Disease resistance, stress response and effects of triploidy in growth hormone transgenic coho salmon

Diploid and triploid coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch transgenic for growth hormone (GH) and control coho salmon were compared for differences in disease resistance and stress response. Resistance to the bacterial pathogen Vibrio anguillarum was not affected in transgenic fish relative to their non‐transgenic counterparts when they were infected at the fry stage, but was lower in transgenic fish when infected near smolting. Vaccination against vibriosis provided equal protection to both transgenic and non‐transgenic fish. Triploid fish showed a lower resistance to vibriosis than their diploid counterparts. Diploid transgenic fish and non‐transgenic fish appeared to show similar physiological and cellular stress responses to a heat shock. These studies provide information useful for both performance and ecological risk assessments of growth‐accelerated coho salmon.     

凡纳滨对虾红体病病原

2001年7月辽宁省盘锦市大洼对虾养殖厂凡纳滨对虾大面积暴发红体病。主要表现为全身发红,活动减弱,食欲减退,壳变硬,死亡率高等。本研究从患红体病的凡纳滨对虾肌肉组织中分离到三株优势菌,经回归感染证实其中一株为引发本次凡纳滨对虾红体病的病原菌,编号为0107。对该菌进行了生理生化鉴定和16SrRNA基因序列同源性分析,将其判定为副溶血弧菌(V.parahaemolyticus)。药敏实验结果显示,该菌对头孢哌酮、头孢曲松等多种抗生素敏感,对氨苄西林、青霉素等抗生素不敏感。     

Luminescence, virulence and quorum sensing signal production by pathogenic Vibrio campbellii and Vibrio harveyi isolates

Aims:  To study the relationship between luminescence, autoinducer production and virulence of pathogenic vibrios. Methods and Results:  Luminescence, quorum sensing signal production and virulence towards brine shrimp nauplii of 13 Vibrio campbellii and Vibrio harveyi strains were studied. Although only two of the tested strains were brightly luminescent, all of them were shown to produce the three different types of quorum sensing signals known to be produced by Vibrio harveyi. Cell-free culture fluids of all strains significantly induced bioluminescence in the cholerae autoinducer 1, autoinducer 2 and harveyi autoinducer 1 reporter strains JAF375, JMH597 and JMH612, respectively. There was no relation between luminescence and signal production and virulence towards brine shrimp. Conclusions:  There is a large difference between different strains of Vibrio campbellii and Vibrio harveyi with respect to bioluminescence. However, this is not reflected in signal production and virulence towards gnotobiotic brine shrimp. Moreover, there seems to be no relation between quorum sensing signal production and virulence towards brine shrimp. Significance and Impact of the Study:  The results presented here indicate that strains that are most brightly luminescent are not necessarily the most virulent ones and that the lower virulence of some of the strains is not due to a lack of autoinducer production.     

Toxic factors of Vibrio strains pathogenic to shrimp

Vibriosis is a major disease problem in shrimp aquaculture. 'Syndrome 93' is a seasonal juvenile vibriosis caused by Vibrio penaeicida which affects Litopenaeus stylirostris in grow-out ponds in New Caledonia. This study assessed the toxic activities of extracellular products (ECPs) from V. penaeicida, V. alginolyticus and V. nigripulchritudo using in vivo injections in healthy juvenile L. stylirostris (= Penaeus stylirostris) and in vitro assays on shrimp primary cell cultures and the fish cell line epithelioma papulosum cyprini (EPC). Toxic effects of ECPs were demonstrated for all pathogenic Vibrio strains tested both in vivo and in vitro, but for shrimp only; no effect was observed on the fish cell line. ECP toxicity for New Caledonian V. penaeicida was found only after cultivation at low temperature (20 degrees C) and not at higher temperature (30 degrees C). This points to the fact that 'Syndrome 93' episodes are triggered by temperature drops. The assays used here demonstrate the usefulness of primary shrimp cell cultures to study virulence mechanisms of shrimp pathogenic bacteria.     

