EE2对稀有鮈鲫和斑马鱼幼鱼体内卵黄蛋白原诱导的比较

利用卵黄蛋白原(Vtg)作为类雌激素污染的生物标志物,比较研究了不同浓度的17α-乙炔基雌二醇(EE2)对斑 马鱼(Brachydanio rerio)和稀有鮈鲫(Gobiocypris rarus)幼鱼体内Vtg的诱导。研究结果表明:5ng/L,20ng/L和100ng/L EE2分别暴露5d后,稀有鮈鲫幼鱼体内的Vtg即可显著诱导,并且其含量随暴露时间的增加而增加,在暴露15d时 达到最大值;而斑马鱼幼鱼虽然100ng/LEE2暴露5d时可显著诱导体内Vtg的生成,但20ng/L EE2在暴露10d后, 5ng/L EE2在暴露15d后,才可显著诱导斑马鱼体内Vtg的生成。这一结果说明EE2暴露下对稀有鮈鲫体内Vtg的 诱导要比斑马鱼敏感。     

卵黄蛋白原的研究进展

卵黄蛋白原(vitellogenin,Vg)是一种普遍存在于卵生非哺乳动物中的糖磷脂蛋白,其作为一种重要的生殖蛋白参与卵生动物生殖、发育等重要生理过程。最新研究表明,卵黄蛋白原还参与动物的免疫防御过程,是一种典型的模式识别分子。本文系统全面的介绍了卵黄蛋白原的研究进展,包括卵黄蛋白原的激素诱导、合成方式、分解代谢、结构特性以及生物学功能等,此外还详细介绍了其作为生物标志物在环境激素检测中的应用。对卵黄蛋白原近期的研究成果进行综述可为今后开展卵黄蛋白原相关研究提供可靠的参考和指导。     

三种药物对岩原鲤幼鱼的急性毒性试验

以岩原鲤幼鱼为材料,研究了青霉素、硫酸铜和高锰酸钾3种药物对岩原鲤的急性毒性.结果表明,青霉素、硫酸铜和高锰酸钾对岩原鲤幼鱼的96 h-LC50值(95%可信区间)分别为28.67 mg/L (18.74～43.87mg/L)、0.69 mg/L (0.49～0.96 mg/L)、1.29 mg/L (0.99～1.67 mg/L),3种药物的安全浓度分别为2.87 mg/L、0.07 mg/L和0.13 mg/L.     

力竭追赶训练对两种鲤科鱼类呼吸循环系统参数和力竭运动后代谢特征的影响

为了考察力竭追赶训练对中华倒刺鲃(Spinibarbus sinensis)和岩原鲤(Procypris rabaudi)幼鱼呼吸循环系统和力竭运动后代谢特征的影响, 在(25±0.5)℃条件下, 将2种实验鱼各60尾 [体重分别为(28.36±0.08) g和(19.53±0.13) g]随机等分成对照组和训练组, 训练组进行1次/d共21d的力竭追赶训练。随后测定各组实验鱼的心脏和鳃指数、血液指标以及力竭运动后过量耗氧(Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption, EPOC)。结果发现: 2种鱼心脏指数、鳃指数、血红蛋白含量和红细胞数目在各自对照组和训练组之间都没有显著性差异; 岩原鲤对照组的鳃指数显著低于中华倒刺鲃对照组(P<0.05), 但心脏指数、血红蛋白含量和红细胞数目与中华倒刺鲃对照组无显著性差异。中华倒刺鲃训练组的运动前代谢率、运动代谢峰值、峰值比率、代谢恢复速率与其对照组没有显著差异, 但运动后恢复时间和过量耗氧显著大于对照组(P<0.05); 岩原鲤训练组的运动前代谢率显著低于其对照组(P<0.05), 但运动代谢峰值、峰值比率、运动后恢复时间、过量耗氧、代谢恢复速率与其对照组没有显著性差异。岩原鲤对照组的运动前代谢率、运动代谢峰值、过量耗氧和代谢恢复速率分别显著低于中华倒刺鲃对照组(P<0.05), 但峰值比率和运动后恢复时间与中华倒刺鲃对照组无显著性差异。研究表明: (1)力竭追赶训练对中华倒刺鲃和岩原鲤幼鱼的呼吸和循环系统参数没有产生显著性影响; (2)力竭追赶训练显著提高了中华倒刺鲃幼鱼的无氧代谢能力; (3)中华倒刺鲃幼鱼力竭运动前后代谢率显著高于岩原鲤幼鱼, 这可能与其较为活跃的习性有关。     

