大熊猫体毛微量元素含量与疾病的关系

本文报告了用PIXE（Proton Induced X-Ray Emission）技术研究不同健康状况大熊猫体毛中的微量元素含量,分别比较了各类样本中微量元素含量相对于各自锌含量的比值。不同健康状况的大熊猫体毛中的微量元素含量不同。血色素低与铁有关,食欲差与缺铬有关,癫痫病与钙铜含量变化有关,癌症与铜和锌的比值变化有关。这些现象的初步揭示,为进一步研究高等动物体内微量元素与疾病的关系积累了资料,为人工饲养大熊猫提供了有益的参考资料。     

大熊猫作毛微量元素含量与疾病的关系

本文报告了用PIXE (Prolon Induced X-Ray Emission)技术研究不同健康状况大熊猫体毛中的微量元素含量,分别比较了各类样本中微量元素含量相对于各自锌含量的比值。不同健康状况的大熊猫体毛中的微量元素含量不同。血色素低与铁有关,食欲差与缺铬有关,癫痫病与钙和铜含量变化有关,癌症与铜和锌的比值变化有关。这些现象的初步揭示,为进一步研究高等功物体内微量元素与疾病的关系积累了资料,为人工饲养大熊猫提供了有益的参考资料。     

圈养大熊猫的系谱分析

应用Sparks Verl.4软件结合手工算法对现有的圈养大熊猫系谱进行了遗传分析。结果表明,圈养大熊猫群体规模小,漂变是导致遗传多样性丢失的主要因素。由于分散管理,现有群体正面临着近亲交配、种源枯竭的危险。因此,应统一遗传管理,加强各繁殖系之间的基因交流,使圈养大熊猫的遗传多样性能够保持在较高的水平之上。     

马边大风顶自然保护区大熊猫食性与微量元素的关系

从1991年5～8月、1992年7～8月、1993年4～7月、9～10月在马边县大风顶自然保护区大熊猫观察站约40 km²的研究区域内, 进行野外跟踪调查, 并将各种竹子及大熊猫新鲜粪便按不同季节进行随机采样烘干后在室内进行Cu、Zn、Mn、Fe、K、Ca、Mg 等7种元素的测定分析。结果表明 , 大熊猫在不同时期对 7 种元素的总量或某一种元素的摄入都不相同, 这是通过选择不同的食谱即改变食性而实现的, 并由于各期有不同的生命活动 (特别是繁殖活动)所引起的。     

圈养大熊猫乳汁营养成分分析

本文收集了一只14岁大熊猫产后17d内的乳汁样品10个,包括产后第2,3,5,6,7,8,9,11,12和17天,并测定了这些样品的营养成分的含量。即粗蛋白(CP)、粗脂肪(EE)、乳糖(Lac)、17种氨基酸(AA)含量的总和、5种常量元素(Ca,P,K,Na,Mg)和6种微量元素(Fe,Cu,Mn,Zn,Co,Se)。结果如下：(1)每个样品的粗蛋白和17种氨基酸含量的总和十分接近,分别在5．20％～7．50％和5．17％～7．62％的范围内波动;乳糖含量的变化范围为0．87％～1．51％;粗脂肪为0．6％～3．2％;(2)粗蛋白和总氨基酸含量第3天明显低于第2天,从第3天到第6天逐步升高,第7天有些下降,从第7到17天逐渐上升;乳糖含量变化不大,在1％左右,第2,3和5天接近,第6天明显升高。之后逐渐降低直至第17天;粗脂肪含量波动较大,没有明显变化趋势;绝大多数矿物元素含量随产后时间的延长都有不同程度的升高趋势;(3)产后6～7天的乳汁样品营养物质含量与一周后有明显差别。作者建议在幼大熊猫人工乳的配制方面,应依据大熊猫乳汁的营养物质含量,充分保证蛋白质水平。降低乳糖含量,同时供给充足的矿物质元素;必须根据幼大熊猫的日龄及其生长发育情况,调整人工乳的营养水平。     

首例圈养大熊猫难产的治疗与原因分析

2004年8月,成都大熊猫繁育研究基地1只雌性大熊猫发生难产,临床表现以阵缩及努责匮乏为主要特征,经过B超检查、药物辅助治疗等一系列保守措施后,胎儿于4天后排出。鉴于大熊猫难产病例在国内外至今未见报道,现将该病的临床特点、诊断和处治情况介绍如下。     

慢性哮喘患者缓解期血清微量元素的测定

本文运用５５１原子吸收光谱法测定１５０例慢性哮喘患者缓解期血清Ｚｎ、Ｍｎ、Ｃｕ、Ｆｅ微量元素。观察组与对照组比较,Ｚｎ（Ｐ＜００５）,Ｍｎ（Ｐ＜００５）两组有差异;而Ｃｕ、Ｆｅ无差异,将患者为混合型、感染型、过敏型三型比较,血清锌值有极显著性差异（Ｐ＜００１）。并与病程有关。说明测定慢性哮喘患者血清微量元素对其防治有一定的意义     

