青海湟水流域植物区系研究

湟水流域位于青海省的东部,约处于北纬35°56′～37°38′,东经100°35′～103°05′。属于青藏高原和黄土高原的过渡地带,海拔1650～4395m,全区面积约16600km~2,属于大陆性气候和高原大陆性气候类型。本区共有野生种子植物83科、400属、1234种。分别占本区所属的青藏高原植物亚区唐古特地区总科数的92.22％、总属数的78.74％、总种数的54.00％。研究表明,湟水流域植物区系特征为:①在唐古特地区中种类相对较丰富;②温带成分占92.80％,以绝对优势确定了本区系为明显的温带性质(属于以北温带成分,特别是欧亚大陆温、寒地带典型成分为优势的,兼具温性、寒温和高寒类型的温带区系性质,或可称为在温带区系中的过渡区系所具有的“复合型”区系特征);③木本类型少,大多数种类为多年生草本植物,缺乏古老和原始类群,一些中国特有种衍生于其广布的亲缘种中,表明本区系具有年轻和衍生的性质;④我国西南高山区系和华北区系对该区系具有双重影响;⑤为青藏高原植物亚区唐古特植物地区同华北植物地区相互过渡的代表区系之一;⑥特有属和特有种少。在中国种子植物区系分区中,本区属于青藏高原植物亚区中的唐古特地区。     

青海湖流域种子植物区系研究

青海湖流域位于青海省东部（36°15′~38°15′N;97°50′~101°45′E）;处于青藏高原和黄土高原的过 渡地带;海拔3 160~4 953 m;全区面积约29 660 km²;属于高原大陆性气候。该区有种子植物823种;隶属于 61科231属;依次为青海种、科、属数的23.13%、62.89%和38.82%。区系分析结果表明:（1）该区系的种类仅有2.78种/km²;这在唐古特地区的众多自然区域中相对并不丰富。（2）包括中国特有植物种类在内;该区系的温带成分占99.00%;以绝对优势确定了本区系明显的温带性质。（3）木本种类少;少有古老的和原始的类群;而是以多年生草本为核心的植物区系。（4）该区的一些中国特有种是经其广布的亲缘种衍生而来;这是该区系年轻和衍生的性质的具体体现。（5）我国华北区系和西南高山区系均对该区具有不同程度的影响。（6）特有属少;特有种多数为水生植物;表现出青海湖独特而隐域性的水湿环境的特化结果。（7）中国特有种的核心成分是出现种类最多的甘肃—西藏—四川亚型。而在青藏高原植物亚区中;该区隶属于其中的唐古特地区。     

A framework for delineating biogeographical regions based on species distributions

Aim Biogeographical regionalizations, such as zoogeographical regions, floristic kingdoms or ecoregions, represent categorizations central to many basic and applied questions in biogeography, ecology, evolution and conservation. Traditionally established by experts based on qualitative evidence, the lack of transparency and quantitative support has set constraints on their utility. The recent availability of global species range maps, novel multivariate techniques and enhanced computational power now enable a quantitative scrutiny and extension of biogeographical regionalizations that will facilitate new and more rigorous uses. In this paper we develop and illustrate a methodological roadmap for species‐level biogeographical regionalizations at the global scale and apply it to mammals. Location Global. Methods We explore the relative usefulness of ordination and clustering methods and validation techniques. The performance of nine different clustering algorithms is tested at different taxonomic levels. The grain of regionalization (i.e. the number of clusters) will usually be driven by the purpose of the study, but we present several approaches that provide guidance. Results Non‐metric multidimensional scaling offers a valuable first step in identifying and illustrating biogeographical transition zones. For the clustering of regions, the nine different hierarchical clustering methods varied greatly in utility, with UPGMA (unweighted pair‐group method using arithmetic averages) agglomerative hierarchical clustering having consistently the best performance. The UPGMA approach allows a tree‐like phenetic representation of the relative distances of regions and can be applied at different levels of taxonomic resolution. We find that the new quantitative biogeographical regions exhibit both striking similarities to and differences from the classic primary geographical divisions of the world’s biota. Specifically, our results provide evidence that the Sahara, northern Africa, the Arabian Peninsula and parts of the Middle East should be regarded as part of the Afrotropics. Further, the position of the New Guinean continental shelf, Lydekker’s Line, is supported as an appropriate border to separate the Oriental and Australian regions. Main conclusions We propose that this sort of new, quantitative delineation and relationship assessment across taxonomic and geographical grains is likely to offer opportunities for more rigorous inference in historical and ecological biogeography and conservation.     