试验条件下岩原鲤幼鱼栖息地适宜性模型及最小栖息面积估算

在室内微生境模拟条件下,应用试验生态学方法,分别评估了岩原鲤幼鱼对底质、光照、水深3种生境因子的适宜性指数(HSI),建立了其栖息地适宜性模型,并初步估算了岩原鲤幼鱼的最小栖息面积.结果表明:岩原鲤幼鱼对底质、光照、水深3种生境因子的适宜栖息范围分别为砾石直径10～15 cm、光照强度0.2～1.8 lx、水深范围0～15 cm(离底距离);其适宜性指数表达式分别为SIS=1.7338e-0.997x(R2=0.89,P＜0.01,SIS为底质适宜性指数,x为砾石直径)、SIL=3.0121e-1.339x(R2=0.93,P＜0.01,SIL为光照适宜性指数,x为光强)、SIW=2.4055 e-1.245x(R2＝0.97,P＜0.01,SIW为水深适宜性指数,x为水深).算术平均法最适用于岩原鲤幼鱼的栖息地适宜性模型估计,最适模型为HSI=(SIS+SIL+SIW)/3.共发现7组岩原鲤幼鱼建立并维持着相对稳定的栖息地范围,其栖息地面积范围为628～2015 cm2,平均值为1114 cm2.     

人工诱导雌核发育日本白鲫

分别用遗传失活的散鳞镜鲤(Cyprinus carpio L.)、团头鲂(Megalobrama amblycephala)精子诱导日本白鲫(Carassius cuvieri)进行雌核发育.未经冷休克处理,用UV照射过的镜鲤的精子(其最佳UV照射剂量为4 200 mJ/cm2)与日本白鲫卵子受精获得(32.4±3.3)%雌核发育单倍体和(0.7±0.3)%杂交二倍体,而照射过的团头鲂精子(其最佳UV照射剂量为3 600mJ/cm2)与日本白鲫卵子受精得到了(33.8±1.4)%雌核发育单倍体和(0.5-±0.3)%杂交二倍体.日本白鲫卵子分别经灭活的镜鲤、团头鲂的精子激活(精子经各自最佳UV剂量处理),施以冷休克处理(受精后2min,0-4℃,40min),其孵化率分别为(27.8±2.1)%和(29.4±3.3)%,发育到摄食期,其正常的雌核发育二倍体鱼苗分别为(15.7±3.4)%和(23.6±4.1)%,在镜鲤实验组中,其正常的雌核发育二倍体鱼苗占孵化鱼苗总数的56%,这比团头鲂实验组中正常雌核发育二倍体鱼苗的比率(达到80%)低,结果表明诱导日本白鲫雌核发育,与母本遗传关系远的团头鲂精子较镜鲤的更有效.从染色体数目、外形特征和性腺结构等方面证实雌核发育后代的生物学特性.雌核发育日本白鲫全为雌性,这表明其雌性是同配XX型.雌核发育日本白鲫在生产上将有着潜在的价值,如比普通日本白鲫长得更快,抗病能力强等.所有的雌核发育日本白鲫的染色体数目都是100,而所有的团头鲂与日本白鲫的杂交后代都是三倍体(3n=124),新三倍体鱼在鱼类养殖和理论研究中将存在潜在的价值.     

两种鲤科鱼类的易钓性

自然界鱼类不断遭受人类垂钓压力的影响,鱼类易钓性存在明显的种内个体差异,并且不同种鱼类的易钓性不尽相同。为考察不同种鲤科鱼类的易钓性差异及其是否与外部形态存在关联,本研究以中国广泛养殖的鲤科鱼类异育银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio)和鲤(Cyprinus carpio)幼鱼为实验对象,在实验室(25±0.5)℃条件下对大小相当、体重相近的3个处理组[异育银鲫、鲤及混合组(异育银鲫+鲤)]进行垂钓;每个处理组均设3个重复,每个重复包括40尾实验鱼,每个重复垂钓20尾鱼则停止该组的垂钓活动,记录垂钓成功每尾鱼的时间和序号,计算垂钓总时间及单尾被钓平均时间。结果表明:混合组鲤的体长大于其他组;鲤幼鱼组的肥满度显著高于其他组,混合组鲤和异育银鲫高易钓性个体的肥满度均大于低易钓性个体;在实验过程中,3个实验组的垂钓总时间无明显差异,但单尾被钓平均时间存在明显差异,其中混合组鲤单尾被钓平均时间显著长于异育银鲫组;混合组中异育银鲫幼鱼被钓的数量比例明显高于该组的鲤幼鱼,而钓出鲤幼鱼的平均被钓次序号大于异育银鲫幼鱼。研究表明:相比较于鲤幼鱼,异育银鲫幼鱼更易被钓;两种鲤科鱼类易钓性差异可能与二者生态习性及形态密切有关。     

