Studies on lesions caused by plerocercoids of Triaenophorus nodulosmin some fish of an alpine lake, the Königssee

Lesions caused by plerocercoids of Triaenophorus nodulosus in the second intermediate hosts were studied in fish of an alpine lake, the Königssee. Four species (Arctic charr, Salvelinus alpinus; minnow, Phoxinus phoxinus; burbot, Lota lota: perch, Percafluviatilis) could be shown to be affected, whereas seven other fish species did not have macroscopical or histological signs of invasion. The capsules of T. nodulosus plerocercoids were usually located in liver tissue. Whereas only living parasites were found in charr and minnow, dead and destroyed plerocercoids could be demonstrated additionally in burbot and perch.
The histological picture is characterized by capsules surrounded by connective tissue and by fresh or older migration routes in charr and minnow. Furthermore, larvae migrating through the biliary ductules were found regularly in charr. In burbot and perch, different stages of destruction of the parasitic larvae took place. The ability to reject the parasite by immunological reactions seems to depend on the species of host. Even if heavy changes in the liver tissue could be demonstrated, no negative influences on condition and growth of affected fish could be established.     

Changes of fatty-acid structure of common lipids and contents of peroxidation products in tissues of embryos depending on the level of vitamins A, D3 and E in a diet of geese during the reproductive period

Results concerning the contents of retinol in the liver, residual yoke of 25-day embryos and yoke of eggs depending on the level of vitamins A, D3 and E in the diet of geese by grey Obroshin breeds in reproductive period are presented in the paper. It is established, that vitamin D3 reduces the level of retinol deposition in the tissues of embryos and yoke of eggs of geese, and addition of vitamins A and E to a diet of geese raises the level of retinol both in the liver and residual yoke of embryos, and in yokes of geese eggs. Besides the data about changes of fatty-acid spectrum of common lipids and contents of lipid peroxidations products in tissues of the liver and pectoral muscles of 25-day embryos are presented in the paper depending on the level of vitamins A, D3 and E in geese diet during their reproductive period. Introduction of vitamin A--in quantity of 10000 IU, vitamin D3--in quantity of 3000 IU, in the composition of mixed fodder of geese during the reproductive period and vitamin E in quantity 35 IU on 1 kg to mixed fodder optimizes fatty-acid structure of the common lipids and the level of peroxidations lipids products in the liver and pectoral muscles of embryos.     

Effect of bacterial infection on the lipid composition of carp blood lymphocytes

The initial stage of bacterial infection is characterized by an increase in the level of total lipids and polyenoic fatty acids in membrane phospholipids of blood lymphocytes of carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). In the fish infected with aeromonads, changes in the ratios of fatty acids in phospholipids are similar for either lymphocytes, liver, or whole blood. The extent to which these changes are pronounced depends on the original physiological status of the fish.     

Evidence of the growth factor in mouse serum infected with Spirometra erinacei plerocercoids

To investigate the action of the growth factor secreted by Spirometra erinacei plerocercoids, various organ weights, body weight and head-body length were measured in Snell normal and dwarf mice after injection with the serum from mice and rats. Serum from mice infected with the plerocercoids caused significant increases in the weights of the liver and spleen, in the same manner as mice infected with the plerocercoids. However, serum from rats infected with plerocercoids did not cause significant changes in these parameters. The growth factor in the serum of mice infected with plerocercoids was stable at -20 degrees C for at least 6 months and easily passed through the peritoneum.     

Effect of Bacterial Infection on the Lipid Composition of Carp Blood Lymphocytes

The initial stage of bacterial infection is characterized by an increase in the level of total lipids and polyenoic fatty acids in membrane phospholipids of blood lymphocytes of carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). In the fish infected with aeromonads, changes in the ratios of fatty acids in phospholipids are similar for either lymphocytes, liver, or whole blood. The extent to which these changes are pronounced depends on the original physiological status of the fish.     

