右美托咪啶对肺缺血/再灌注诱发小鼠肾脏超微结构改变的影响

目的：评价右美托咪啶对小鼠肺缺血/再灌注诱发肾脏损伤的影响。方法：雄性健康SPF级C57BL/6J小鼠50只,体重20 g~24 g,8~10周龄,采用随机数字表法,将其分为5组（n=10）：假手术组（sham组）、肺缺血/再灌注损伤组（I/R组）、肺缺血/再灌注+生理盐水组（NS组）、右美托咪啶组（Dex组）、右美托咪啶+阿替美唑（Atip）（DA组）。采用小鼠在体左侧肺门夹闭30 min再灌注180 min方法制备肺缺血/再灌注损伤（I/R）模型。Dex组在肺门阻断前30 min腹腔注射右美托咪啶20 μg/kg,NS组为用同Dex组等体积的生理盐水替代Dex,DA组腹腔注射右美托咪啶（20 μg/kg）+阿替美唑（250 μg/kg）,其余处理同I/R组。再灌注结束后静脉取血ELISA法检测血浆中IL-1β和TNF-α浓度;取双肾组织,透射电镜下观察肾组织病理学结果。结果：与对照组相比,其余组血浆IL-1β和TNF-α浓度明显升高,肾组织病理学损伤明显加重;与I/R、NS、DA组相比,Dex组IL-1β和TNF-α浓度明显下降,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）,且肾组织超微结构损伤有所减轻。结论：右美托咪啶预先给药可减轻小鼠肺缺血/再灌注诱发肾脏损伤,其机制可能与抑制炎性反应有关。     

低氧环境对高原鼢鼠不同组织VEGF165b基因表达量及微血管密度的影响

目的：探讨高原低氧环境下高原鼢鼠不同组织血管内皮生长因子165b （VEGF_165b）表达量及微血管密度（MVD）的变化。方法：克隆高原鼢鼠VEGF_165b基因并测定其在不同海拔脑、肺和骨骼肌组织内的表达量;免疫组化法观察脑、肺和骨骼肌组织内微血管并测定其在不同海拔组织内的密度。结果：高海拔VEGF_165b表达量显著低于低海拔表达量（P<0.05）;微血管密度随海拔高度升高而增加（P<0.05）。结论：VEGF_165b基因调节动物组织微血管密度是高原动物适应低氧环境的重要机制之一。     

高原鼠兔胃与结肠内容物食性分析方法的比较

小哺乳动物的食性是种群生态学的重要组成部分。本研究于2018年6—7月,在中国科学院海北高寒草甸生态系统定位站地区,通过显微组织分析法对12只高原鼠兔（Ochotona curzoniae）胃及结肠内容物进行了食性比较分析。结果表明：高原鼠兔胃内容物镜检到7科16种（属）植物碎片,主要组分包括垂穗披碱草（Elymus nutans）15.07%、棘豆（Oxytropis spp.）9.07%、嵩草（Kobresia spp.）7.38%、鹅绒委陵菜（Potentilla anserine）7.11%;而结肠内容物只镜检到3科6种（属）植物碎片,主要组分包括嵩草21.99%、垂穗披碱草13.68%、早熟禾（Poa spp.）5.04%、鹅绒委陵菜2.00%。根据高原鼠兔的胃和结肠内容物镜检结果,分别计算其取食植物的Simpson指数、Shannon-Wiener指数、均匀度指数、食物生态位宽度指数,分析高原鼠兔食物组成多样性,结果显示,除了均匀度指数,其它3种指数胃内容物均高于结肠内容物,且胃内容物和结肠内容物的识别率差异极显著（χ²=8.619,df=1,P<0.01）。上述研究结果表明,食性分析中胃与结肠内容物镜检结果显著不同,所得出的食物选择结果也大相径庭,胃内容物显微分析较结肠能更准确地反映高原鼠兔采食的植物种类以及对食物的选择性。     