华北植物地区的北界：兼述分区的原则和方法

华北植物区系的北界即是东亚森林植物区系与欧亚草原与荒荒植物区系的东界。本文主要是尽可能准确地划分其界线的位置和讨论有关植物区系分区的原则和方法。根据植物区系和植被有机联系的原则,植物区系成分和它们中的建群种、优势种、特征种和特有种的分布及其与环境条件的关系,这条界线被确定为如图1表示。在最东部,华北与东北植物区系界线是从开原向南到岫岩,然后向东至中、朝国界的浑江口。从开原向西南延伸2000余公里至兰州。在这条界限以此为以针茅为优势种的蒙古草原南界,其以南为以白羊草为优势种的暖温带草原并结合有东亚森林植物区系的草、灌丛。     

辽宁老秃顶子自然保护区植物区系多样性

通过野外实地调查,利用植物区系谱、多样性指数、相关分析和聚类模型等方法,对辽宁老秃顶子植物区系多样性进行量化分析,揭示山地生物多样性特点、规律以及与周边植被生态的关系。结果表明:(1)辽宁老秃顶子自然保护区种子植物种类组成丰富,共有野生种子植物123科429属1 006种,且优势科现象明显,单种属和少种属占比率较高,表现出一定古老残遗性。（2）老秃顶子自然保护区植物种的区系分布型多样,区系组成复杂,来源较广泛,具有一定古老性,但植物特有现象不明显,以温带性质分布种为主,符合暖温带北部的华北植物区系特点。(3)老秃顶子山与相邻9个山地比较,植物区系Shannon-Wiener指数差异明显(1.736～2.259),其中庐山和徂徕山的Shannon-Wiener指数较高,而白石砬子和长白山的较低;10个山地的Simpson指数差异不显著(0.711 4～0.871 5)。(4)相关性分析显示,10个不同山地植物区系之间的相似程度显著,相关系数达0.617～0.995;聚类分析显示,老秃顶子山与千山、凤凰山的植物区系关系较近。本研究结果支持老秃顶子山、千山和凤凰山共同划归华北植物区系的观点,认为把老秃顶子山保护区植物区系划归于华北山地植物亚地区较为合理。     

辽东半岛仙人洞自然保护区植物区系多样性分析

物种多样性分析与研究对于全球生物多样性保护具有重要的意义,运用植物地理学理论,结合外业调查、多样性指数、相关分析和聚类模型等方法,对辽宁仙人洞植物区系多样性进行定量分析,以揭示山地区系生物多样性的特点及规律。结果表明:(1)本区野生植物种类组成丰富,共有维管植物109科379属803种,其中蕨类植物13科17属39种,裸子植物5科12属18种,被子植物91科350属746种,优势科现象明显,单种属和少种属占比率较高,表现出一定古老残遗性;种的区系分布型多样,区系组成复杂,但特有现象不明显;温带成分占主体,表明本区温带植物区系历史起源。(2)仙人洞与邻近山地相比较,植物区系Shannon-Wiener指数差异明显(1.736~2.053),其中仙人洞和徂徕山较高,白石砬子和长白山较低,而Simpson指数差异并不明显(0.711 4~0.825 3)。(3)经相关性分析,不同山地植物区系之间相似程度显著(P0.01),相关系数达0.811~0.997,聚类分析显示仙人洞、凤凰山、千山、五台山及小五台山区系关系较近,支持仙人洞划归华北植物区系山地植物亚地区较为合适。     