Changes in elemental and isotopic composition accompanying larval growth and metamorphosis of the moor frog

A variety of early ontogenetic events of anuran species (growth, structural and biochemical diversification, metamorphosis) offers a unique opportunity to evaluate the effectiveness and application limits of mass spectrometry method for the analysis of metabolic and transformation events in developing organisms. The dynamics of relative carbon and nitrogen contents and stable isotopes of these elements during larval development in the period of metamorphosis climax and after its conclusion in moor frog specimens developing in their natural habitat and in vitro on a referent diet are traced. A decrease in C/N ratio and enrichment of the tissues with heavy stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen during embryonal and larval development (prior to the beginning of independent feeding) indicates the increase in the portion and variety of proteins, accompanied by consumption of yolk lipids. The relative nitrogen content increase and C/N ratio decreases with the growth and development of independently feeding tadpoles, which indicates surpassing increase of the portion of proteins in tissues. In growing tadpoles, the rates of tissue renewal in general and rates of protein metabolism in particular affect the kinetics of changes of tissue isotope composition, which approaches isotope composition of the consumed food. A decrease in С/N ratio in the bodies of metamorphs during mass tissue decomposition is indicative of continuing reconstruction of larval organs and growth of anlage of definitive organs. Significant increase of C/N ratio and depletion of liver samples by heavy carbon isotopes are associated with intensive synthesis and reservation of lipids within the organ. Strong enrichment of metamorphs’ tissues with heavy nitrogen isotope indicates the substitution of ammoniotelic type of nitrogen metabolism by urotelic type. Decrease in C/N ratio and enrichment of tissues by heavy carbon isotope may be connected to intensive oxidation of lipids, which supports the growing energy costs of terrestrial underyearlings. Relative contents of heavy nitrogen isotope in the tissues of underyearlings does not change compared to the tissues of metamorphs.     

Use of Na1C14 acetate for biosynthesis of serum and organ lipid components in the early periods of experimental myocardial ischemia]

The use of 1C-14 acetate for biosynthesis of lipids and their fractions (cholesterol, phospholipids, triglycerides and nonesterified fatty acids) in the heart, liver, adrenals, lipoid tissue and blood serum was studied in experimental myocardial infarction on the 5th to the 30th day of the experiment. It was concluded that disturbances of lipid metabolism did not always precede myocardial infarction and acute myocardial ischemia could induce changes in lipid metabolism characteristic of atherosclerosis.     

Effect of Ligula intestinalis on lipid metabolism in blood of the host Abramis brama

The results of analysis in the blood of healthy and ones infected with the plerocercoides Ligula intestinalis Bream Abramis brama L. over index common lipids (CL) and them quality content, peroxidation (POL), peroxide gemoliz erythrocytes (PGE), common antioxidant activity (CAA) are displayed. It is plerocercoids L. intestinalis effects points character lipids exchanges. At ones infected individual comparatively with healthy increase of CL, alteration correlation lipids fraction, intensification POI and PGE as well as a decrease of CAA, that negative effects on vital function of the blood.     

The role of lipid metabolism disorders in the mechanism of the hepatotoxic effects of rubomycin

The phase character of the changes in the contents of lipids and phospholipids and impairment of the ratio of separate fractions in the liver mitochondria after discontinuation of rubomycin (daunorubicin) administration were studied in the time course of 35 days. The impairments were accompanied by activation of lipid peroxidation. By the end of the experiment (on the 35th day) there was noted a tendency to normalization of the indices studied.     

Effects of prolactin and experimental handling on liver, fat body and ovary lipid contents and their daily variations in Rana esculenta (L.)

Three groups of females of R. esculenta were kept under constant temperature and photoperiod conditions (L:D = 12:12). One group consisted of intact frogs, while the remainder were given saline or prolactin (PRL) injections 6 hours after light onset. After 5 days of such treatment examination was made every 6 hours over a 24-hour period of lipid content in the liver, fat bodies (FBs) and ovaries and the level and composition of plasma lipids. Both the experimental handling and PRL treatment caused in animals a decrease in weight of the liver and mobilization of lipid metabolism, inducing a shift in lipids and a change in their distribution within the organs examined. In animals injected with saline lipids were transported chiefly to FBs, whereas in frogs given PRL the whole, combined lipid content in these organs decreased considerably, suggesting that they had been transported to the tissues and that their catabolism had been intensified. It is suggested also that PRL has sparing effect on the ovarian lipid pool. In both groups, especially in frogs given PRL, there was a marked increase in plasma lipid concentration and the contents in percentages of its different classes. Increase in concentration of phospholipids (3X) and cholesterol (10X) in animals given PRL is particularly distinct. Both experimental handling and PRL administration affected the pattern of diurnal fluctuations in the lipid content of the organs examined.     