低氧性肺动脉高压小鼠肺组织apoE蛋白表达的变化及其意义

目的：观察低氧性肺动脉高压小鼠肺组织中载脂蛋白E（apoE）蛋白表达的变化,以探讨低氧性肺动脉高压形成过程中apoE蛋白表达的变化及可能的意义。方法：SPF级雄性野生型（WT）C57BL/6小鼠和雄性apoE基因敲除（apoE-KO）小鼠各20只,各随机再分为2组（n=10）：常氧组和低氧组,共4组。常压连续低氧3周（9%~11% O₂,23 h/d）复制慢性低氧性肺动脉高压模型,采用右心导管法测定小鼠右心室压（RVSP）,计算右心室与左心室加室间隔重量比RV/（LV+S）,ELISA法检测血浆中高密度脂蛋白（HDL）、低密度脂蛋白（LDL）和总胆固醇（TC）的含量;Western blot法检测肺组织中apoE和过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ（PPARγ）蛋白的表达。结果：①低氧组WT小鼠RVSP、RV/（LV+S）分别较常氧组高68%和59%（P均<0.05）,血浆中HDL含量及HDL/LDL比值分别较常氧组低17%和40%（P均<0.05）,同时肺、肝组织中apoE及肺组织中PPARγ的蛋白表达分别较常氧组下调48%、52%和37%（P均<0.05）,RVSP与apoE及PPARγ蛋白表达均呈显著负相关（P均<0.01）;②低氧组apoE-KO小鼠RVSP、RV/（LV+S）较常氧组分别高96%和86%（P均<0.05）,低氧组apoE-KO小鼠RVSP和RV/（LV+S）较低氧组WT小鼠分别高29%和24%（P均<0.05）。结论：小鼠低氧性肺动脉高压的形成与肺组织中apoE蛋白表达下调有关。     

益气活血通络解毒方对小鼠肺缺血/再灌注损伤的作用及其机制

目的：探讨益气活血通络解毒方（YHTJF）对小鼠的肺部缺血/再灌注（I/R）损伤,及对I/R引起的氧化应激反应的作用。方法：成年雄性10~12周龄C57BL/6J小鼠70只,体重（21~25） g,采用在体左肺门夹闭法复制缺血/再灌注损伤模型。随机分为7组：正常对照组（C）,羧甲基纤维素钠carboxyl methyl cellulose-Na（CMC-Na）+正常对照组（CC）,羧甲基纤维素钠+假手术组（CS）,羧甲基纤维素钠+I/R模型组（CIR）,羧甲基纤维素钠+YHTJF低、中、高浓度干预组（CYL、CYM、CYH）。CN、CS、CIR组术前连续7 d腹腔注射CMC溶液,CYL、CYM、CYH组术前连续7d腹腔注射低、中、高浓度的YHTJF溶液。术毕,取左肺测定肺组织干湿比（W/D）及总肺含水量（TLW）,行肺组织损伤评估（IQA）,光镜观察肺组织形态学结构改变。TUNEL测组织细胞凋亡指数（AI）。检测血清超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、丙二醛（MDA）、髓过氧化物酶（MPO）。结果：相比C组,CC组和CS组所有检测指标均无明显差异,CIR组的W/D、TLW、IQA、AI明显升高（P < 0.01）,肺组织形态学破坏显著;MDA含量、MPO活力明显升高,SOD活性显著降低。与CIR组比较,CYL组、CYM组、CYH组W/D、TLW、IQA、AI的表达均明显下降（P < 0.01）,组织损伤明显减轻,CYM组各项指标数值改善最明显,组织损伤最轻;3个用药组的MDA含量、MPO活力明显下降,SOD活性显著升高,其中中剂量用药组氧化应激指标变化最突出。结论：YHTJF可有效减轻小鼠缺血/再灌注性肺损伤,以中剂量效果为最佳,其机制可能与其抑制体内氧化应激反应、减轻肺组织细胞凋亡有关。     