圈养大熊猫流行感冒的防治

大熊猫(Ailuropoda melanoleuca)是我国特有的珍稀濒危保护动物,具有极高研究价值和观赏价值。随着圈养种群的迅速增加,各种传染性疾病对大熊猫的威胁较大,有效的疾病防治便成了保证大熊猫种群安全的重要措施。中国保护大熊猫研究中心的圈养大熊猫种群于2003年出现了一次较大的     

圈养大熊猫食谱组成与营养成分分析

为了探讨圈养大熊猫主食竹食谱组成及主要影响因素,并为圈养单位提供科学合理的食物营养配比和饲养管理建议。本研究通过对成都大熊猫繁育研究基地１０ 只成年大熊猫４ 年（２００９. ０３ －２０１３.０２）的饲养数据,３只成年大熊猫１ 年（２０１２. ０７ －２０１３. ０６）的觅食行为观察数据,以及投饲的３ 种竹笋和５ 种主食竹常规养分和总黄酮含量的统计分析。结果发现,基地圈养大熊猫偏好竹笋,喜食巴山木竹叶、白夹竹茎和苦竹茎,随机采食箬竹叶和刺竹茎;基地大熊猫根据投饲竹种类和季节的变化,形成了较为稳定的食谱组成;对投饲竹各部位成分比较分析发现,投饲竹养分含量的变化呈现出一定的规律性：其中粗蛋白、粗脂肪、蛋白质和能量比都以竹叶最高,竹枝次之,竹茎最低;干物质和粗纤维的含量则以竹茎最高,竹枝次之,竹叶最少;竹茎和竹枝呈现钙少磷多的现象,而竹叶则是钙多磷少;各投饲竹不同部位总黄酮含量以叶中最高,枝中其次,茎中最低。研究结果表明,圈养大熊猫主食竹食谱的选择遵循能量和营养学的规律,选择适口性强、营养价值高的食物假说。     

圈养大熊猫粘液水解氨基酸含量的初步研究

收集了成都大熊猫繁育研究基地的 8只圈养大熊猫的 12个粘液样品并测定了其中 17种水解氨基酸(AA)的含量。结果如下 :粘液干物质中Glu含量最高 ,为 9 2 4 %± 0 4 7% ,其次为Leu、Asn、Thr、Ser、Pro、Val、Lys、Ala、Tyr、Arg、Gly、Ile、Phe、Cys、His,Met含量 (1 2 5 %± 0 18% )最低 ,不同样品中同一种AA的含量不同。样品中 9种非必需氨基酸 (NEAA)的总平均含量为 4 1 1%± 2 2 % ,8种必需氨基酸(EAA)的总平均含量为 2 9 8%± 1 8% ,NEAA/EAA的平均值为 1 38± 0 0 4 ,不同粘液样品的这些数值相近。不同样品中同一种EAA与该样品中Lys含量的比值存在不同程度的差异 ,样品中 (Tyr Phe) /Lys值最高 ,为1 79± 0 31;其次为Leu/Lys和Thr/Lys;而Met/Lys值最低 ,为 0 31± 0 0 5。各种氨基酸相对于总氨基酸含量的高低顺序与各AA绝对含量高低顺序完全相同 ,Glu含量最高为 13 0 %± 0 30 % ,Met含量为 1 76 %±0 2 5 %。结果表明 ,大熊猫粘液样品各种AA特别是EAA含量丰富 ,不同样品含量存在不同程度的差异 ;认为对排粘频繁和每次排粘量大的大熊猫 ,必须补充适量的优质蛋白以弥补由粘液排泄而造成的损失 ,以促进其体况的尽快恢复。     

