植物根对土壤中PAHs的吸收及预测

研究了多种植物根对土壤中多环芳烃(PAHs)的吸收作用,阐述了根系吸收与土壤污染强度、污染物性质、植物组成等的关系,并用实验数据检验了限制分配模型对植物吸收土壤中PAHs的预测性能。供试土壤中菲和芘的起始浓度分别为0~457和0~489mg/kg;45d后,随土壤中菲和芘浓度提高,根中菲和芘含量明显增大,根系富集系数则减小。不同植物根中菲和芘含量和根系富集系数与根的脂肪含量呈显著正相关。由于芘的Kow较大,同种植物根中芘含量、芘的根系富集系数则远大于菲。经45d处理,尽管土壤中菲浓度变化很大(从不足1mg/kg到约45mg/kg),限制分配模型能较好地预测供试植物根中菲的含量,黑麦草和菜心根中菲含量的预测误差低于81%。作为限制分配模型预测植物吸收的关键参数,不同植物根吸收菲的αpt值与根脂肪含量显著正相关。     

Perspective on Ecotoxicology of PAHs to Fish

This article provides a perspective on recent research on the effects of PAHs on fish. Fish are visible members of aquatic communities that are vulnerable to PAH contamination. The ecotoxicology of fish and PAHs can be complex. Fish are a diverse group that can have complicated life cycles and behavior and can be exposed to PAH-contaminated sediments and water by a variety of routes, including respiration; ingestion of food, sediment, and detritus; and dermal absorption. PAHs are a complex group of chemicals with similar chemical structure but a variety of chemical and physical attributes and are usually produced and occur in the environment as mixtures. Individual PAHs may elicit a variety of effects in different fish species, and different PAHs may elicit different effects in any single fish species. The variation in both fish and PAHs is reflected in the wide range of adverse effects observed in fish exposed to PAHs. Some observed effects include narcosis, mortality in all life stages, decrease in growth, lower condition factor, edema, cardiac dysfunction, a variety of deformities, lesions and tumors of the skin and liver, cataracts, damage to immune systems and compromised immunity, estrogenic effects, bioaccumulation, bioconcentration, trophic transfer, and biochemical changes, some of which can be used as biomarkers.     

微生物降解多环芳烃的研究进展

多环芳烃(PAHs)是具有严重危害的环境污染物质。介绍PAHs的降解菌,降解机理和PAHs的生物修复方面的研究进展。土壤中PAHs的生物修复被认为是解决污染的有效方法,目前,菲的生物降解途径已经比较清楚,但对结构更为复杂的多环芳烃研究较少。文章还对消除环境中多环芳烃的相关生物技术提出展望。     

Sensitive biomarker of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs): urinary 1-hydroxyprene glucuronide in relation to smoking and low ambient levels of exposure

The lysosomal neutral red retention time (NRRT) assay, a biomarker for lysosomal membrane stability, and the total immune activity (TIA) assay, a measure of non-specific immune system activity, were used in laboratory studies to assess the toxic effects of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) on earthworms (Eisenia andrei) in vivo. The results were compared with the concentration of TNT and its metabolites in earthworm tissue, as well as standard sublethal toxicity endpoints including growth (i.e. weight change) and reproduction effects from previously published studies. Filter paper experiments indicated a significant decrease in NRRT at ≥1.8 μg TNT cm^-2, whereas sublethal (weight loss) and lethal effects to earthworms were detected at ≥3.5 and 7.1 μg TNT cm^-2, respectively. Experiments in artificial soil showed that NRRT effects could be detected at lower TNT concentrations (≥55 mg TNT kg^-1 soil dry weight) compared with other sublethal endpoints (effects on growth and reproduction). The TIA biomarker did not significantly respond to TNT. Copper (as CuSO₄, filter paper contact tests) and 2-chloroacetamide (soil tests), which were used as reference toxicants, also decreased the NRRT. The use of the NRRT assay linked with tissue concentrations of TNT metabolites in earthworms was identified as a potentially appropriate biomarker approach for TNT exposure assessment under laboratory conditions and a novel tool for effects-based risk assessment.     