高原鼢鼠和高原鼠兔肺细叶的结构特征

高原鼢鼠和高原鼠兔是青藏高原土著动物,对低氧具有很好的适应性.为了探讨在低氧环境中两者肺细叶结构的适应特征,应用体视学方法测量了肺细叶相关指标.结果发现 :高原鼢鼠和高原鼠兔肺单位面积肺泡数显著高于SD大鼠,单个肺泡面积和弹性纤维/肺实质比显著低于SD大鼠;高原鼢鼠肺泡隔厚度最厚,高原鼠兔最薄,且三种动物具显著差异; 高原鼢鼠和高原鼠兔气-血屏障的算术平均厚度(Ta)和调和平均厚度(Th) 均显著低于SD 大鼠;在三个级别的微血管中,高原鼠兔中膜肌层厚度显著低于高原鼢鼠,两种高原动物均显著低于SD大鼠;高原鼢鼠和高原鼠兔的微血管密度(MVD)显著高于SD大鼠.以上结果表明,高原鼢鼠和高原鼠兔肺细叶结构特征表现出一定趋同,这些特征有利于在低氧条件下提高肺气体扩散容量;但是,肺泡隔厚度和微血管中膜肌层厚度/血管外径比又表现出明显的差异,可能是不同生境造成的[动物学报 54(3):531-539,2008].     

Apelin对改善小鼠低氧性肺动脉高压的作用及与调节脂质代谢的关系

目的：探讨外源性apelin对小鼠慢性低氧性肺动脉高压的作用及其机制。方法：SPF级雄性apoE基因敲除（apoE-KO）小鼠30只,随机均分为3组（n=10）,即常氧组、低氧组和低氧+apelin组,apelin组小鼠每天于低氧前经腹腔注射apelin-13（10 nmol/（kg·d））,其他组腹腔注射相同体积的生理盐水。采用常压连续低氧方法（9%~11% O₂,23 h/d）复制慢性低氧性肺动脉高压模型。低氧3周后,采用右心导管法测定小鼠右心室压（RVSP）和右心室与左心室加室间隔重量比,Elisa法检测血浆中高密度脂蛋白（HDL）、低密度脂蛋白（LDL）和总胆固醇（TC）的含量;real-time PCR法检测肝组织中三磷酸腺苷结合盒转运体A1（ABCA1）、清道夫受体B1（SR-B1）、低密度脂蛋白受体（LDLR）和3-羟基-3-甲基戊二酸单酰辅酶A还原酶（HMGCR）等基因的表达。Western blot法检测小鼠肺组织中过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ（PPARγ）蛋白的表达。结果：①低氧组小鼠RVSP、RV/（LV+S）较常氧组分别高87%、85%（P均<0.05）,apelin组小鼠RVSP、RV/（LV+S）较低氧组分别低39%、33%（P均<0.05）。②apelin组小鼠血浆中HDL-C含量、HDL/LDL比值分别较hypoxia组高21%、20%（P均<0.05）,而血浆中TC、LDL-C含量两组间无显著差异（P均>0.05）。③apelin组小鼠肝组织中LDLR、SR-B1、ABCA1基因表达分别较低氧组上调241%、112%、69%（P均<0.05）,而HMGCR基因表达下调45%（P<0.05）。④apelin组小鼠肺组织中PPARγ蛋白表达较低氧组上调47%。结论：Apelin可降低小鼠低氧性肺动脉高压,其机制与调节脂质代谢有关。     