Preliminary investigation on iodine nutrition in captive giant pandas

Background/ObjectiveThe giant panda belongs to the family Ursidae and, as a species of bear, still retains the simple digestive system of a Carnivoran. However, under the pressure of a specific habitat they had to adapt to a plant mono-diet consisting of bamboo with different species and growth stages around the year. A plant-based diet has relatively low iodine content with risk of iodine deficiency. Furthermore, bamboo contains cyanogenic glycosides releasing cyanide whose detoxification metabolite the thiocyanate acts as antagonist against iodine uptake and storage in the thyroid. To date very little is known about the iodine nutritional status of the giant panda, thus this study was conducted to receive the first information about the iodine nutrition of captive giant panda.Subjects/MethodsHere we investigated the iodine content of bamboo with different plant parts/vegetation stage and species and further compounds of the captive giant panda diet. Next, the urinary iodine (UI) and urinary thiocyanate (UT) levels of infant, sub-adult, adult and geriatric captive giant pandas was measured during the periods when the pandas consume both bamboo leaves- and culm (bamboo leaf-culm stage). Afterwards, the UI of 19 adult giant pandas was measured again for the different iodine intake during bamboo shoot stage. Finally, in this study part also the fecal iodine concentration was analyzed for calculation of total iodine excretion in relation to the iodine intake.ResultsBamboo leaves had the highest iodine content (453 μg/kg dry matter (DM)), followed by the shoots (84 μg/kg DM, p < 0.05), while bamboo culm had the lowest value (12 μg/kg DM, p < 0.05). During bamboo leaf-culm stage, giant pandas of different age groups had different UI and UT levels (p < 0.05). Furthermore, UI and UT were positively correlated among sub-adult, adult and geriatric giant pandas (p < 0.05). In adult giant pandas during bamboo shoot stage, the iodine excretion in feces was not different from that in urine while their total iodine excretion was less than their iodine intake (p < 0.05). Moreover, during bamboo shoot stage, the UI level of adult giant pandas was much lower than noted during bamboo leaf-culm stage (p < 0.05).ConclusionsOur results indicate that UI of captive giant pandas was related to their age as well as to the vegetation stage/part of bamboo they consumed reflecting a different periodic iodine supply. Thiocyanate and fecal excretion should be emphasized when considering the iodine nutrition of giant pandas.     

Uptake and distribution of trace elements in maturing soybean

The uptake and translocation of trace elements in maturing soybean plants cultivated on soil were studied over 360 h under diurnal conditions after the administration of a multitracer. The contents (%/g) of Co, Se, Rb, Sr, Ru, Rh, and Cs in all the leaves and stems collected from each node increased up to around 200 h after the administration of the multitracer and then decreased with time. The contents of Zn, Tc, and Re in the leaves and Zn in the stems continuously increased up to 360 h, but Tc and Re in the stems showed maximum content. This observation suggests the translocation of these elements from old leaves to growing leaves via stems. The relationship between the content (%/g) of an element in the seeds and pods, and the cultivation time varied depending on the kind of element and on the growth steps. Mathematical analyses were applied to the behavior of the elements in the soybean. The time dependence of the uptake rate (%/g/h) and distribution of elements in each part of the plant were characteristic of the element.     

Evaluation of behavioral factors influencing reproductive success and failure in captive giant pandas

The giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) breeding center in Wolong, China, has experienced a recent dramatic increase in reproduction, with the population nearly tripling in the past 7 years. Much of this success comes from the development of behavioral management strategies, guided by the application of scientific knowledge. Here we present statistics that illuminate where reproductive problems have occurred, and discuss remedial actions taken with individual animals. During each year of this study (1996–2000), 93% of the females experienced estrus, 72% copulated, and 51% gave birth. Two‐thirds of the males mated each year. Most instances of mating failure were attributed to male behavior. In nearly half of mating failures, the male mounted but did not copulate. In about one‐third of mating failures, the male lacked sexual motivation, and showed excessive aggression 20% of the time. The males varied, and some were more likely to show interest in estrous females in neighboring enclosures and/or mate successfully during introductions. Copulation time was unrelated to reproductive success, but more insemination events (matings and artificial inseminations (AIs) combined) may be related to twinning. We suspect that temperament, stress, and husbandry practices play a role in isolated cases of reproductive failure in females, both pre‐ and postcopulation. Pregnancy or conception failure occurred in 35% of females inseminated naturally or through artificial insemination (AI). Behavioral management at Wolong is holistic and emphasizes biological relevance, including enrichment and well‐being, intensive monitoring of signs of estrus, and male–female familiarization and olfactory communication during the mating season. Zoo Biol 23:15–31, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Molecular analysis of dispersal in giant pandas

Although dispersal in the giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) is a demographic mechanism which can potentially counteract the negative effect of habitat fragmentation, little is known about dispersal in this species because of difficulties in observing individuals. Using data from faecal microsatellite genotyping, we compared the spatial distribution of giant pandas in two populations and the proximity of relatives in one key population to infer their dispersal pattern. We conclude that giant pandas exhibit female-biased dispersal because: (i) vAIc (variance of assignment index) for females was significantly larger than for males, suggesting that females comprise both 'local' and 'foreign' genotypes; (ii) the average spatial distance of related female dyads was significantly larger than that of males; (iii) larger r (relatedness), F(ST) (genetic variance among populations) and mAIc (mean of assignment index) values were found in males using the software FSTAT, although the differences were not significant; (iv) males set up territories neighbouring to their birth place; (v) significant population structure using microsatellites with a concomitant lack of mitochondrial structure was found in a previous study, possibly indicating more extensive female dispersal; and (vi) female-biased dispersal was strongly supported by evidence from concomitant ecological studies. Considering previous ecological data and life-history characteristics of the giant panda, female-biased dispersal is most likely to be due to competition for birth dens among females, inbreeding avoidance and enhancing inclusive fitness among related males.     