Effect of phospholipids containing omega-3 fatty acids on structural changes of microsomal lipids in cell membranes of functionally different cells

As a result of the experimental researches conducted it has been shown that administration of some normal animal marine phospholipids (PL) including in their structure omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) provides for quantitative changes of individual PL, fatty acids (FA) content and quantity in general and individual PL of liver, heart, brain and gonads microsomes. While estimating general microsomal PL fraction FA content under the action of PL omega-3 PUFA FA concentration change, unsaturation index (omega 6/omega 3) and relation of arachidonic acid to docosahexenic (AA/DHA) decrease have been identified. The decrease of AA/DHA relationship occurs due to AA and DHA quantitative changes. In the case of AA increase in some tissues there is observed the decrease of docosapentaenic acid and increase of DHA and eucosapentaenic (EPA) acidds. As a result of studying FA content in the individual PL composition it has been identified that certain PL classes characteristic for some tissues respond by changes of some certain FA. The relationship omega 6/omega 3 has been shown as decreasing in phosphatidilcholine (PC) all tissues microsomes (liver, gonads, heart, brain), in phosphatidilethanolamine (PEA) of liver and cardiac microsomes, in phosphatidilserine (PS) this relationship relationship decreases in the liver, brain and heart, for phosphatidilinositole (PI) the changes take place in liver, gonads, brain. Simultaneously, the decrease of AA/DHA relationship in the individual PL decrease of AA and increase of EPA and DHA depend on the tested tissues. The marine phospholipids might be supposed to render their effect on AA metabolism resulting in AA/DHA relationship in PEA and PS relationship displays itself as specific and depends on the tissues functions. The preference of PEA and PS use by certain tissues microsomes could be explained by their membrane protective capability.     

Incorporation of n-3 fatty acids into phospholipids of rat liver and white and brown adipose tissues: A time-course study during fish-oil feeding

The aim of this study was to determine the time-course incorporation of dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids into phospholipids of tissues highly involved in lipid and energy metabolism: the liver and the white (WAT) and brown (BAT) adipose tissues. Rats were fed a diet supplemented with 19% fish oil for up to 4 weeks. Minor changes in the relative proportions of tissue phospholipids were observed in the three tissues. Fish-oil feeding induced rapid and large replacements of n-6 fatty acids by n-3 fatty acids. In liver, the 22:6n-3 level increased progressively and reached a plateau after 3 (phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine) or 7 days (phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylinositol). In contrast, the 20:5n-3 level transiently peaked in all liver phospholipids at days 1–3 before reaching a plateau after day 7. In WAT as in BAT the level of n-3 fatty acids increased progressively and reached in all phospholipids a plateau after day 7. As a general trend, in each phospholipid class the 22:6n-3/20:5n-3 ratio was higher in liver than in the two adipose tissues. This study shows that each dietary n-3 fatty acid is incorporated very rapidly into liver, WAT, and BAT phospholipids but according to time courses and at levels that depend simultaneously on the tissue and phospholipid class considered.     

Lipid changes in blood serum and tissues of the Egyptian Cobra “Naja haje haje” during the hibernation cycle

• 1.Total lipids, free fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids and total cholesterol in blood serum, liver, brain, cardiac and skeletal muscles of Naja haje haje were determined during the different phases of the hibernation cycle.
• 2.A sharp decrease in the level of total lipids of blood serum and all tissues occurred during hibernation. Upon arousal, lipogenesis is commonly restored.
• 3.Elevated concentrations of serum free fatty acids predominated in pre-hibernation and hibernation periods, while the tissues recorded highly significant declines during hibernation.
• 4.Occurrence of marked decreases in triglycerides contents of serum and tissues except the cardiac muscles in the hibernation and arousal phases.
• 5.Sharp increases in the phospholipid contents of blood and the selected tissues were recorded during hibernation. The level declined in both liver and cardiac muscles in arousing animals.
• 6.Total cholesterol level was lowered in blood during hibernation. The cardiac muscles showed a highly significant decrease while liver, brain and skeletal muscles showed elevations in the same phase.

     

Egg size and form as taxonomic criteria in Diphyllobothrium (Cestoda, Pseudophyllidea)

The size and form (length, width, and length: width ratio) of eggs of Diphyllobothrium dendriticum, D. ditremum and D. latum vary considerably among individual worms within each species. The size of eggs varies with host species and a decrease in egg size with increasing intensity of infestation is indicated. The egg size of D. latum increases during the first 10-12 days of egg production. For single worm infections in golden hamsters the mean egg length and width of D. ditremum are significantly smaller than the corresponding means of D. dendriticum and D. latum, while D. latum has significantly wider eggs than D. dendriticum. As taxonomic characteristics, egg size and form may contribute to species delimitation at the population level. For identification at the individual level the best possible accuracy is about 80%. This accuracy is considerably reduced when variation in host species and intensities of infestations are introduced. Scanning electron microscope studies did not reveal any differences among eggs of the three species.     