口服活性AdipoRon对2型糖尿病小鼠肝脏氧化应激的干预作用

目的：研究口服活性AdipoRon对2型糖尿病小鼠肝脏氧化应激是否有干预作用,为临床应用提供基础资料。方法：将健康雄性C57BL/6小鼠分为正常组（n=8）,糖尿病组（n=8）,AdipoRon高剂量治疗组（n=8）,Adi-poRon低剂量治疗组（n=8）,以高脂饲料喂养6周后腹腔注射40 mg/kg链脲佐菌素（STZ）诱导2型糖尿病模型,用高、低剂量的口服活性AdipoRon分别对治疗组灌胃治疗10 d后,检测相关生化指标,Western-blot法检测肝脏组织中IRS-1蛋白的表达;实时荧光定量PCR检测胰腺组织中PDX-1 mRNA的表达。结果：DM组小鼠血糖值明显高于NC组（P < 0.05）,DM+L组和DM+H组小鼠血糖值显著低于DM组。DM组小鼠肝脏组织中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性显著低于NC组（P < 0.05）,丙二醛（MDA）及一氧化氮合酶（NOS）活性显著高于NC组（P <0.05）;DM+L组和DM+H组SOD、CAT活性明显高于DM组（P < 0.05）,MDA及NOS活性显著低于DM组（P <0.05）。肝脏组织中IRS-1的蛋白表达及胰腺PDX-1 mRNA表达显著升高,存在统计学意义（P < 0.05）。结论：口服活性AdipoRon对糖尿病小鼠肝脏组织氧化应激有一定的干预作用,能降低小鼠的血糖水平。     

河南省76 698例体检人群心肺功能检查结果与分析*

目的: 肺功能和心电图检查是心肺运动试验（CPET）人体心肺代谢整体功能评估不可或缺的组成部分,本研究对肺通气功能、换气功能和小气道功能异常及其临床相关特征进行分析。方法: 采用横断面研究方法对2016年1月至2019年l2月在河南省人民医院就诊76 698例体检人员行常规心电图、肺通气和换气功能检查,比较不同性别、年龄组心肺功能异常检出率,进一步分析心肺功能异常严重程度的特点。结果: ①在76 698例常规心电图异常检出率为71.04%。②肺通气功能异常检出率36.86％,其中男性44.78％（17 570/39 237）,女性28.57％（10 703/ 37 461）,男性显著高于女性（P<0.01）,且各年龄段男性检出率均高于女性（P均<0.01）。③小气道功能异常检出率为56.26％,男性57.73%（22 661/39 237）,女性54.72％（20 499/37 461）,不同性别比较,差异有统计学意义（P<0.01）,其中30~39岁组,40-49岁组女性检出率高于男性（P均<0.05）,20~29岁组,50~59岁组,60~69岁组,≥70岁组均男性高于女性（P<0.05）。④换气功能异常检出率为28.54％,其中男性30.55％（7 433/24 327）,女性26.50％（5 507/20 780）,二者差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;30~39岁组（P<0.05）、20~29岁组和40~49岁组（P均>0.05）,检出率女性高于男性,50~59岁组,60~69岁组,≥70岁组,男性检出率均高于女性（P均<0.05）。结论: 河南体检人群心功能、肺通气功能、换气功能及小气道功能异常的检出率较高,男性明显大于女性,年龄≥70岁者高于其他年龄段。     

纳米炭黑颗粒复合寒冷暴露对小鼠肺部氧化应激反应的影响

目的：研究纳米炭黑颗粒复合寒冷暴露对小鼠肺部组织结构及其氧化应激反应的影响。方法：将72只健康雄性C57BL/6小鼠随机分为6组：对照（Ctrl）组、单纯冷暴露（C）组、低剂量染毒（L）组、低剂量染毒复合冷暴露（LC）组、高剂量染毒（H）组、高剂量染毒复合冷暴露（HC）组。采用吸入式气管滴注染毒方式,一次性滴注纳米炭墨颗粒染毒液40 μl,浓度分别为0.45 mg/ml （L）和4.05 mg/ml （H）。冷暴露方式为4℃暴露,4 h/d,连续20 d。暴露结束24 h后称重、取样,进行相关指标测定。采用试剂盒法测定小鼠肺组织匀浆中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活力、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）活力和丙二醛（MDA）含量;肺组织块HE染色,观察肺组织病理组织结构改变。结果：所有冷暴露处理组小鼠的体重均显著低于所有非冷暴露组（P<0.05）,对照组及单纯染毒组小鼠体重均在实验开始14 d后明显升高（P<0.05）,单纯冷暴露组与纳米炭黑颗粒染毒复合冷暴露组小鼠体重均在14 d后趋于稳定。HE检测结果表明,单纯纳米炭黑颗粒染毒组及染毒复合冷暴露组小鼠肺泡腔内均有黑色颗粒沉积,高剂量染毒复合冷暴露组可见肺泡结构破环,排列凌乱,有大量炎细胞浸润。与对照组相比,其余各组SOD活力均显著降低（P<0.05）;高剂量染毒组及高剂量染毒复合冷暴露组GSH-Px活力明显低于对照组（P<0.01）;与对照组相比,高剂量染毒组、低剂量染毒与高剂量染毒复合冷暴露组MDA含量显著升高（P<0.01）。两因素方差分析提示,随着染毒剂量的增加,SOD活力及GSH-Px活力显著降低（P<0.05）;随着温度的降低,肺组织MDA含量显著升高（P<0.05）,4℃间歇性冷暴露与纳米颗粒物暴露对肺组织SOD、GSH-Px活力及MDA含量的影响均无交互作用。结论：纳米炭黑颗粒复合寒冷暴露可导致小鼠肺部炎症反应加重,氧化应激水平升高。     