微生物降解多环芳烃(PAHs)的研究进展

从多环芳烃(PAHs)的降解菌株的筛选、降解机制以及PAHs污染的生物修复等方面介绍了微生物降解PAHs的最新研究进展。     

多环芳烃微生物降解基因的研究进展

多环芳烃(PAHs)是环境中普遍存在的一类有机污染物,微生物的降解是PAHs去除的主要途径。近年来,有关PAHs微生物降解途径和代谢产物的研究已有很多报道。小分子PAHs一般可以直接被微生物降解,而大分子PAHs则需要微生物以共代谢的方式降解。在过去20年中,微生物降解PAHs的基因相继被发现,各种基因在调控PAHs降解过程中的功能也越来越清晰。本文概述了PAHs微生物降解基因方面的研究进展,详细介绍了微生物对萘、菲的降解基因,最后对PAHs微生物降解基因的应用前景进行了展望。     

藻类对多环芳香烃(PAHs)的富集和代谢

概述了藻类对PAHs的富集和代谢的研究进展。环境中多环芳香烃(PAHs)的污染能导致严重的健康问题,利用生物特别是微生物去除污染环境中的PAHs是一项新的技术。藻类对PAHs的富集与有机污染物的类型、藻类的种类及藻类的生物量有关,活细胞和死细胞对PAHs均有富集能力。还阐述了PAHs在真菌、细菌和藻类体内代谢的途径以及代谢过程中起关键作用的酶,PAHs在藻类中的代谢途径和细菌及真菌都不同,谷胱甘肽转移酶(GST)在藻类代谢PAH过程中起重要作用,但细胞色素P450酶所起的作用则不详。     

多环芳烃降解菌的筛选与降解能力测定

从本溪多环芳烃(PAHs)污染土壤中经富集培养筛选出8株PAHs降解菌,研究了8株菌及其等比例混合培养对菲、芘和苯并[a]芘的降解能力。结果表明,在28℃,培养基中菲、芘和苯并[a]芘的浓度分别为50、50和5mg·L-1的复合底物条件下,培养28d后,菌株B3的降解效果最好,对菲、芘和苯并[a]芘的降解率分别为88.4%、54.0%和68.4%,8株菌的混合培养对菲、芘和苯并[a]芘的降解率分别为87.7%、35.3%和42.0%;经生理生化实验和16SrRNA序列比对,初步鉴定B3菌为假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas sp.)。     

The concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in mother milk: A global systematic review,meta-analysis and health risk assessment of infants

BackgroundBio-monitoring of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) contaminants in mother milk is essential to keep mothers and infants healthy against potential risks. The current study assesses the concentration of PAHs in mother milk through a meta-analytic and systematic review approach.MethodsAll the published studies up to December 2020 regarding the concentrations of various PAHs in mother milk were searched throughout major international databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Moreover, the possible carcinogenic and mutagenic risks to infants were evaluated based on the BaP (benzo[a]pyrenee) equivalent dose.ResultsAccording to the results of 13 articles included among 936 retrieved studies, the lowest and highest concentration of PAHs was (0.125 ng/g) and (76.36 ng/g) related to benz(a)anthracenem and 1-methylnaphthalene, respectively. The highest (9.830 ng/g) and lowest (0.009 ng/g) concentration of PAHs was related to Mexico and Japan, respectively. Besides, carcinogenetic and mutagenic risk assessment of the PAHs indicated that risk pattern was different across countries. It can be concluded that the consumption of mother milk is safe and does not pose a risk due to the ingestion of PAHs to the health of infant consumers.     

