的各个方面,尤其是谱系生物地理学的快速崛起是历史生物地理学的一个明显特征。对本学科的发展做了初步的展望。     

替代学派生物地理学几种研究方法简介

历史生物地理学就其基本原理、概念和研究方法可大致分为以过程为导向的传播学派和以式样为导向的替代学派。本文简要介绍替代学派的一些基本原理和概念,对最近半个世纪以来发展的几种替代学派生物地理学方法：泛生物地理学、更新世森林避难所理论、分支生物地理学以及特有性的简约性分析法的原理、方法作了简要的介绍和评论。     

生物地理学理论的发展

生物地理学是一门占老而又年轻的学科,近几十年来又获得了新的发展。本文较详尽地介绍了该学科的基本思想和基本研究方法,并对生物地理学理论发展的历史和各种理论的基本论点及理论假说进行了重点讨论。此外,作者对该学科的发展提出了自己的思考。     

生物地理学的新认识及其方法在多样性保护中的应用

近年来,众多分子证据和古生物学证据的出现促进了对生物地理学领域一些关键问题(如,扩散和隔离)的理解,并达成了较为统一的认识:1)扩散和隔离都是解释生物地理学格局的重要假说,并可能同时影响了生物的分布格局;2)历史生物地理学和生态生物地理学不是截然割裂的,两者结合起来有助于从不同层次上理解生物地理和生物多样性格局;3)不同的生物地理学研究方法应相互补充以揭示复杂的生物地理过程。学科思想的演变也使得生物地理学研究内容发生变化,本文还综述了当今生物地理学所关注的科学问题,并重点论述了生物地理学方法在生物多样性保护中的应用。     

生物地理学（一）

一、引言 生物地理学研究生物的地理分布。探险家冯·洪堡(Von Humboldt, A, 1769—1859)是最早使用生物地理学(biogeography)一词的学者之一。他根据环境的温度、海拔和纬度等物理因子解释动、植物的分布。生物地理学以前只是描述和解释自然界和生物界之间的关系,在地理学和生物学之间占据一个不明确的领域。对生物地理学感兴趣的主要是生物学家,生物学家有时用地球物理学的理论来解释动植物为什么生活在某个地方。     

岛屿生物地理学与集合种群理论的本质与渊源

岛屿生物地理学和集合种群理论是目前生物多样性保育所依赖的主要生态学理论。人们通常强调这两种理论的区别,对它们之间的关联却很少注意到。事实上,这两种理论是同根同源的。以经典集合种群理论的创始者R．Levim对他与岛屿生物地理学的创始者R．H．MaeArthur的合作过程以及岛屿生物地理学对他提出集合种群理论的影响的回顾为基础,分析比较了岛屿生物地理学、经典集合种群理论、以Hanski为代表的现代集合种群理论的基本假设、研究范式和核心思想的异同,简要介绍了多物种集合种群与集合群落研究的差异,最后分析了岛屿生物地理学和集合种群理论在生物多样性保育实践中的应用和存在问题。     

海南岛两栖爬行动物生物地理学研究进展

海南岛是我国的第二大岛,属热带季风岛屿.近些年,随着生物地理学理论的不断发展,国内外学者对海南岛的两栖爬行动物生物地理学做了大量研究.本文从描述生物地理学和解释生物地理学两方面,对海南岛两栖爬行动物生物地理学的研究进行回顾和综述,并展望了一些尚待深入研究的问题.     

沙蜥属Phrynocephalus生物地理学研究进展

沙蜥属Phrynocephalus作为鬣蜥科Agamidae中的古北界类群,分布区复杂的地质、地理历史对该属物种形成、分化及分布格局的形成具有重要的影响.近年来,随着生物地理学理论的不断发展,各国学者从不同角度对沙蜥属的生物地理学做了大量研究.本文主要综述了这方面的研究进展;同时基于沙蜥属的研究现状对今后的研究做出展望.     

岛屿生物地理学理论：模型与应用

前言岛屿有许多显著特征,如地理隔离,生物类群简单。这些特点为重复性研究和统计学分析奠定了基础,从而有利于许多深入而细致的生物学研究。因此,岛屿为发展和检验自然选择、物种形成及演化,以及生物地理学和生态学诸领域的理论和假设,提供了重要的自然实验室。岛屿生物地理学理论(MacArthurwilson学说)即为岛屿生物学研究中所产生的著名理论之一。该理论发展之     

生物地理学的新进展

近３０年来，生物地理学的发展极为迅速。由于遗传学和生态学的介入，生物区系的研究由描述走向解释、分析。历史生物地理学中离散观点的兴起，不仅能对生物地理分布格局的形成过程作出客观的解释，也可对地球的演化提出生物学家的看法。     

Synthesizing traditional biogeography with microbial ecology: the importance of dormancy

The discovery of biogeographical patterns among microbial communities has led to a focus on the empirical evaluation of the importance of dispersal limitation in microbial biota. As a result, the spatial distribution of microbial diversity has been increasingly studied while the synthesis of biogeographical theory with microbial ecology remains undeveloped. To make biogeographical theory relevant to microbial ecology, microbial traits that potentially affect the distribution of microbial diversity need to be considered. Given that many microorganisms in natural environments are in a state of dormancy and that dormancy is an important microbial fitness trait, I provide a first attempt to account for the effects of dormancy on microbial biogeography by treating dormancy as a fundamental biogeographical response. I discuss the effects of dormancy on the equilibrium theory of island biogeography and on the unified neutral theory of biodiversity and biogeography, and suggest how the equilibrium theory of island biogeography can produce predictions approaching those of the Baas‐Becking hypothesis (i.e. everything is everywhere, but the environment selects). In addition, I present a conceptual model of the unified neutral theory of biodiversity and biogeography, generalized to account for dormancy, from which a full model can be constructed for species with or without dormant life history stages.     