低氧暴露下高原鼠兔肺组织间隙连接蛋白40表达分析

低氧性肺血管收缩反应钝化是高原鼠兔适应低氧环境的重要策略,但参与该生理代偿反应的功能基因尚不明确。间隙连接蛋白40 (Connexin40, Cx40) 在哺乳动物肺血管内皮表达。本研究对生活在海拔3 200 m的高原鼠兔进行28 d模拟海拔5 000 m低氧处理,以Sprague Dawley (SD) 大鼠为对照,采用免疫组化法分析模拟低氧处理后高原鼠兔和SD大鼠肺组织形态结构,qPCR和蛋白印记法检测Cx40基因和蛋白表达量变化,探究Cx40在高原鼠兔低氧性肺血管收缩反应钝化中的潜在作用。结果显示,低氧处理后,高原鼠兔肺泡呈空泡囊状,Cx40蛋白在支气管和肺血管中均表达,Cx40 基因mRNA水平随着低氧暴露而升高,但其蛋白质水平呈下降趋势,肺支气管Cx40蛋白无明显变化。SD大鼠肺血管和肺支气管表达的Cx40蛋白均无明显变化。暗示生活在高海拔低氧环境中的高原鼠兔,Cx40蛋白下调可抑制血管收缩信号,减弱低氧性肺血管收缩反应,使低氧性肺血管收缩反应钝化,以适应高原缺氧环境。研究结果可为高原土著动物适应高寒缺氧环境提供基础理论数据。     

Effects of hypoxia on contents of essential elements in pika and rat heart

The effects of hypoxia on the levels of essential macroelements and trace elements (K, Na, Ca, Mg, Cu, Zn, Fe, and Mn) in the heart muscles of Wistar rats and plateau pikas (Ochotona curzoniae) were studied by atomic absorption spectrometry. Unlike the rat, the plateau pika is tolerant to hypoxia. The levels of K, Na, and the trace element Mn were not significantly changed in rat or pika hearts after exposure to hypoxia for 1, 10, or 25 d at simulated altitudes of 5000 and 7000 m. Other minerals (Ca, Mg, Cu, Zn, and Fe) were significantly affected by hypoxia and the levels followed different time-courses under different hypoxic regimes in these two animals. There were marked differences between the rat and pika in myocardial accumulation of essential elements such as Ca, which was increased to high levels in the rat but not affected in the pika. The results suggest that hypoxia affects animal physiological mechanisms by regulating the levels of essential elements.     

低氧对雄性高原鼠兔性腺的影响

在人工模拟低氧环境下（低压舱模拟５０００ｍ和７０００ｍ海拔高度）,低氧暴露２４ｈ和７ｄ,观察低氧对受试动物性腺的影响。结果表明,急性低氧２４ｈ,高原鼠兔血浆雌二醇（Ｅ２）明显升高;低氧暴露７ｄ,高原鼠兔血浆Ｅ２仍维持一较高水平;５０００ｍ低氧暴露７ｄ,其睾丸指数无明显变化,７０００ｍ时却有所降低。同等条件下,大鼠睾丸指数明显增高;５０００ｍ和７０００ｍ低氧暴露７ｄ对高原鼠兔睾丸组织形态无明显影响,然而,大鼠曲细精管间隙增大,且曲细精管内各级细胞排列紊乱。低氧环境下,高原鼠兔雄体血浆Ｅ２增高,可能是其低氧适应的特征之一     