土壤中高环多环芳烃微生物降解的研究进展

微生物修复是去除土壤中多环芳烃(PAHs)的主要措施。本文以微生物修复PAHs污染土壤的理论基础及其难点为主线,全面综述了土壤中高环PAHs的微生物降解机理。近年来,富集分离得到的以高环PAHs为唯一碳源和能源的优势降解菌逐渐增多,其中,主要是代谢降解四环PAHs的单株降解菌,一些降解菌还能以共代谢方式利用五环PAHs。高环PAHs污染土壤修复的一个难点是其低生物可利用性,微生物通过释放生物表面活性剂、形成生物膜以及分泌胞外多糖提高高环PAHs的生物可利用性,从而加速其降解。真菌和细菌联合作用能增强污染土壤实地修复的效果。因此,通过微生物修复技术来去除土壤中PAHs具有环境友好性、经济适用性以及可持续应用性。     

土壤中多环芳烃的微生物降解及土壤细菌种群多样性

利用室内模拟方法,研究中、低浓度多环芳烃(PAHs)污染土壤的微生物修复效果,阐明土壤微生物（接种和土著）与PAHs降解的关系.结果表明:投加PAHs高效降解菌可以促进土壤中PAHs的降解,2周内效果显著;典型PAHs降解的难易程度依据为：菲<蒽<芘<苯并(a)芘和屈;细菌种群丰度和多样性均与PAHs降解呈负相关关系,同一处理细菌种群结构随时间变化不大.对于中、低浓度PAHs原位污染土壤,增强土著菌的活性是提高土壤PAHs降解率的有效途径之一.     

污灌土壤中多环芳烃（PAHs）的积累与动态变化研究

对污灌土壤中 1 4种多环芳烃的分析表明 ,各灌区土壤中 PAHs的积累一般以渠首最高 ,渠中次之 ,渠尾含量与对照相当 .但在沈抚石油灌区上、中和下游土壤中均有PAHs的积累 .此外 ,水稻生长期污灌可明显增加土壤中 PAHs的总量 ,各单一污染物的增、减趋势有所不同 .     

Influence of catclaw Mimosa monancistra on the dissipation of soil PAHs

Phytoremediation is a cost-effective biotechnology for decontamination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)-polluted soils. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to determine the growth of Mimosa monancistra, a N2-fixing leguminous plants, and its capacity to remove phenanthrene, anthracene, and benzo(a)pyrene (BaP)from soil. The PAHs decreased shoot and root dry biomass of M. monancistra 2.7- and 3.9-fold, respectively, compared to uncontaminated soil and inhibited nodule formation. The removal of phenanthrene and anthracene was similar in vegetated and unvegetated soil, but the dissipation of BaP was significantly faster in vegetated soil as compared to unvegetated soil after 14, 56, 70, and 90 d. After 90 d, dissipation of BaP was 96% in vegetated soil and 87% in unvegetated soil. Nitrification and ammonification were not affected by the addition of PAHs as concentrations of NH4+, NO2-, and NO3- were similar in contaminated and uncontaminated vegetated soil. Growth of M. monancistra was inhibited by contamination with hydrocarbons, but removal of BaP was accelerated in the rhizosphere.     

A Perspective on the Toxicity of Low Concentrations of Petroleum-Derived Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons to Early Life Stages of Herring and Salmon

This article presents a critical review of two groups of studies that reported adverse effects to salmon and herring eggs and fry from exposure to 1 μg/L or less of aqueous total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (TPAH), as weathered oil, and a more toxic aqueous extract of “very weathered oil.” Exposure media were prepared by continuously flowing water up through vertical columns containing gravel oiled at different concentrations of Prudhoe Bay crude oil. Uncontrolled variables associated with the use of the oiled gravel columns included time- and treatment-dependent variations in the PAH concentration and composition in the exposure water, unexplored toxicity from other oil constituents/degradation products, potential toxicity from bacterial and fungal activity, oil droplets as a potential contaminant source, inherent differences between control and exposed embryo populations, and water flow rate differences. Based on a review of the evidence from published project reports, peer-reviewed publications, chemistry data in a public database, and unpublished reports and laboratory records, the reviewed studies did not establish consistent dose (concentration) response or causality and thus do not demonstrate that dissolved PAH alone from the weathered oil resulted in the claimed effects on fish embryos at low μg/L TPAH concentrations. Accordingly, these studies should not be relied on for management decision-making, when assessing the risk of very low–level PAH exposures to early life stages of fish.     