兴国红鲤ER基因克隆表达及EE2暴露对肝中ER表达的影响

为评估环境内分泌干扰物对鱼类的影响,研究克隆了兴国红鲤雌激素受体（Estrogen receptor,ER）4种亚型ERα、ERβ、ERβ1、ERβ2的全长cDNA序列,氨基酸序列比对发现兴国红鲤ERs分别与3种鲤科鱼类相应亚型具有较高的同源性。实时荧光定量PCR（qRT-PCR）检测结果表明,4种ER亚型mRNA在雌雄成体组织中呈现差异表达,雌性个体中,肝、卵巢和肠中4种ERs的表达量均较高;在雄性个体中,ERα和ERβ主要在肝中表达,ERβ1、ERβ2分别在肠和精巢中的表达量最高。将150日龄的兴国红鲤幼鱼分别暴露在0.01、0.1和1 nmol/L的17α-乙炔基雌二醇（EE2）中4周,检测了雌性幼鱼肝中4种ER基因的表达变化情况。在EE2中暴露1-2周后,兴国红鲤雌性幼鱼肝中ERα基因的表达水平有极显著的提升;各浓度EE2能持续显著促进其肝中ERβ的表达;在1-2周内各浓度EE2对ERβ1表达有所抑制;第1周EE2能够抑制ERβ2基因mRNA的表达,并在0.01 nmol/L时抑制作用达到了显著的水平。上述研究结果表明,EE2暴露能诱导或抑制兴国红鲤雌性幼鱼肝中ER亚型的表达,相对于ERβ、ERβ1和ERβ2、ERα可作为EE2短期（1-2周）敏感性生物学标记。     

一种特异性识别斑马鱼卵黄蛋白原的噬菌体展示单链抗体的可溶性表达方案

为了实现特异性识别斑马鱼卵黄蛋白原的噬菌体展示单链抗体的可溶性表达,将不能以可溶性蛋白形式表达的、只能以噬菌体展示形式特异性识别斑马鱼卵黄蛋白原的单链抗体F5的基因,克隆到pET 32a载体并转化入大肠杆菌ori DE3中。结果表明,通过诱导表达,可获得可溶性的并且仍特异性识别斑马鱼卵黄蛋白原的单链抗体32a-F5。噬菌体展示单链抗体不能可溶性表达是噬菌体展示技术应用中常见的问题,该方法提供了一种表达可溶性单链抗体的可行性方案。     

家蝇的卵黄发生及其激素调节

用5—15%SDS-PAGE分析表明,家蝇Musce domestica viaina卵黄蛋白由三个亚基组成,其亚基分子量分别为58KD、50KD、48KD.火箭免疫电泳的结果表明,脂肪体、血淋巴和卵巢内卵黄原蛋白的变化具有密切的相关性,卵黄原蛋白在体内最早出现在羽化后30小时左右,然后迅速增加,在羽化后48小时,脂肪体和血淋巴中卵黄原蛋白含量达到最大值,卵巢开始沉积卵黄蛋白在羽化后30小时,到产卵前达到最大值,脂肪体在离体培养条件下,通过测定³H-亮氨酸掺入卵黄原蛋白的量,对不同发育时期家蝇脂肪体合成卵黄原蛋白的能力及激素的调节作用进行了研究,结果表明,羽化12小时后,合成能力迅速上升,48小时时形成高峰,60小时后迅速下跌直至产卵,其合成能力一直维持在低水平,产卵后合成能力又迅速回升,激素处理结果表明,保幼激素可以促进卵黄发生前期和后期家蝇脂肪体的卵黄原蛋白合成,20-羟基蜕皮酮可以大幅度促进卵黄发生期家蝇脂肪体的卵黄原蛋白合成.当二种激素共同处理时,对卵黄发生前期和卵黄发生期的家蝇脂肪体有协同促进作用,而对卵黄发生后期的脂肪体没有这种作用.本文还对家蝇卵黄发生过程中脂肪体、血淋巴和卵巢三者之间的关系及家蝇卵黄发生的激素调节进行了讨论.     