高原鼠兔低氧诱导因子- 1α的初步研究

Hypoxia-induced factor-1 plays a key role during the cell hypoxia trausduction. Hypoxia induced factor-1α (HIF-1α) is a functional subunit of hypoxia-indueed factor-1. Plateau pika ( Ochotona curron/ae), which is a Qinghai-Tibet plateau native animal lived above 3 000 m, has high ratio of oxygen utilization to adapt to plateau hypoxia environments. One fragment of the coding re-gion of eDNA sequence of plateau pika HIF-1α was obtained by RT-PCR technique using a degeneracy PCR primer based on previ-ously reported eDNA sequence in human, cattle, house mouse and Norway rat HIF-1α gene. It was directly inserted into the vector pMD18-T. DNA sequencing proved that it was highly homology with human (91%), cattle (91%), house mouse (89%) and Nor-way rat 89%) HIF-1α gene. The study provides basic important information for the HIF-1α cDNA whole sequence cloning of pla-teau pika and its functional study.     

Leptin cDNA cloning and its mRNA expression in plateau pikas (Ochotona curzoniae) from different altitudes on Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

Leptin, an adipocyte-derived hormone, plays an important role in body energy homeostasis. Plateau pika (Ochotona curzoniae), an endemic and keystone species living only at 3000-5000 m above sea level on Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, is a typically high hypoxia and low temperature tolerant mammal with high resting metabolic rate (RMR), non-shivering thermogenesis (NST), and high ratio of oxygen utilization to cope with harsh plateau environment. To explore the molecular mechanism of ecological acclimation in plateau pika, we first cloned pika leptin cDNA and compared its mRNA expression in different altitudes (3200 and 3900 m) using real-time RT-PCR (Taqman probe) technology. The full-length pika leptin cDNA was 3015 with 504 bp open-reading frame encoding the precursor peptide of 167 amino acids including 21 residues of signal peptide. Pika leptin was 70-72% homologous to that of other species and was of similarly structural characteristics with other species. The pika-specific genetic diversity in leptin sequence occurred at twenty sites. With the increase in altitude, there were larger fat store and high level of ob gene expression in plateau pika. Our results indicated that leptin is sensitive to cold and hypoxia plateau environment and may play one of important roles in pika's ecological adaptation to harsh plateau environment.     

Molecular cloning and characterization of hemoglobin alpha and beta chains from plateau pika (Ochotona curzoniae) living at high altitude

Hemoglobin (Hb) plays an important role in oxygen transfer from lung to tissues. Possession of a Hb with high oxygen affinity helps highland animals to adapt to high altitude, has been studied profoundly. Plateau pika (Ochotona curzoniae), a native species living at 3,000-5,000 m above sea level on Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, is a typical hypoxia and low temperature tolerant mammal. To investigate the possible mechanisms of plateau pika Hb in adaptation to high altitude, the complete cDNA and amino acid sequences of plateau pika hemoglobin alpha and beta chains have been described. Compared with human Hb, alterations in important regions can be noted: alpha111 Ala-->Asn, beta35 Tyr-->Phe, beta112 Cys-->Val, beta115 Ala-->Ser, and beta125 Pro-->Gln. Phylogenetic analysis of alpha and beta chains shows that plateau pika is closer to rabbit than to other species. This study provides essential information for elucidating the possible roles of hemoglobin in adaptation to extremely high altitude in plateau pika.     

Imaging of the pulmonary circulation in the closed-chest rat using synchrotron radiation microangiography.