黄鳍鲷弧菌病病原特性及其全菌苗的研究*

自湛江市发病养殖黄鳍鲷分离一株致病菌。对该菌的基本特征、药物筛选、灭活全菌苗等进行了研究。结果表明该病原菌为溶藻弧菌,且对四环素、土霉素、氯霉素、氟哌酸、氧氟沙星等药物敏感,pH6．0比pH8．4时灭活效果好,加入福尔马林可以提高灭活效果;全菌苗能够提高鱼体的免疫能力,减少攻毒时的死亡率。     

鳗弧菌毒力质粒DNA序列的测定

采用亚克隆法与引物步移法相结合的测序战略 ,对海洋鱼类重要病原菌鳗弧菌毒力质粒pEIB1进行序列测定 ,测得整个质粒序列长度为 6 6 16 4bp。序列的初步分析结果表明 ,G C含量为 4 2 .7% ,共有 4 4个可读框 (ORF) ,其中包括与铁载体合成、调节、运输以及质粒复制相关的基因。     

Inhibition of Vibrio parahaemolyticus by a bacteriocin-like inhibitory substance (BLIS) produced by Vibrio mediterranei 1

AIMS: The aim of this research was to identify and partially purify new bacteriocin-like substances from strains of halophilic 'non-cholera' vibrios isolated from food sources. METHODS AND RESULTS: Forty-five halophilic Vibrio spp. strains were screened for antimicrobial production. Vibrio mediterranei 1, a nonpathogenic strain, showed antimicrobial activity towards Vibrio parahaemolyticus spp. and related species. The bacteriocin-like inhibitory substance (BLIS), released by the bacteria into growth media, was concentrated by ultrafiltration and characterized. BLIS was sensitive to proteinase K, was stable in the pH range 5-9, was resistant to organic solvents and was heat stable up to 75 degrees C. Initial purification of BLIS by size exclusion chromatography showed an apparent molecular mass of 63-65 kDa. CONCLUSIONS: This study reports the ability of V. mediterranei 1 to produce a bacteriocin-like substance inhibiting growth of V. parahaemolyticus spp. and other closely related bacteria. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The strong activity of BLIS towards the human and fish pathogen V. parahaemolyticus and the persistence of antimicrobial properties under a variety of different conditions suggest its potential application in food microbiology.     

Identification and characterization of an extracellular protease activity produced by the marine Vibriosp 60

Abstract The marine fish pathogen Vibrio sp. 60 has been used as a host for heterologous expression of the Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin B-subunit and derivatives carrying a C-terminal extension. In this study, a chimeric enterotoxin B-subunit with an extension corresponding to the carboxy-terminal nine amino acids -Tyr-Ala-Gly-Ala-Val-Val-Asn-Asp-Leu-cooH from the small subunit of herpes simplex virus type 1-encoded ribonucleotide reductase, is shown to be proteolytically cleaved in the extracellular medium by a single protease that is secreted by the host strain. Such protease behaves as a typical metalloprotease, being inhibited by EDTA but not by a serine protease inhibitor. Purification and amino acid composition analysis of the two proteolysis products revealed a specific cleavage of the peptide bond between amino acids glycine and alanine of the nine amino acid extension with loss of activity. The above observation is relevant for the biotechnological exploitation of Vibrio sp. 60.     

Effect of the addition of four potential probiotic strains on the survival of pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) following immersion challenge with Vibrio parahaemolyticus

Four bacterial strains isolated from the gastrointestinal tract of adult shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei, Vibrio alginolyticus UTM 102, Bacillus subtilis UTM 126, Roseobacter gallaeciensis SLV03, and Pseudomonas aestumarina SLV22, were evaluated for potential use as probiotics for shrimp. In vitro studies demonstrated antagonism against the shrimp-pathogenic bacterium, Vibrio parahaemolyticus PS-017. Feeding shrimp with diets containing the potential probiotics showed the best feed conversion ratio in comparison with the control groups. After feeding with the potential probiotics for 28 days, challenge by immersion indicated effectiveness at reducing disease caused by V. parahaemolyticus in shrimp.     

Control of pathogenic Vibrio spp. by Bacillus subtilis BT23, a possible probiotic treatment for black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon

AIMS: The present study evaluated the in vitro and in vivo antagonistic effect of Bacillus against the pathogenic vibrios. METHODS AND RESULTS: Cell-free extracts of Bacillus subtilis BT23 showed greater inhibitory effects against the growth of Vibrio harveyi isolated by agar antagonism assay from Penaeus monodon with black gill disease. The probiotic effect of Bacillus was tested by exposing shrimp to B. subtilis BT23 at a density of 106-108 cfu ml-1 for 6 d before a challenge with V. harveyi at 103-104 cfu ml-1 for 1 h infection. The combined results of long- and short-term probiotic treatment of B. subtilis BT23 showed a 90% reduction in accumulated mortality. CONCLUSIONS: This study reports that pathogenic vibrios were controlled by Bacillus under in vitro and in vivo conditions. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Results indicated that probiotic treatment offers a promising alternative to the use of antibiotics in shrimp aquaculture.     