SYMMETRY AND DEVELOPMENT OF BUTOMUS UMBELLATUS (BUTOMACEAE) AND LIMNOCHARIS FLAVA (LIMNOCHARITACEAE)

The prostrate rhizome of Butomus umbellatus produces branch primordia of two sorts, inflorescence primordia and nonprecocious vegetative lateral buds. The inflorescence primordia form precociously by the bifurcation of the apical meristem of the rhizome, whereas the non-precocious vegetative buds are formed away from the apical meristem. The rhizome normally produces a branch in the axial of each foliage leaf. However, it is unclear whether the rhizome is a monopodial or a sympodial structure. Lateral buds are produced on the inflorescence of B. umbellatus either by the bifurcation or trifurcation of apical meristems. The inflorescence consists of monochasial units as well as units of greater complexity, and certain of the flower buds lack subtending bracts. The upright vegetative axis of Limnocharis flava has sympodial growth and produces evicted branch primordia solely by meristematic bifurcation. Only certain leaves of the axis are associated with evicted branch primordia and each such primordium gives rise to an inflorescence. The flowers of L. flava are borne in a cincinnus and, although the inflorescence is simpler than that of Butomus umbellatus, the two inflorescences appear to conform to a fundamental body plan. The ultimate bud on the inflorescence of Limnocharis flava always forms a vegetative shoot, and the inflorescence may also produce supernumerary vegetative buds. Butomus umbellatus and Limnocharis flava exhibit a high degree of mirror image symmetry.     

COPPER SORPTION AND RELEASE BY CYCLOTELLA MENEGHINIANA (BACILLARIOPHYCEAE) AND CHLAMYDOMONAS REINHARDTII (CHLOROPHYCEAE)1

Initial Cu⁺⁺ sorption by Cyclotella meneghiniana Kütz. (Cu⁺⁺-sensitive) and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Dangeard (Cu⁺⁺-resistant) was rapid in the first 5 min of Cu⁺⁺ incubation with little sorption after 2 h. On a cell to cell basis, Cyclotella sorbed ca. five times more Cu⁺⁺ from the medium than Chlamydomonas. In MBL medium with EDTA Cyclotella and Chlamydomonas cells sorbed 21.0 and 4.41 nM Cu⁺⁺/10⁶ cells respectively in 6 h with 0.3 mg Cu⁺⁺/l in the medium. Proportionally similar quantities of Cu⁺⁺ were sorbed when the cells were Cu⁺⁺ incubated in MBL + citrate or filtered lake water. Cleaned cell walls of Cyclotella sorbed little Cu⁺⁺ (1.7 nM/10⁶ cells) as compared to living cells (17.5 nM Cu⁺⁺/10⁶ cells) in 3 h. Therefore, in living Cyclotella most of the Cu⁺⁺ taken up must be absorbed by the protoplasm or perhaps by the organic layer surrounding the silica wall. Cleaned cell walls of Chlamydomonas sorbed 3.5 nM Cu⁺⁺/10⁶ cells and living Chlamydomonas cells sorbed 2.6 nM Cu⁺⁺/10⁶ cells. This indicates that most of the Cu⁺⁺ sorbed by Chlamydomonas cells remained bound to the cell wall and probably did not readily enter into the protoplasm: When placed in Cu⁺⁺ free medium after Cu⁺⁺ incubation, Cyclotella and Chlamydomonas cells released 46 and 59% respectively of the Cu⁺⁺ sorbed.     

SENSORY PROFILING AND PRODUCT POSITIONING OF ROASTED AND GROUND (BREW) COFFEE AND SOLUBLE (INSTANT) COFFEE WITH AND WITHOUT ADDED FLAVOR

Coffee powders available commercially are of different qualities. The quality variations may be due to inherent quality of coffee beans, storage time and packaging materials used. Sensory profiles of brewed and soluble coffees were studied through profiling. Canonical discriminant analysis (CDA) used for positioning the different coffee samples showed that freshly made coffee from plantation arabica (PA), Pea berry (PB), PA with chicory (PAC), PB with chicory (PBC) and their blends viz. PA + PB and PAC + PBC occupied the quadrant where coffee aroma and overall quality rated higher. Other roasted & ground (R&G) coffee (market) samples were positioned where oily, fermented, musty, stale and caramelized notes dominated. In case of soluble coffee, the flavored coffee procured from the western market (S3, S6, S9 and S8) dominated the quadrant where other added flavor and oily notes dominated. The typical soluble (instant) coffee without any added flavor S10, S12 and S13 occupied another quadrant. The soluble coffee powder with spice incorporation took a separate quadrant where other added flavor and bitter taste dominated. The dominant quality attributes for the groups are different and are discussed in relation to the directional vectors.     