中国香菇自然种质遗传多样性的RAPD分析

用RAPD技术分析了收集自中国14个省份、分属于8个不同植物区系的53个野生香菇菌株的DNA多态性.用10个随机引物共扩增出147条DNA带,其中94%具有多态性.供试菌株在RAPD带型及DNA相似性上的差异表明,中国香菇自然群体具有丰富的遗传多样性.其中,横断山脉、云南高原、台湾及华南地区菌株的多样性尤为丰富.用平均连锁聚类法构建了样本的遗传相关聚类图.大多数来自同一区域或相邻区域的菌株优先聚成小类,表明菌株的分组与其地理来源明显相关.以0.66的相似性为切割点,53个菌株可分成4大类群.类群Ⅰ和类群Ⅱ主要由横断山脉、云南高原和华中地区菌株组成,类群Ⅲ包含其他地区的菌株.类群Ⅳ则是由来自华北和四川省的共5个菌株组成的一个小的分支.     

中国香菇自然种质遗传多样性的RAPD分析*

用RAPD技术分析了收集自中国14个省份、分属于8个不同植物区系的53个野生香菇菌株的DNA多态性。用10个随机引物共扩增出147条DNA带,其中94%具有多态性。供试菌株在RAPD带型及DNA相似性上的差异表明,中国香菇自然群体具有丰富的遗传多样性。其中,横断山脉、云南高原、台湾及华南地区菌株的多样性尤为丰富。用平均连锁聚类法构建了样本的遗传相关聚类图。大多数来自同一区域或相邻区域的菌株优先聚成小类,表明菌株的分组与其地理来源明显相关。以0.66的相似性为切割点,53个菌株可分成4大类群。类群Ⅰ和类群Ⅱ主要由横断山脉、云南高原和华中地区菌株组成,类群Ⅲ包含其他地区的菌株。类群Ⅳ则是由来自华北和四川省的共5个菌株组成的一个小的分支。     

Biogeographic responses to geodynamics: A key study all around the Oligo–Miocene Tethyan Seaway

Extensive terrestrial exchanges were initiated by the closure of the Tethyan Seaway during the Early Miocene. Proboscideans are among the most prominent African immigrants, which arrived in Eurasia about 19 Ma ago via the “Gomphotherium Landbridge”. Several distinct waves of continental migrations, however, document that the formation of this landbridge was a multiphase process. Until the closure, a marine faunal exchange was enabled via the Mesopotamian Trough and the Zagros Basin, as reflected by contributions of Indonesian corals in the Iranian basins and by the occurrence of “western” gastropods in Pakistan and India. Nevertheless, the emergence of the landbridge was preceded in the marine biosphere by first biogeographic divergences on both sides of the seaway already during Oligocene times (e.g. within the tridacnines and strombids). Around the closure event, the breakdown of biogeographic relations was near-complete and the Proto-Mediterranean faunas bear little in common with those of the Indo-West Pacific Region (IWPR). Some of the discussed examples suggest that the Western Tethys Region (WTR) had acted as centre of origin and diversity during Oligocene and Early Miocene times. After the closure of the seaway, this centre had shifted to the southeast, heralding the enormous biodiversity of the modern IWPR. Some originally WTR elements managed to follow this shift and formed the Miocene stock for the modern IWPR faunas. In contrast, the marine fauna in the Mediterranean cul-de-sac suffered strong impoverishment due to the Miocene cooling, the Messinian Salinity Crisis and the late Pliocene and Pleistocene glacials – a fact which might explain the receptivity of the Mediterranean Sea for Lessepsian migrants.

This synthesis tries to document the practical problem of recognising biogeographic patterns despite the heterochronous developments in different systematic groups, which, in addition, are often obscured by a stratigraphically incomplete and geographically patchy fossil record.     

辽西走廊白狼山保护区植物区系及其与邻近山地的关系

采用植物区系谱、排序分析、聚类模型和相关性等方法,研究了辽西白狼山植物区系属的地理组成以及与其它山地的相似关系,以揭示多个山地植物区系的相互关系及分布格局。结果表明:(1)白狼山自然保护区野生种子植物多样而丰富,共有101科394属790种;被子植物占总种数的98.35%,优势科现象明显,寡种属和单种属占优势,呈现一定残遗性;(2)属的地理成分以温带成分为主,共有273属,占总属数的81.3%,处于中国-日本森林植物亚区暖温带-温带过渡范围内,植物区系划归于华北植物区系平原山地亚地区。(3)相关分析表明,白狼山与努鲁儿虎山(r=0.999)、东灵山(r=0.998)之间的植物区系具有极显著相关关系;主坐标排序和聚类分析表明,白狼山种子植物属的分布区类型与努鲁儿虎山、东灵山、小五台山以及雾灵山等有着较大的相似性,不同纬度水热条件可能是影响植物区系地理分布格局的重要因素。     