Use of formic acid to control vibriosis in shrimp aquaculture

Luminous vibriosis is a shrimp disease that causes major economic losses in shrimp industry as a result of massive shrimp kills due to bacterial infection caused by Vibrio species. Use of antibiotics to control Vibrio in shrimp aquaculture is not allowed in the United States and so it is necessary to develop an alternative pathogen control method for shrimp production. Short-chain fatty acids have been used as food preservatives for a long time. Organic acids are commonly added in feeds in animal production, such as chicken, pig, and cattle. In this study, growth inhibition effects of formic acid on five selected Vibrio species, namely Vibrio alginolyticus, Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio harveyi, Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus were studied. The Vibrio bacteria were grown on both solid and liquid media using Muller-Hinton agar and alkaline peptone water, respectively, with various concentrations of formic acid. Bacterial growth was monitored in the liquid media using optical density method. The results showed significant inhibition of growth of all five Vibrio species by formic acid at low concentration. The effective concentration (EC₅₀) values were calculated for all five Vibrio species, which were less than 0.039% of formic acid. The results are encouraging to supplement formic acid in the shrimp feed as a control mechanism to reduce Vibrio outbreak in shrimp aquaculture system.     

养殖大菱鲆溃疡症病原菌的分离鉴定及系统发育分析

2004年夏季山东海阳一带养殖大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximusL.)暴发溃疡病。症状主要表现为体表病灶部位出血、肌肉溃烂、眼球凸出等,解剖可见鳃丝贫血,肝脏充血,肾脏和胆囊肿大,肠壁充血并呈透明状,从出现发病症状起,大约一周后开始出现死亡。从病鱼体表溃疡部位及内脏分离出优势菌并命名为H1,经人工感染证实H1即为引起本次养殖大菱鲆体表溃疡症的病原菌。对病原菌进行鉴定揭示该菌革兰氏染色阴性,菌体呈短杆状,极生单鞭毛。综合该菌在形态、生理生化、API20NE与API20E自动鉴定结果、16S rDNA同源性等方面的特性,确认H1为哈维氏弧菌(Vibrio harveyi),该菌对呋喃妥因、菌必治等多种抗生素敏感。哈维氏弧菌是海水养殖鱼类的常见致病菌,但作为养殖大菱鲆的病原菌属首次报道。     

Molecular epidemiology of Vibrio nigripulchritudo, a pathogen of cultured penaeid shrimp (Litopenaeus stylirostris) in New Caledonia

A collection of 57 isolates of Vibrio nigripulchritudo from either diseased or healthy shrimp and from shrimp farms environment was studied in order to gain a better understanding of the epidemiology of this pathogen, notably isolated from two distinct shrimp disease complexes. Molecular typing using two different techniques, arbitrarily primed PCR (AP-PCR) and multi-locus sequence typing (MLST), studied together with experimental pathology data allowed a relevant epidemiological insight into this possibly emerging pathogen. Additionally, results obtained with the two molecular typing techniques were congruent and allowed discriminating the strains associated with the "Summer Syndrome" from strains isolated from other contexts, especially the other shrimp vibriosis "Syndrome 93". These results highlight that the "Summer Syndrome" is most probably caused by an emergent clonal pathogen that therefore deserves surveillance and that AP-PCR can satisfactorily be used for that purpose.     