Effects of dexamethasone on trace elements and serum protein patterns following brain trauma in rats

The effect of dexamethasone (Dxm) on trace elements and serum protein patterns was investigated in male Sprague-Dawley rats subjected to brain trauma. After 6-or 24 h of the traumatic incident, the level of serum copper was significantly higher in the Dxm-treated rats, compared to controls (p<0.05). The corresponding levels of zinc and iron did not show significant differences. The zinc level returned to normal 24 h after trauma. After 6 and 24 h of trauma, the sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel patterns of serum proteins showed that a 41.6-kDa protein was significantly increased in the Dxm-treated animals. Two proteins weighing 26.6 kDa and 55.1 kDa did not show Dxm-induced changes. These results suggest that increases in the copper-zinc ratio and the changes of the 26.6-kDa, 41.6-kDa, and 55.1-kDa proteins might be a useful prognostic indicator for severe traumatic brain injury.     

Determination of trace elements in some natural drugs by atomic absorption spectrometry

Fifteen kinds of common plants, animals, and minerals used as traditional medicines by the Chinese people have been subjected to analysis by atomic absorption spectrometry for its content of seven metals: lead, cadmium, arsenic, mercury, copper, cobalt, and manganese. The concentrations of these elements are significantly different according to their vegetal, animal, or mineral origin. The average values found for lead, cadmium, arsenic, cobalt, and manganese in drugs of mineral origin are higher than those derived from plants and animals, except for copper, which was higher in drugs of animal origin. Our results suggest that the user of traditional Chinese crude drugs should be warned of the potential danger of heavy-metal poisoning because their concentrations seem to be higher than the maximum values allowed by health agencies in several countries.     

Stereotypic behavior and fecal cortisol level in captive giant pandas in relation to environmental enrichment

Stereotypic behavior is exhibited by a wide range of captive animals. Its association with hormones, especially elevated cortisol level and lack of naturalistic stimuli in the environment, has been little studied. This study hypothesizes that stereotypic behavior is caused by stress due to lack of appropriate, naturalistic stimuli in the environment. Using four adult pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) in the Beijing Zoo from March–July in 2003, we tested the following predictions: 1) stereotypic behavior and fecal cortisol level will not change associated with the progress of reproductive state; 2) there is a positive correlation between the occurrence of stereotypic behavior and fecal cortisol level; and 3) environmental enrichment by adding a naturalistic stimulus will reduce both stereotypic behavior and fecal cortisol level. We did not find any significant differences in the occurrence of stereotypic behavior and fecal cortisol level but did find a significant difference in the total time engaged in displaying the stereotypic behavior among the three estrous periods. The level of stereotypic behavior was correlated with elevated fecal cortisol level. Enrichment simply by adding a naturalistic stimulus did not show significant effects on stereotypic behavior, or on fecal cortisol level. Our results supported the second prediction, but did not completely support the first and the third ones perhaps because of the small sample size. Additionally, our results showed that stereotypic behavior might be a response to a heightened level of cortisol. Zoo Biol 0:1–15, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

圈养大熊猫催产素水平与母性行为之间关系

Maintaining a good cub-rearing relationship is of great significance for the healthy development of newborn giant panda cubs. Oxytocin plays a key role in this cub-rearing relationship development during the breeding period. To investigate the relationship between oxytocin levels and maternal behavior, we sampled the maternal behavior of 6 adult female giant pandas (3 in lactation group, 3 in non-lactation group) at Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding from June to September 2019 by using the focal sampling method, and tested the urine oxytocin level of each individuals by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The results showed that the oxytocin levels were significantly higher in the lactation group (278. 86 pg/mg ±44. 42 pg/mg) than in the non-lactation group. For the two types of breastfeeding groups, the level of oxytocin in the multiparous female pandas (185. 64 pg/mg ±44. 61 pg/mg) was significantly lower than that in the primiparous female pandas (465. 30 pg/mg ±82. 39 pg/mg). Compared with the primiparous female pandas, the multiparous female pandas had more embracing cub behavior (77. 45% ±1. 24%) and feeding behavior (15. 22% ±1. 62%), but less licking cub (14. 26% ±0. 91%) and position adjustment behavior (1. 69% ±0. 29%). Finally, we found the licking cub behavior was significantly positively correlated with the oxytocin level in the lactation group, and the embracing cub behavior was significantly negatively correlated with the oxytocin level in the lactation group. The results indicate that primiparous female pandas show more maternal behavior, less individual behavior and higher oxytocin levels. The results of this study suggest that the different reactions of oxytocin in the two types of giant panda females may help to improve the refined and differentiated breeding techniques for captive giant pandas in the future.