Optimization of PAHs Oxidation from a Concentrate of Soil Attrition Using Potassium Permanganate

The treatment of soils contaminated with organic compounds, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), by attrition produced large amounts of highly concentrated attrition sludge (PAH – attrition concentrate – PAC). This paper studied the performance of an oxidation process using potassium permanganate (KMnO₄) to degrade PAHs that were initially present in attrition concentrates. The influence of operating conditions (temperature, concentration of KMnO₄ and reaction time) was studied, and these parameters were optimized using a response surface methodology (RSM). The results showed that the temperature and the reaction time had a significant and positive effect on the degradation of PAHs for the experimental domain studied (temperature between 20 and 60°C and reaction time between 1 and 7 h). The interaction between the temperature and the concentration of KMnO₄ significantly influenced the degradation of the PAHs. The temperature and the concentration of KMnO₄ were the main parameters that influenced the degradation of both phenanthrene (Phe) and benzo [a] pyrene (BaP). For benzo [a] anthracene (BaA), the temperature was the most influential factor. According to our results, the optimal conditions were defined as [KMnO₄] = 0.4 M for 5.5 h at 60°C. These optimal conditions led to degradations of 42.9%, 40.8%, 41.0% and 46.0% of the total PAHs, Phe, BaA and BaP, respectively.     

Estimation of Excess Cancer Risk on Time-Weighted Lifetime Average Daily Intake of PAHs from Food Ingestion

The purposes of this study were to quantify the time-weighted, lifetime average, daily intake (LADI) of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) through food ingestion and to estimate the excess cancer risk based on lifetime dietary PAH intake. Twenty-seven different food commodities were selected from the 2001 Korean National Health and Nutrition survey based on their frequent consumption and high PAH level. The foods were analyzed for the profile of 14 PAH congeners using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and fluorescence detector. Considering the toxic equivalent (TEQ) level converted with the toxic equivalent factors (TEFs), the highest total TEQ level of PAHs in foods was detected from roasted laver at 1.2 ug TEQ/kg. For the PAH exposure assessment according to ingested foods, the average body weight was separated according to the following age groups, 1–6, 7–19, 20–64 and over 64 years, and the daily food ingestion rates from the National Health and Nutrition survey were used. The estimated Lifetime Average Daily Intake (LADI) of PAHs was 3.22 × 10^–3 ug/kg/day for carcinogenic effects and was higher in the younger age groups under 20 years old than in the older groups. The dietary excess cancer risk estimated using the cancer potency of benzo(a)pyrene (7.3(mg/kg/day)^?1) was 2.3 × 10^?5, which is equivalent to a probability of tumor eruption in the upper gastrointestinal tract of two per hundred thousand persons.     

表面活性剂TW-80对土壤中多环芳烃生物降解的影响

以表面活性剂TW80为供试物,进行了为期150d的实验研究,并分别在30、60和150d间隔采样监测PAHs降解率。结果表明,30d后,土壤中PAHs的降解率达90%,比对照提高约30%.60d后,浓度为10000mg·kg^-1表面活性剂的土壤和对照中,PAHs降解率从65.1%和60%迅速提高到93.8%和79.2%.其它处理中,PAHs的平均降解率仅比30d的结果提高4%.150d后,所有处理中PAHs的降解率均达到90%以上。可以认为,表面活性剂能提高PAHs的生物可利用性,加快PAHs的降解速率,从而减少污染暴露时间。但表面活性剂浓度过高可抑制微生物活性。研究还发现,TW80土壤中含有优势真菌。经鉴定为常见青霉、蠕形青霉、淡紫青霉和顶孢头孢霉。它们是土壤PAHs迅速降解的动因.     