The nature of changes of some immunophysiological characteristics in bream (Abramis brama) infected with plerocercoids (Ligula intestinalis) at various stages of parasite development

The data from studies of the antimicrobial properties of blood serum, the content of total lipids, and antioxidant activity of immunocompetent tissues and organs of breams Abramis brama infected with plerocercoids Ligula intestinalis depending on the phase of development of the parasite are presented. The quantitative characteristics of the studied parameters are determined.     

Change in the amino acid makeup in the muscle and liver tissues of broiler chicks with coccidiosis (Coccidiida)

Broiler 7-week old chicks were infected with E. tenella (150 000 oocysts). The contents of aminoacids of muscular tissues of femur and liver as well as combined aminoacids of femoral muscles were investigated. It has been established that the total amount of aminoacids of muscular tissues increases on account of free aminoacids while the contents of combined aminoacids decreases. In the liver of infected chicks there was observed an increase of alanine and a decrease of histidine, arginine and of total quantity of nonsubstituted aminoacids. Coccidial infection causes pathological changes in the organism of birds thus reducing their food value.     

The structural-functional disorders in the liver of wild rodents from areas of the accident at the Chernobyl Atomic Electric Power Station]

A study was made of the morphological status of hepatocytes, the antioxidant activity of lipids and composition of phospholipids, and dehydrogenase activity in the liver of field mice taken from seven regions of the Chernobyl A.P.S. zone with different levels of contamination in 1987. There observed multiple types of destructive damages to the organ; depletion of liver lipids by antioxidants; diminution of phospholipids within the total lipid level; considerable increase in the phosphatidyl choline/phosphatidyl ethanolamine ratio and in the relative content of phospholipid lysoforms; and inhibition of dehydration processes. In the absence of a strict correlation between the changes in the biophysical and biochemical parameters or between the severity of degenerative changes in hepatocytes and the level of external irradiation, certain relationship was followed up between liver lipid depletion by antioxidants, inhibition of dehydration processes and the number of wild rodents which developed dystrophic changes in the organ. These structural and functional changes were found in the liver of wild rodents taken from all the regions: this indicated a considerable sensitivity of the parameters of the regulatory cell systems and hepatocytes to the effect of technogenic contamination.     

Altered lipid composition of adipose tissue in human muscular dystrophy

Lipids of subcutaneous adipose tissue from normal and dystrophic human samples were investigated with particular reference to the fatty acid composition of neutral lipids and phospholipids. The free fatty acid pattern did not show much change. Triglyceride, which together with cholesterol composed most of the neutral lipid fraction, showed significant changes in fatty acid composition by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC). There was a decrease in the total phospholipids. Analysis of the levels of individual phospholipids, however, showed an increase in sphingomyelin and ethanolamine phosphoglyceride contents. Fatty acid composition of the different phospholipid classes analyzed by GLC showed significant changes.     

Liver and plasma lipids of spawning burbot

Levels of liver and plasma lipids of the burbot Lota lota were highest before reproduction and decreased during and after spawning. Triacylglycerols accounted for 95% of the liver lipids. High concentrations of leptin-immunoreactive peptide were present in the burbot liver, suggesting that it may be secreted by this organ.     

Effect of ovariectomy and replacement therapy on the tissue lipid pattern in rats.

Ovariectomy increases the percentage of total lipids in liver, kidney and uterus of intact cyclic rats. Estrogen and progesterone, when administered individually to ovariectomized rats, caused a decrease in the total lipid content of all tissues. Th effect of progesterone in estrogen-primed rats is not significant. Triglyceride and cholesterol content increases after ovariectomy; treatment with estrogen in ovariectomized rats led to a decrease in the concentration of these lipids. Progesterone has no significant effect on these lipids but showed an antagonistic action when given in estrogen-primed ovariectomized rats. The proportions of ethanolamine, choline and inositol phospholipids decreased after spaying and increased when estrogen was given to spayed rats. Progesterone alone had effect only on the uterus whereas progesterone administered to estrogen-primed rats showed an antagonistic effect in all tissues.