AUTOTROPHIC GROWTH AND PHOTOACCLIMATION IN KARLODINIUM MICRUM (DINOPHYCEAE) AND STOREATULA MAJOR (CRYPTOPHYCEAE)1

We compared autotrophic growth of the dinoflagellate Karlodinium micrum (Leadbeater et Dodge) and the cryptophyte Storeatula major (Butcher ex Hill) at a range of growth irradiances (E_g). Our goal was to determine the physiological bases for differences in growth–irradiance relationships between these species. Maximum autotrophic growth rates of K. micrum and S. major were 0.5 and 1.5 div.·d^?1, respectively. Growth rates were positively correlated with C‐specific photosynthetic performance (PP^C, g C·g C^?1·h^?1) (r²=0.72). Cultures were grouped as light‐limited (LL) and high‐light (HL) treatments to allow interspecific comparisons of physiological properties that underlie the growth–irradiance relationships. Interspecific differences in the C‐specific light absorption rate (E_a^C, mol photons·g C^?1·h^?1) were observed only among HL acclimated cultures, and the realized quantum yield of C fixation (φ_C(real.), mol C·mol photons^?1) did not differ significantly between species in either LL or HL treatments. The proportion of fixed C that was incorporated into new biomass was lower in K. micrum than S. major at each E_g, reflecting lower growth efficiency in K. micrum. Photoacclimation to HL in K. micrum involved a significant loss of cellular photosynthetic capacity (P_max^cell), whereas in S. major, P_max^cell was significantly higher in HL acclimated cells. We conclude that growth rate differences between K. micrum and S. major under LL conditions relate primarily to cell metabolism processes (i.e. growth efficiency) and that reduced chloroplast function, reflected in PP^C and photosynthesis–irradiance curve acclimation in K. micrum, is also important under HL conditions.     

美国白蛾与其相似种—奇特望灯蛾在形态学和生物学上的区别(鳞翅目,灯蛾科)

奇特望灯蛾与大害虫--美国白蛾侄幼虫形态及危害方式方而都极其相似,其雌成虫与美国白蛾的成虫也很相像,极易引起混淆.并且奇特望灯蛾分布广,容易与美国白蛾的分布区重叠,这对美国白蛾准确及时的预测预报及防治工作造成了一定的干扰.本文就天津蓟县发生的奇特望灯蛾与美国白蛾在成虫、卵、幼虫和蛹的形态以及生活习性等方面进行了比较研究.     

猪B_0L-丙氨酰胰岛素和猪B_1L-亮氨酰胰岛素的制备及性质研究

 猪胰岛素经与MSC·ONsu选择性反应,得到[MSC]A_(21)B_(29)胰岛素,再与BOC-L-Ala·TTT缩合,去保护后得到[L-Ala]B_0胰岛素,将得到的[MSC]A_(21)B_(29)胰岛素经Edman降解,再与BOC-L-Leu·TTT缩合、去保护后得到[L-Leu]B_1胰岛素。样品经N-末端分析,醋酸纤维素薄膜电泳、氨基酸组成分析和紫外吸收光谱鉴定,确定它们分别为均一的[L-Ala]B_0胰岛素和[L-Leu]B_1胰岛素。放射免疫法分析[L-Al_a]B_0肽岛素和[L-Leu]B_1胰岛素的免疫活性分别相当于天然胰岛素的30％和47％,小鼠惊厥法分析表明[L-Ala]B_6胰岛素与[L-Leu]B_1胰岛素的生物活力为19.7国际单位/mg和19.1国际单位/mg,相当于天然胰岛素的76％和73％。     

SEXUAL DIMORPHISM OF SHELL SHAPE AND GROWTH OF VILLOSA VILLOSA (WRIGHT) AND ELLIPTIO ICTERINA (CONRAD) (BIVALVIA: UNIONIDAE)

Shell shape and growth of two unionacean species, Villosa villosaand Elliptio icterina, are analyzed with univariate and multivariatetechniques. The relationship of shape variables to size variablesis examined. Under the lognormal assumption, parametric testsof these allometric relationships are valid. Variables describingthe ventro-posterior region of the shell are shown to be thebest of those tested for discriminating between the sexes ofboth species regardless of statistical method. Neither speciesexhibits size sexual dimorphism. Shape sexual dimorphism ofV. villosa is constant during adult growth, but the more subtledimorphism of E. icterina changes as adults continue to grow. (Received 20 January 1986;