甘肃白水江国家级自然保护区种子植物区系科的垂直分布格局分析

以100m为单位,将保护区内山地划分为35个海拔段,以研究保护区内科的垂直分布格局。统计分析各类分布型科的垂直分布范围、各类分布型所占比例的垂直变化,结果表明:地理分布属性在较大程度上影响着科的垂直分布,T2、T3、T8表现出与其地理分布属性相符的垂直变化趋势。原始类群集中分布于中低海拔地段;以该区为分布边缘的热带科的垂直分布范围非常狭小,集中分布于低海拔地段。热带与温带分布科的平衡线大致在海拔1500m。根据科级区系组成,对35个100m段进行了系统聚类,结果:海拔2500m是该区内科级区系成分结构沿海拔梯度变化的断点。根据各百米段聚类分析的结果,结合不同海拔的区系组成与性质的实际特点,将该山地划分为<1200m、1200～2500m、2500～3500m、>3500m四个区段。     

Nemertean systematics and phenetic classification: an example from a group of hoplonemerteans

The applicability of numerical methods to the taxonomy of the Phylum Nemertea is assessed for a group of hoplonemertean species. The classifications obtained from various cluster and ordination methods are evaluated with reference to their predictability, i.e. the number of character or character states that can be predicted about species A knowing that it belongs to class a.     

Numerical taxonomic studies of the genus Notholca

The genus Notholca has been subjected to taxonomic analysis, using cluster analysis and ordination by principal coordinates analysis, based on 67 phenetic characters. All analyses converge on essentially identical groupings, but fail to inject new hypotheses to remedy the confusing and overlapping taxonomy of the genus. This shortcoming is ascribed to the incompleteness of the character set which currently lacks biochemical and genetic parameters. We suggest to invalidate the subspecies' of N. striata into a single species and consider the pros and cons combining N. haueri and N. latistyla.     

Pangea Megasequences of Tethyan Gondwana-margin reflect global changes of climate and tectonism in Late Palaeozoic and Early Triassic times—A review

The maximum concentration of continental crust at the Pangea stage is characterized by a specific depositional sequence generally referred to as the Pangea Megasequence. Extending in time from the Late Carboniferous to the middle of the Triassic, the succession exhibits similar trends across the whole of Gondwana. Invariably, the sequence was initiated by Late Carboniferous to Early Permian glacial and periglacial deposits. Deglaciation occurred in Early Sakmarian time, evidenced by a typical, commonly transgressive facies. The succeeding formations comprise, in ascending order, coal measures, redbeds, some more coal measures and again redbeds with an intercalation of fluviatile sands in the Early Triassic.After deglaciation the basic depositional theme was modified, depending on postglacial adjustments of climate and on the type of regional tectonic regimes. Extension of the tropical climatic belt after deglaciation was one factor that governed the resulting sediment facies. Coal deposition that prevailed in central Gondwana in the Early Permian gave way to dominance of redbeds in the Middle and Late Permian and, in more distal positions, evaporitic deposits were laid down, following deglaciation. Within marine realms, coralline limestones were formed.Within Gondwana the depositional period of the Pangea Megasequence was governed by three distinctive tectonic regimes: collision dominated the Panthalassa margin, transpressional sag controlled the interior basins, and extension and rifting was experienced along the entire Tethyan margin. In the Early Permian, large and complex graben structures commenced to develop between Africa and India (Malagasy Trough) and between India and Australia (West Australian Trough), giving access to Tethyan waters during deglaciation, commencing in the late Early Sakmarian.Rifting along the Tethyan margin commenced in the Early Permian and was associated with active volcanism between Cashmere and Yunnan and in north-western Australia. Spreading of Neo-Tethys and the formation of oceanic crust, leading to the separation of the Cimmerian Blocks from Gondwana, commenced in the late Early Permian and continued into the Triassic. Thus two facies realms developed, an intracratonic rift facies comprising the Cashmere, Lhasa and Baoshan blocks and a facies controlled by detachment, comprising more distal blocks, such as Tengchong, Malay and Sumatra. The present distribution of individual blocks was governed by fold movements of the Himalayan Orogeny, complicated by transpression along the eastern Himalayan Syntaxis.     