Driven by the West Wind Drift? A synthesis of southern temperate marine biogeography,with new directions for dispersalism

Aim Twentieth century biogeographers developed intriguing hypotheses involving West Wind Drift dispersal of Southern Hemisphere biota, but such models were largely abandoned in favour of vicariance following the development of plate tectonic theory. Here I present a synthesis of southern temperate marine biogeography, and suggest some new directions for phylogeographic research. Location The southern continents, formerly contiguous components of Gondwana, are now linked only by ocean currents driven by the West Wind Drift. Methods While vicariance theory certainly facilitates the development of testable hypotheses, it does not necessarily follow that vicariance explains much of contemporary southern marine biogeography. To overcome the limitations of narratives that simply assume vicariance or dispersal, it is essential for analyses to test biogeographic hypotheses by incorporating genetic, ecological and geological data. Results Recent molecular studies have provided strong evidence for dispersal, but relatively little evidence for the biogeographic role of plate tectonics in distributing southern marine taxa. Despite confident panbiogeographic claims to the contrary, molecular and ecological studies of buoyant macroalgae, such as Macrocystis, indicate that dispersal predominates. Ironically, some of the better supported evidence for marine vicariance in southern waters has little or nothing to do with plate tectonics. Rather, it involves far more localized and recent vicariant models, such as the isolating effect of the Bassian Isthmus during Pleistocene low sea‐level stands (Nerita). Main conclusions Recent phylogeographic studies of southern marine taxa (e.g. Diloma and Parvulastra) imply that passive rafting cannot be ignored as an important mechanism of long‐distance dispersal. I outline a new direction for southern hemisphere phylogeography, involving genetic analyses of bull‐kelp (Durvillaea) and its associated holdfast invertebrate communities.     

物种保护的理论基础——从岛屿生物地理学理论到集合种群理论

全球面临着生境破碎化的危机,物种保护已成为人类面临的重大课题,并不是所有的人对岛屿生物地理学理论的产生及其关注的海洋岛屿都很熟悉,但是越来越多生物赖以生存的自然栖息地的丧失和破碎化都是有目共睹的,岛屿生物地理学和集合种群理论是目前物种保护的两个基本理论,物种迁入率和绝灭率的动态变化决策岛屿上的物种丰富度是岛屿生物地理学理论的核心内容,而集合种群理论关注的是局部种群之间个体迁移的动态以及物种的续存条件,在概述两个理论形成、发展及其核心内容的基础上,着重比较它们的异同点以及在生态学理论和实践中的应用,并论述物种保护理论范式从岛屿生物地理学向集合种群理论转变的基本背景和原因。     

Critique of parsimony analysis of endemicity as a method of historical biogeography

Aim Assess the value of parsimony analysis of endemism as either an a priori (cladistic) and an a posteriori (phylogenetic) method of historical biogeography. Location World‐wide. Methods Parsimony analysis of endemicity (PAE) and Brooks parsimony analysis (BPA). Results Parsimony analysis of endemicity is capable of finding correct and unambiguous area relationships only under scenarios of vicariance in combination with non‐response to vicariance or extinction. An empirical comparison between PAE and BPA, using the poeciliid fish genera Heterandria and Xiphophorus, demonstrates that PAE fails to document much of the historical complexity in this relatively simple system. Main conclusions The a priori assumptions of PAE are far more restrictive than those made by other a priori methods, limiting its utility as a method of cladistic biogeography. The inability of PAE to detect perfect vicariance or biogeographical histories involving dispersal, renders it unsuitable as a method of phylogenetic biogeography.     

Vagility: The Neglected Component in Historical Biogeography

The conceptual gap between ecological and historical biogeography is wide, although both disciplines are concerned with explaining how distributions have been shaped. A central aim of modern historical biogeography is to use a phylogenetic framework to reconstruct the geographic history of a group in terms of dispersals and vicariant events, and a number of analytical methods have been developed to do so. To date the most popular analytical methods in historical biogeography have been parsimony-based. Such methods can be classified into two groups based on the assumptions used. The first group assumes that vicariance between two areas creates common patterns of disjunct distributions across several taxa whereas dispersals and extinctions generate clade specific patterns. The second group of methods assumes that passive vicariance and within-area speciation have a higher probability of occurrence than active dispersal events and extinction. Typically, none of these methods takes into account the ecology of the taxa in question. I discuss why these methods can be potentially misleading if the ecology of the taxon is ignored. In particular, the vagility or dispersal ability of taxa plays a pivotal role in shaping the distributions and modes of speciation. I argue that the vagility of taxa should be explicitly incorporated in biogeographic analyses. Likelihood-based methods with models in which more realistic probabilities of dispersal and modes of speciation can be specified are arguably the way ahead. Although objective quantification will pose a challenge, the complete ignorance of this vital aspect, as has been done in many historical biogeographic analyses, can be dangerous. I use worked examples to show a simple way of utilizing such information, but better methods need to be developed to more effectively use ecological knowledge in historical biogeography.     