Structural changes of the pulmonary circulation during the pathogenesis of pulmonary arterial hypertension remain to be fully elucidated. Although angiography has been used for visualizing the pulmonary circulation, conventional angiography systems have considerable limitations for visualizing small microvessels (diameters < 200 microm), particularly within a closed-chest animal model. In this study we assess the effectiveness of monochromatic synchrotron radiation (SR) for microangiography of the pulmonary circulation in the intact-chest rat. Male adult Sprague-Dawley rats were anesthetized, and a catheter was positioned within the right ventricle, for administering iodinated contrast agent (Iomeron 350). Subsequently, microangiography of pulmonary arterial branches within the left lung was performed using monochromatic SR. Additionally, we assessed dynamic changes in vessel diameter during acute hypoxic (10% and 8% O2 for 4 min each) pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV). Using SR we were able to visualize pulmonary microvessels with a diameter of <100 microm (the 4th generation of branching from the left axial artery). Acute hypoxia caused a significant decrease in the diameter of all vessels less than 500 microm. The greatest degree of pulmonary vasoconstriction was observed in vessels with a diameter between 200 and 300 microm. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of SR for visualizing pulmonary vessels in a closed-chest rat model and for assessing dynamic changes associated with HPV. More importantly, these observations implicate SR as an effective tool in future research for assessing gross structural changes associated with the pathogenesis of pulmonary arterial hypertension.     

Changes in smooth muscle cell pH during hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction: a possible role for ion transporters

Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV) occurs in smooth muscle cells (SMC) from small pulmonary arteries (SPA) and is accompanied by increases in free cytoplasmic calcium ([Ca2+]i) and cytoplasmic pH (pHi). SMC from large pulmonary arteries (LPA) relax during hypoxia, and [Ca2+]i and pHi decrease. Increases in pHi and [Ca2+]i in cat SPA SMC during hypoxia and the augmentation of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction by alkalosis seen in isolated arteries and lungs suggest that cellular mechanisms, which regulate inward and outward movement of Ca2+ and H+, may participate in the generation of HPV. SMC transport systems that regulate pHi include the Na+ - H+ transporter which regulates intracellular Na+ and H+ and aids in recovery from acid loads, and the Na+ -dependent and Na+ -independent Cl-/HCO3- transporters which regulate intracellular chloride. The Na+ -dependent Cl-/HCO3- transporter also aids in recovery from acidosis in the presence of CO2 and HCO3-. The Na+ -independent Cl-/HCO3- transporter aids in recovery from cellular alkalosis. The Na+ - H+ transporter was present in SMC from SPA and LPA of the cat, but it seemed to have little if any role in regulating pHi in the presence of CO2 and HCO3-. Inhibiting the Cl-/HCO3- transporters reversed the normal direction of pHi change during hypoxia, suggesting a role for these transporters in the hypoxic response. Future studies to determine the interaction between pHi, [Ca2+]i and HPV should ascertain whether pHi and [Ca2+]i changes are linked and how they may interact to promote or inhibit SMC contraction.     

雄性高原鼠兔长鸣时间分配及其影响因素

长鸣是高原鼠兔常见的鸣声类型之一。了解高原鼠兔长鸣发生的时间分配规律及其影响因素对于理解其生存策略具有重要意义。本研究从2018年2月至2019年2月,采用录音机记录其鸣叫声音与单反相机录制其鸣叫行为相结合的方法,在青藏高原东缘的甘肃省玛曲县记录了高原鼠兔一年内长鸣发生的时间规律,并研究其长鸣发生频率与外界非生物因素（温度和风速）以及内在生理因素（睾酮和孕酮）的关系。结果表明：（1）高原鼠兔长鸣是雄性个体发出,主要出现在3—5月的繁殖季节,每只个体平均每日长鸣总时长为130~180 s,每日长鸣主要发生在日出后2 h内和日落前2 h内;（2）高原鼠兔繁殖期长鸣发生与睾酮激素水平增高呈正相关。当睾酮激素水平为40 pg/mL左右时,长鸣时长达到1000 s,睾酮激素下降到36 pg/mL以下时,长鸣时长只有150 s左右。非繁殖期长鸣发生与气温和风速呈负相关。综述,高原鼠兔雄性个体全年长鸣发生呈现明显的季节性,繁殖季长鸣与睾酮激素增高密切相关。