Diploidized eggs reprogram adult somatic cell nuclei to pluripotency in nuclear transfer in medaka fish (Oryzias latipes)

Reprogramming of adult somatic cell nuclei to pluripotency has been unsuccessful in non-mammalian animals, primarily because of chromosomal aberrations in nuclear transplants, which are considered to be caused by asynchrony between the cell cycles of the recipient egg and donor nucleus. In order to normalize the chromosomal status, we used diploidized eggs by retention of second polar body release, instead of enucleated eggs, as recipients in nuclear transfer of primary culture cells from the caudal fin of adult green fluorescent protein gene (GFP) transgenic medaka fish (Oryzias latipes). We found that 2.7% of the reconstructed embryos grew into adults that expressed GFP in various tissues in the same pattern as in the donor fish. Moreover, these fish were diploid, fertile and capable of passing the marker gene to the next generation in Mendelian fashion. We hesitate to call these fish 'clones' because we used non-enucleated eggs as recipients; in effect, they may be chimeras consisting of cells derived from diploid recipient nuclei and donor nuclei. In either case, fish adult somatic cell nuclei were reprogrammed to pluripotency and differentiated into a variety of cell types including germ cells via the use of diploidized recipient eggs.     

体细胞核移植后表观遗传重编程的异常及其修复

体细胞核移植(Somatic cell nuclear transfer, SCNT)是指将高度分化的体细胞移入到去核的卵母细胞中发育并最终产生后代的技术。然而, 体细胞克隆的总体效率仍然处于一个较低的水平, 主要原因之一是由于体细胞供体核不完全的表观遗传重编程, 包括DNA甲基化、组蛋白乙酰化、基因组印记、X染色体失活和端粒长度等修饰出现的异常。使用一些小分子化合物以及Xist基因的敲除或敲低等方法能修复表观遗传修饰错误, 辅助供体核的重编程, 从而提高体细胞克隆效率, 使其更好地应用于基础研究和生产实践。文章对体细胞核移植后胚胎发育过程中出现的异常表观遗传修饰进行了综述, 并着重论述了近年来有关修复表观遗传错误的研究进展。     

Cloning by somatic cell nuclear transfer

The birth of the first cloned mammals, produced by the introduction of somatic cell nuclei into enucleated oocytes, was an impressive and surprising development.⁽¹⁾ Although the ethical debate has been intense, the important scientific questions raised by this work have been inadequately discussed and are still unresolved. In this essay we address three questions about nuclear transplantation in the eggs of mice and domestic animals. First, why were the recent experiments on somatic cell cloning successful, when so many others have failed? Second, were these exceptional cases, or is somatic cloning now open to all? Third, what are the future possibilities for increasing the efficiency and wider applicability of the cloning process? BioEssays 20 :847–851, 1998. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

哺乳动物体细胞核移植技术研究进展

体细胞核移植技术具有十分诱人的应用前景,在农业、物种保护、医疗等领域已显示出优越性。然而核重构等核移植基础理论方面的研究还很薄弱,致使核移植技术还不很完善,克隆动物还存在着甲基化酶异常调节、不正确的印迹基因表达、X染色体异常激活等错误的表观遗传现象,移植成功率较低,在一定程度上限制了它的发展。根据近几年的研究进展,对核移植技术的应用、方法以及存在的问题作一综述 。     

小鼠-牛体细胞种间核移植

本文探讨了小鼠-牛异质胚构建的简便方法及小鼠体细胞核在牛卵母细胞中重新编程的可能性。以牛的卵母细胞为细胞质供体,用去除透明带及徒手切割的方法去核,设定电压1.5 KV/cm,脉冲时间40μsec,与小鼠皮肤成纤维细胞进行电融合的融合率为67.44%,卵裂率为30.23%。融合细胞经离子酶素-6-DMAP激活,用微滴内压制做窝的方法培养小鼠皮肤成纤维细胞异质胚,异质胚的最终发育阶段为8细胞期。结果表明,去透明带牛卵母细胞经切割法去核,可用于小鼠异质胚构建;微滴内做窝的体外培养方法可避免无透明带胚胎的聚合。     

Use of somatic cell fusion to reprogram globin genes.