A unified model of island biogeography sheds light on the zone of radiation

Islands acquire species through immigration and speciation. Models of island biogeography should capture both processes; however quantitative island biogeography theory has either neglected speciation or treated it unrealistically. We introduce a model where the dominance of immigration on small and near islands gives way to an increasing role for speciation as island area and isolation increase. We examine the contribution of immigration and speciation to the avifauna of 35 archipelagoes and find, consistent with our model, that the zone of radiation comprises two regions: endemic species diverged from mainland sister-species at intermediate isolation and from insular sister-species at higher levels of isolation. Our model also predicts species-area curves in accord with existing research and makes new predictions about species ages and abundances. We argue that a paucity of data and theory on species abundances on isolated islands highlights the need for island biogeography to be reconnected with mainstream ecology.     

Biogeography of the Helicoidea (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata): land snails with a Pangean distribution

The biogeography of helicoid land snails was investigated using cladistic methods. Parsimony analysis under Assumption 0 yielded twelve area cladograms (length=25, c.i.=0.76, r.i.=0.86). The pattern of vicariance for the Helicoidea indicated that families originated with the break up of eastern Gondwana and Laurasia between the late Mesozoic and mid-Tertiary, and possible vicariance events are identified. It is proposed that Asian terranes, located between India and Australia, maintained contact with northern Australia until the late Cretaceous, which is later than is suggested in current palaeogeographical hypotheses.     

Geographic distributions of homosporous ferns: does dispersal obscure evidence of vicariance?

The central problem in biogeography is that interactions between different processes result in the formation of historical patterns, such that it is difficult to discriminate the relative roles of vicariance and dispersal. Ferns are distributed by small wind-dispersed propagules that are produced in very large numbers and capable of dispersing thousands of kilometers. Thus, most taxon distributions in ferns are assumed to be a function of dispersal rather than vicariance. Here, we review some case examples that provide good evidence for vicariance and dispersal in ferns. We then ask whether dispersal is so extensive in ferns that vicariance is no longer detectable in most cases. Although we think that too few studies have been carried out to make generalizations at this stage, we outline the criteria for an effective research programme that can address this issue. Phylogenetic and distributional data are needed, not only because they are lacking in an evolutionarily important group of organisms, but also because data from ferns and other cryptogams are likely to be crucial in making broad biogeographic statements.     

The voice of historical biogeography

Historical biogeography is going through an extraordinary revolution concerning its foundations, basic concepts, methods, and relationships to other disciplines of comparative biology. There are external and internal forces that are shaping the present of historical biogeography. The external forces are: global tectonics as the dominant paradigm in geosciences, cladistics as the basic language of comparative biology and the biologist's perception of biogeography. The internal forces are: the proliferation of competing articulations, recourse to philosophy and the debate over fundamentals. The importance of the geographical dimension of life's diversity to any understanding of the history of life on earth is emphasized. Three different kinds of processes that modify the geographical spatial arrangement of the organisms are identified: extinction, dispersal and vicariance. Reconstructing past biogeographic events can be done from three different perspectives: (1) the distribution of individual groups (taxon biogeography) (2) areas of endemism (area biogeography), and (3) biotas (spatial homology). There are at least nine basic historical biogeographic approaches: centre of origin and dispersal, panbiogeography, phylogenetic biogeography, cladistic biogeography, phylogeography, parsimony analysis of endemicity, event-based methods, ancestral areas, and experimental biogeography. These nine approaches contain at least 30 techniques (23 of them have been proposed in the last 14 years). The whole practice and philosophy of biogeography depend upon the development of a coherent and comprehensive conceptual framework for handling the distribution of organisms and events in space.     

Island theory, matrix effects and species richness patterns in habitat fragments

Island biogeography theory, created initially to study diversity patterns on islands, is often applied to habitat fragments. A key but largely untested assumption of this application of theory is that landscape matrix species composition is non‐overlapping with that of the islands. We tested this assumption in successional old field patches in a closely mowed matrix, and because our patches are appropriately viewed as sets of contiguous habitat units we studied patterns of species richness per unit area. Previous studies at our site did not find that diversity patterns on patch ‘islands’ conformed to predictions of island biogeography theory. Our results indicate that when matrix species are removed from the patch samples, diversity patterns conform better to theory. We suggest that classical island theory remains an appropriate tool to study diversity patterns in fragmented habitats, but that allowances should be made for spill‐over colonization of ‘islands’ from the ‘sea’.