Kinetics of biodegradation of binary and ternary mixtures of PAHs

The kinetics of biodegradation of mixtures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by Sphingomonas paucimobilis strain EPA505 were investigated. The investigation focused on three- and four-ring PAHs, specifically 2-methylphenanthrene, fluoranthene, and pyrene. Uptake rates in aerobic batch suspended cultivations were measured for the individual PAHs and their binary and ternary mixtures. It was observed that kinetics were influenced by the mixture composition and the kinetic properties of the components. A material balance equation containing the Monod model was numerically fitted to uptake data to determine extant kinetic parameters for the individual PAHs. Similarly, equations containing kinetic interaction models derived from enzyme kinetics were fitted to the uptake data obtained from experiments with binary and ternary mixtures. The investigation considered the following interaction types: no-interaction (Monod), pure competitive interaction, noncompetitive or mixed-type interaction, uncompetitive inhibition, and nonspecific interaction based on pure competition (SKIP). Model fit was evaluated based on probabilistic and statistical criteria and inferences were reached about underlying interaction mechanisms based on model fit. Mixture kinetics were most adequately simulated by the pure competitive interaction model with mutual substrate exclusivity. This model is fully predictive, relying only on parameters determined in the sole-PAH experiments. It was shown that for low percent inhibition values and with limited data, pure competitive interaction kinetics may not be evident, resembling no-interaction kinetics. This study is a reasonable starting point for understanding and modeling biodegradation of complex PAH mixtures in engineered and natural systems.     

Characteristics of PAHs adsorption on inorganic particles and activated sludge in domestic wastewater treatment

The occurrence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in a domestic wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) was investigated in a 1 year period. In order to understand how PAHs were removed at different stages of the treatment process, adsorption experiments were conducted using quartz sand, kaolinite, and natural clay as inorganic adsorbents and activated sludge as organic adsorbent for adsorbing naphthalene, phenanthrene, and pyrene. As a result, the adsorption of PAHs by the inorganic adsorbents well followed the Langmuir isotherm while that by the activated sludge well followed the Freundlich isotherm. By bridging equilibrium partitioning coefficient with the parameters of adsorption isotherm, a set of mathematical models were developed. Under an assumption that in the primary settler PAHs removal was by adsorption onto inorganic particles and in the biological treatment unit it was by adsorption onto activated sludge, the model calculation results fairly reflected the practical condition in the WWTP.     

油田区多环芳烃污染盐碱土壤活性微生物群落结构解析

多环芳烃(Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs)是土壤中广泛存在的、美国环保总署(USEPA)优先控制的一类有毒(致癌、致突变)的持久性污染物,主要来源于人类活动。土壤微生物多样性是表征土壤质量变化的敏感指标之一。磷脂脂肪酸(PLFAs)分析方法是基于活性微生物细胞膜的PLFAs组分的生化检测技术,克服了传统培养方法只能分离出少量微生物(1%)的缺点。采用PLFAs方法,解析了土壤活性微生物对PAHs污染胁迫的反应。结果表明,土壤微生物分布情况可分为4种类型:Ⅰ型,微生物PLFAs种类最多,占该区土壤微生物PLFAs种类总数的57.7%,PAHs对变量的解释量最小;Ⅱ型,微生物PLFAs占PLFAs总数的30.8%,PAHs对变量的解释量较小;Ⅲ型,微生物PLFAs种类占总数的7.68%,PAHs对变量的解释量较大;Ⅳ型,微生物PLFAs的种类仅占总数的3.85%,PAHs对变量的解释量最大。相关性分析表明:土壤微生物PLFAs的种类、生物量和生态多样性指数与土壤中萘(Nap)、芴(Flu)、蒽(Ant)、苯并[K]荧蒽(Bkf)、苯并[a]芘(Bap)、茚并[1,2,3-cd]芘(Ind)的相对含量呈负相关关系;与苊(Ace)、菲(Phe)、荧蒽(Fla)、芘(Pyr)、苯并[a]蒽(Baa)的相对含量呈正相关关系;与PAHs的种类和浓度呈负相关关系。结果将为开展PAHs污染土壤的生态风险评价和微生物生物修复技术研究提供理论依据。