The developmental phenomenon of hemoglobin switching occurs in all classes of vertebrates and is due to differential regulation of divergent globin genes which are arranged in chromosomally clustered families. By fusing erythroid cells of different developmental programs, it has been shown that erythroid nuclei of either early or late developmental stage can be reprogrammed, i.e. the gene switch can be reversed in adult erythroid nuclei and/or prematurely-induced in fetal/embryonic erythroid nuclei. Experiments with heterokaryons demonstrate that the reprogramming is due to trans-acting factors that are developmental-stage-specific. These results suggest the feasibility of using fusisome-carried sets of nuclear factors to reprogram somatic cells.     

DNA甲基化修饰与体细胞核移植的关系

成功的体细胞核移植（somatic cell nuclear transfer,SCNT）有赖于供体细胞的基因组通过重编程恢复到支持胚胎发育的全能性状态。但是,相比起自然受精后发生的重编程来说,要诱导一个已经分化的供体细胞重编程为全能性状态,往往在时间上和程度上都是迟滞的和不完全的。同时,DNA甲基化状况又是影响克隆胚胎发育和基因表达的关键因素之一。因此,深入研究主导DNA甲基化修饰的分子机理,探讨DNA去甲基化在供体细胞重编程过程中扮演的角色,从而进一步提高供体细胞重编程效率,提高克隆胚的发育潜能,这对于体细胞核移植效率的提高具有重要的意义。     

Targeting cellular metabolism to improve cancer therapeutics

The metabolic properties of cancer cells diverge significantly from those of normal cells. Energy production in cancer cells is abnormally dependent on aerobic glycolysis. In addition to the dependency on glycolysis, cancer cells have other atypical metabolic characteristics such as increased fatty acid synthesis and increased rates of glutamine metabolism. Emerging evidence shows that many features characteristic to cancer cells, such as dysregulated Warburg-like glucose metabolism, fatty acid synthesis and glutaminolysis are linked to therapeutic resistance in cancer treatment. Therefore, targeting cellular metabolism may improve the response to cancer therapeutics and the combination of chemotherapeutic drugs with cellular metabolism inhibitors may represent a promising strategy to overcome drug resistance in cancer therapy. Recently, several review articles have summarized the anticancer targets in the metabolic pathways and metabolic inhibitor-induced cell death pathways, however, the dysregulated metabolism in therapeutic resistance, which is a highly clinical relevant area in cancer metabolism research, has not been specifically addressed. From this unique angle, this review article will discuss the relationship between dysregulated cellular metabolism and cancer drug resistance and how targeting of metabolic enzymes, such as glucose transporters, hexokinase, pyruvate kinase M2, lactate dehydrogenase A, pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase, fatty acid synthase and glutaminase can enhance the efficacy of common therapeutic agents or overcome resistance to chemotherapy or radiotherapy.     

体细胞核移植后核重编程的影响因素

近年来,人类核移植胚胎干细胞建系成为一项炙手可热的研究,用再生医学的理念治疗退行性疾病及器官移植为这一研究带来无穷的魅力和生命力;但是核重编程仍是核移植技术的瓶颈,制约了重构胚胎干细胞的研究。核重编程是指供体细胞核移入卵母细胞后必须停止本身的基因表达程序并恢复为胚胎发育所必需的特定的胚胎表达程序。只有供核发生完全重编程,重构胚胎才能正常发育。核重编程与供核者的年龄,供核细胞的组织来源、分化状态、细胞周期、传代次数,供核的表遗传标记以及供卵者的年龄、卵子的成熟度等因素有关。一般来说,颗粒细胞作为核供体最易被核重编程。供核者为胎体或新生体,供核细胞处于低分化状态或已传数代,供核细胞经过去表遗传标记处理,供卵者性成熟且年龄轻、卵子核与胞浆都成熟等均为有利于核重编程的因素。重构胚胎的培养方法对核重编程也至关重要,目前主张使用序贯培养及体细胞化培养。创造各种适于核重编程的条件有利于从更高的起点开展核移植胚胎干细胞研究,提高重构胚胎干细胞建系效率。     