饲料中添加壳聚糖季铵盐对凡纳滨对虾生长及非特异免疫的影响

实验研究壳聚糖季铵盐对凡纳滨对虾生长性能及非特异性免疫能力的影响。在饲料中分别添加0、0.05%、0.10%、0.15%和0.20%的壳聚糖季铵盐, 制成5组等氮等能饲料。将900尾[初体质量(3.820.34) g]健康的凡纳滨对虾随机分成5组(45尾4平行), 养殖时间56d。结果表明:饲料中添加壳聚糖季铵盐显著影响凡纳滨对虾的生长, 0.15%实验组凡纳滨对虾的增重率和特定生长率最佳(P0.05)。饲料中添加壳聚糖季铵盐0.1%、0.15%和0.20%能显著提高凡纳滨对虾血清溶菌酶和碱性磷酸酶及酚氧化酶的活性(P0.05)。饲料中添加壳聚糖季铵盐可显著提高凡纳滨对虾抗副溶血弧菌感染的能力(P0.05), 0.15%组的保护效果最好, 其相对免疫保护率为33.24%。壳聚糖季铵盐能显著提高凡纳滨对虾的生长性能和抗病能力, 本实验条件下适宜的添加量为0.15%。     

Comparison of Vibrio spp. populations found in seawater, in exhibition aquaria, in fish intestine and in fish feed

Aims:  Vibrio populations in the seawater supply and the water of seven exhibition aquaria that simulate various Mediterranean and tropical ecosystems were compared. The similarity of Vibrio populations in the intestine of various fish species, feed and water was examined. Resistance to the antibiotics used in fish health management was analysed for the dominant Vibrio isolates.
Methods and Results:  Samples were collected for 1 year from seven exhibition tanks reproducing different ecosystems. The diversity and population similarity among vibrios were determined using a miniaturized biochemical phenotyping method. Similar Vibrio populations were found in the water supply and in the water of the Mediterranean ecosystems. However, different Vibrio populations were found in the water of tanks with tropical ecosystems. Vibrio populations in the water seemed to have a greater effect on the composition of intestinal Vibrio populations than those in feed. No resistance to antibiotics was observed, indicating their appropriate use for health management.
Conclusions:  Water characteristics have a greater impact on the composition of Vibrio populations in aquaria and fish intestinal microbiota than bacteria in feed.
Significance and Impact of the Study:  The microbiological monitoring water could provide valuable information for managing the health of exhibition aquaria.     

水产品中创伤弧菌DNA环介导恒温扩增快速检测方法的建立及初步应用

创伤弧菌是一种重要的食源性致病菌,主要存在于河口和海洋环境中,严重危害水产养殖业的发展和人类健康。建立快速、准确、易操作的检测方法对防控创伤弧菌的传染,保障水产养殖业发展和增强食品安全意义重大。基于创伤弧菌vvHA基因,利用一种新型的核酸扩增技术-环介导恒温扩增(loop-mediated isothermal amplification,LAMP),建立了创伤弧菌LAMP快速检测方法。对11种共46株细菌进行扩增,仅创伤弧菌为LAMP阳性结果,说明LAMP方法具有高度特异性。灵敏度试验结果表明,对创伤弧菌纯培养菌的检测灵敏度为15CFU/ml,对污染食品中创伤弧菌的检测灵敏度为24CFU/g。此法40~60min内即可完成检测,检验检疫实践证明:LAMP方法操作简便、特异性强、灵敏度高且成本低廉,具有良好的应用前景。     

大黄鱼病原哈维氏弧菌单克隆抗体的制备及其应用

用甲醛灭活哈维氏弧菌（Vibrio harveyi）GYC1108-1制备免疫原免疫8周龄雌性BALB/c小鼠,利用淋巴细胞杂交瘤技术,用间接酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）对杂交瘤进行筛选,阳性克隆经2－3次亚克隆后,共获得5株针对GYC1108-1的单克隆抗体。选取1B7制备小鼠腹水抗体,其细胞上清及腹水效价分别为1∶3200和1∶32000。同样用灭活的哈维氏弧菌免疫新西兰大白兔,5次免疫后颈动脉采血,离心取血清,并用饱和硫酸铵法进行纯化,制备了兔抗哈维氏弧菌多克隆抗体,其ELISA效价为1∶51200。利用1B7单克隆抗体和兔抗哈维氏弧菌多克隆抗体以及山羊抗小鼠HRP酶标二抗,建立了检测哈维氏弧菌的三抗体夹心酶联免疫吸附试验（TAS-ELISA）方法。该方法对哈维氏弧菌的最小检出浓度为1×104个/mL。用该TAS-ELISA方法检测大黄鱼（Pseudosciaena crocea）样品,54尾患病大黄鱼中有45尾检出哈维氏弧菌,而14尾健康大黄鱼都没有检出哈维氏弧菌。由此可见,本试验建立的TAS-ELISA方法,可以用于患病大黄鱼哈维氏弧菌的快速诊断。