云南哀牢山地区蕨类植物区系的垂直分布格局

根据大尺度的物种分布信息,利用聚类分析和数理统计的方法分析了云南哀牢山蕨类植物区系的垂直分布格局。研究结果表明,随着海拔的升高,热带区系成分所占比重呈显著递减趋势,而温带区系成分所占比重呈明显递增趋势。在整个海拔梯度上,东亚分布和热带亚洲分布成分始终占主导地位。区系过渡性随着海拔的升高呈先增强后减弱的单峰分布格局,平衡点出现于海拔1700 m左右。基于区系成分比重的聚类分析表明,在海拔1300 m,1900 m和2600 m左右,将海拔梯度上的蕨类植物分为4组,这与各海拔段内的物种组成和区系成分性质是一致的。     

秦岭种子植物区系的性质和特点及其与毗邻地区植物区系关系

依据秦岭种子植物补遗和相关文献资料,采用植物区系地理学研究方法,分析了秦岭地区种子植物区系的性质、特点,并与其它7个毗邻地区植物区系进行比较。结果表明:(1)秦岭山地植物种类繁多,区系成分极为丰富,种子植物164科,1 052属,3 839种。(2)秦岭区系是以温带成分为主,温带区系成分占该区总属数的58.75%,具有绝对优势,同时表现出明显的过渡性特点,是亚热带和温带植物区系的交汇区。(3)区系成分中原始种类、孑遗成分多,表现出明显古老性。(4)秦岭植物区系与大别山、巴山、横断山脉植物区系组成相近,有着一定关联性,并且还与西藏色季山区系较为相关,但秦岭植物区系与祁连山北坡、贺兰山有较大差异。     

云南地区种子植物区系成分的地理分布格局及其聚类分析

以覆盖云南地区全境的种子植物分布信息为基础,结合GIS和聚类分析的方法探讨了云南地区植物区系成分的地理分布格局.结果表明,随着纬度的升高,世界分布成分所占的比重呈递增趋势,热带区系成分所占比重呈递减趋势,而温带区系成分所占比重则呈递增格局.聚类分析结果表明,在24.5°N左右,研究区域可分为南北两个部分.分界线以南,热带区系成分占优势地位,植被类型主要为热带区系性质强烈的山地雨林、季节雨林、季雨林和季风常绿阔叶林等;分界线以北,温带区系成分所占比重相对较高,甚至占主导地位,植被类型主要为具较强温带区系性质的硬叶常绿阔叶林、温性针叶林、针阔混交林和高寒草甸以及具强烈区系过渡性质的半湿润、湿性常绿阔叶林.该分界线与\"田中线\"不同,可能源于研究目标和内容的差异.

Abstract：

Based on all-around floristic information,and by using geographical information system and cluster analysis,this paper studied the spatial pattern of seed plant floristic elements in Yunnan Province of China.It was indicated that the proportions of cosmopolitan and temperate elements increased with increasing latitude,while those of tropical elements had a decreasing trend.Cluster analysis showed that the study area could be divided into two parts,with the latitude about 24.5°N as a division line.To the south of the line,the dominant flora was tropical elements,and the vegetation was dominated by tropical mountain rainforest,seasonal rain forest,monsoon rain forest,and monsoon evergreen broadleaved forest.To the north of the line,there were much greater proportions of temperate elements,and the vegetation was dominated by the evergreen,hard and broadleaved forest,temperate coniferous forest,coniferous and broadleaved mixed forest,alpine meadow,and evergreen broadleaved forest(moist or semi-moist,showing strong floristic transition).This division line was different from \"Tanaka Line\",possibly due to different study aims and contents.