Cloned ferrets produced by somatic cell nuclear transfer

Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) offers great potential for developing better animal models of human disease. The domestic ferret (Mustela putorius furo) is an ideal animal model for influenza infections and potentially other human respiratory diseases such as cystic fibrosis, where mouse models have failed to reproduce the human disease phenotype. Here, we report the successful production of live cloned, reproductively competent, ferrets using species-specific SCNT methodologies. Critical to developing a successful SCNT protocol for the ferret was the finding that hormonal treatment, normally used for superovulation, adversely affected the developmental potential of recipient oocytes. The onset of Oct4 expression was delayed and incomplete in parthenogenetically activated oocytes collected from hormone-treated females relative to oocytes collected from females naturally mated with vasectomized males. Stimulation induced by mating and in vitro oocyte maturation produced the optimal oocyte recipient for SCNT. Although nuclear injection and cell fusion produced mid-term fetuses at equivalent rates (approximately 3-4%), only cell fusion gave rise to healthy surviving clones. Single cell fusion rates and the efficiency of SCNT were also enhanced by placing two somatic cells into the perivitelline space. These species-specific modifications facilitated the birth of live, healthy, and fertile cloned ferrets. The development of microsatellite genotyping for domestic ferrets confirmed that ferret clones were genetically derived from their respective somatic cells and unrelated to their surrogate mother. With this technology, it is now feasible to begin generating genetically defined ferrets for studying transmissible and inherited human lung diseases. Cloning of the domestic ferret may also aid in recovery and conservation of the endangered black-footed ferret and European mink.     

未经休眠处理的体细胞用于异种核移植（简报）

It is the point at issue in intraspecies nuclear transfer whether quiescence is necessary for development of nuclear transfer reconstructed embryos. In the interspecies nuclear transfer, some reports have proved that quiescent cell is able to support preimplantation development of the interspecies reconstructed embryos. Are non-quiescent cells able to support preimplantation development of the interspecies reconstructed embryos? We used non-quiescent somatic cells from C57BL/6 mice and giant pandas as donors to transfer into enucleated rabbit oocytes. After electrofusion (the electrofusion rates were 62.2% and 71.6%, respectively) and electrical activation, 5.1% of those mouse-rabbit reconstructed embryos developed to blastocyst in vitro, and 4.2% of panda-rabbit reconstructed embryos developed to blastocyst after transferring into ligated rabbit oviduct. These results indicate that non-quiescent cell from C57BL/6 mouse and giant panda could be dedifferentiated in enucleated rabbit oocytes and support early embryo development.     

Cloning non-HUMAN primates by somatic cell nuclear transfer

正The recent breakthrough in successful producing cloned nonhuman primates by somatic cell nuclear transfer(SCNT)has attracted great attention both scientifically and publically(Liu et al.,2018).Two macaque monkeys,named"Zhongzhong"and"Huahua",were cloned from fetal fi-     

Serial bull cloning by somatic cell nuclear transfer

Although the list of species successfully cloned continues to grow, serial cloning has not been reported in species other than the mouse. Here we describe two live births of second-generation clones of a bull. Clones of the first and second generations appear healthy and have normal telomere lengths. Our attempts to produce the third generation of clones were unsuccessful.     

Improvement of canine somatic cell nuclear transfer procedure

The purpose of the present study on canine somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) was to evaluate the effects of fusion strength, type of activation, culture media and site of transfer on developmental potential of SCNT embryos. We also examined the potential of enucleated bovine oocytes to serve as cytoplast recipients of canine somatic cells. Firstly, we evaluated the morphological characteristics of in vivo-matured canine oocytes collected by retrograde flushing of the oviducts 72 h after ovulation. Secondly, the effectiveness of three electrical strengths (1.8, 2.3 and 3.3 kV/cm), used twice for 20 micros, on fusion of canine cytoplasts with somatic cells were compared. Then, we compared: (1) chemical versus electrical activation (a) after parthenogenetic activation or (b) after reconstruction of canine oocytes with somatic cells; (2) culture of resulting intergeneric (IG) embryos in either (a) mSOF or (b) TCM-199. The exposure time to 6-DMAP was standardized by using bovine oocytes reconstructed with canine somatic cells. Bovine oocytes were used for SCNT after a 22 h in vitro maturation interval. The fusion rate was significantly higher in the 3.3 kV/cm group than in the 1.8 and 2.3 kV/cm treatment groups. After parthenogenesis or SCNT with chemical activation, 3.4 and 5.8%, respectively, of the embryos developed to the morula stage, as compared to none of the embryos produced using electrical activation. Later developmental stages (8-16 cells) were transferred to the uterine horn of eight recipients, but no pregnancy was detected. However, IG cloned embryos (bovine cytoplast/canine somatic cell) were capable of in vitro blastocyst development. In vitro developmental competence of IG cloned embryos was improved after exposure to 6-DMAP for 4 h as compared to 0, 2 or 6h exposure, although the increase was not significantly different among culture media. In summary, for production of canine SCNT embryos, we recommend fusion at 3.3 kV/cm, chemical activation, culture in mSOF medium and transfer of presumptive zygotes to the oviduct of recipient animals. The feasibility of IG production of cloned canine embryos using bovine cytoplasts as recipient of canine somatic cells was demonstrated.     

体细胞核移植诱导的表观遗传学变化

体细胞核移植技术是指将一个分化的体细胞核置入去核的卵母细胞中,并发育产生与供体细胞遗传背景一致的克隆后代的技术。目前,世界上通过体细胞核移植技术已经产生了许多的克隆动物。但克隆过程中还存在着很多问题,比如,克隆效率太低、克隆个体常伴有表型异常和早亡等,从而使该技术应有的应用潜力不能得到充分的发挥。体细胞表观遗传学重编程的不完全或紊乱是造成核移植诸多问题的主要原因。近十多年来,人们对体细胞核移植后的重编程进行了广泛的研究,其核心内容包括核及核外结构的重塑、DNA甲基化模式的重建、基因印迹和x染色体失活、组蛋白乙酰化模式的重建、端粒长度恢复等,以期能够对其重编程加以人为干预,从而提高动物克隆效率。本文拟对体细胞核移植诱导的重编程研究进展加以综述,希望对体细胞重编程机制的阐明有所启发。     

Optimization of electrofusion protocols for somatic cell nuclear transfer

Electrofusion is one of the critical steps used in somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). This low effectiveness of electrofusion of the somatic donor cell into the recipient oocyte limits the cloning success in certain mammals. In this study, chamber fusion (CF) and micro-electrode fusion were compared in goat SCNT. A 15 μm tip-end, 100 μm frustum-end and 200 μm parallel micro-electrodes were employed to perform micro-electrofusion with the aid of a micromanipulator. Different combinations of micro-electrodes, tip-end plus tip-end (TT), tip-end plus frustum-end (TF), frustum-end plus frustum-end (FF) and parallel micro-electrodes (PM) were evaluated. To improve fusion efficiency a couple of fibroblast karyoplast and oocyte cytoplast cells were pressurized or unpressurized during fusion in each group. No significant differences in the fusion rate of the unpressurized groups and chamber fusion (73.1% in TT, 75.3% in TF, 73.3% in FF, 74.2% in PM and 74.8% in CF) were recorded. The fusion rates in the TT (94.9%) and TF (92.2%) were significantly higher than in the FF (83.0%) and PM (83.9%) groups. The highest fusion rate and the lowest degeneration rate were obtained in the TT group. Compared with chamber fusion, the fusion rate was increased from 72.2 to 89.0% for the granulosa cells, 77.1 to 94.6% for fetal fibroblast cells and 51.2 to 78.0% for mammary gland epithelial cells in goat SCNT. These results showed that the pressurized fusion protocol carried out by a pair of tip-end micro-electrodes is optimal to improve the fusion efficiency of SCNT.     

Generation of bovine transgenics using somatic cell nuclear transfer

The ability to produce transgenic animals through the introduction of exogenous DNA has existed for many years. However, past methods available to generate transgenic animals, such as pronuclear microinjection or the use of embryonic stem cells, have either been inefficient or not available in all animals, bovine included. More recently somatic cell nuclear transfer has provided a method to create transgenic animals that overcomes many deficiencies present in other methods. This review summarizes the benefits of using somatic cell nuclear transfer to create bovine transgenics as well as the possible opportunities this method creates for the future.