林隙干扰对森林生态系统的影响

林隙干扰通过改变森林微生境异质性和群落演替进程,对森林物种组成、林分结构和系统功能产生重要影响。本研究评述了有关林隙干扰对森林生态系统影响的最新研究进展,从物种生物学特性和环境因素两个方面分析了林隙干扰对森林物种组成变化的影响规律,基于群落组件和群落架构阐述了林隙干扰对森林结构的作用关系,梳理了林隙干扰对森林生态系统功能的影响机制。基于已有研究的分析和目前森林生态系统经营亟需解决的问题,提出未来研究所需关注的重点领域和问题: 林隙面积阈值确定方法;林隙闭合机制;林隙干扰对森林生态系统过程的影响;林隙干扰与森林生产力的关系。林隙干扰在促进物种更新和提升森林结构复杂性等方面具有优势,因此本研究可为我国低产低效人工林改造提供科学依据。     

Variation of carbon and nitrogen stoichiometry along a chronosequence of natural temperate forest in northeastern China

Aims Carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) stoichiometry contributes to understanding elemental compositions and coupled biogeochemical cycles in ecosystems. However, we know little about the temporal patterns of C:N stoichiometry during forest development. The goal of this study is to explore the temporal patterns of intraspecific and ecosystem components' variations in C:N stoichiometry and the scaling relationships between C and N at different successional stages.Methods Along forest development in a natural temperate forest, northeastern China, four age gradients were categorized into ca. 10-, 30-, 70- and 200-year old, respectively, and three 20 m × 20 m plots were set up for each age class. Leaves, branches, fine roots and fresh litter of seven dominant species as well as mineral soil at depth of 0–10 cm were sampled. A Universal CHN Elemental Analyzer was used to determine the C and N concentrations in all samples.Important findings Intraspecific leaf C, N and C:N ratios remained stable along forest development regardless of tree species; while C, N concentrations and C:N ratios changed significantly either in branches or in fine roots, and they varied with tree species except Populus davidiana (P < 0.05). For ecosystem components, we discovered that leaf C:N ratios remained stable when stand age was below ca. 70 years and dominant tree species were light-demanding pioneers such as Betula platyphylla and Populus davidiana, while increased significantly at the age of ca. 200 years with Pinus koraiensis as the dominant species. C:N ratios in branches and fresh litter did not changed significantly along forest development stages. C concentrations scaled isometrically with respect to N concentrations in mineral soil but not in other ecosystem components. Our results indicate that, leaf has a higher intraspecific C:N stoichiometric stability compared to branch and fine root, whereas for ecosystem components, shifts in species composition mainly affect C:N ratios in leaves rather than other components. This study also demonstrated that C and N remain coupled in mineral soils but not in plant organs or fresh litter during forest development.     

云南热带季雨林及其与热带雨林植被的比较

在中国植物学文献中, 对热带季雨林的解释和运用是不一致的, 特别是易于把季雨林与热带雨林相混淆。季雨林是在具有明显干、湿季变化的热带季风气候下发育的一种热带落叶森林植被, 是介于热带雨林与热带稀树草原(savanna)之间的一个植被类型。云南的热带季雨林在分布生境、生态外貌特征、植物种类组成和地理成分构成上, 均与热带雨林有明显区别, 季雨林主要分布在海拔1 000 m以下的几大河流开阔河段两岸和河谷盆地, 其群落结构相对简单, 乔木一般仅有1至2层, 上层树种在干季落叶或上层及下层树种在干季都落叶; 在生活型组成上, 季雨林的木质藤本相对较少, 大高位芽植物及地上芽植物很少, 但地面芽植物很丰富, 地下芽植物和一年生植物也相对丰富; 在叶级和叶型特征上, 季雨林植物的小叶和复叶比例相对较高, 分别占到24%和44%; 在植物区系地理成分构成上, 季雨林的热带分布属合计也占绝对优势, 但以泛热带分布属的比例相对较高, 约占到总属数的30%, 热带亚洲至热带非洲分布属的比例也较高, 约占总属数的12%。季雨林的地理成分更为多样性, 起源与发展历史也更复杂和古老。     

Allometry of fine roots in forest ecosystems

Theoretical predictions regarding fine root production are needed in many ecosystem models but are lacking. Here, we expand the classic pipe model to fine roots and predict isometric scaling relationships between leaf and fine root biomass and among all major biomass production components of individual trees. We also predict that fine root production scales more slowly against increases in leaf production across global forest ecosystems at the stand level. Using meta‐analysis, we show fine root biomass scales isometrically against leaf biomass both at the individual tree and stand level. However, despite isometric scaling between stem and coarse root production, fine root production scales against leaf production with a slope of about 0.8 at the stand level, which probably results from more rapid increase of turnover rate in leaves than in fine roots. These analyses help to improve our understandings of allometric theory and controls of belowground C processes.     

基于GIS的森林景观定量分类

以金沟岭林场为例,利用电子林相图和森林资源二类调查资料基础,借助GIS软件MapInfo和数字化仪跟踪矢量化,并运用景观生态学原理和方法,选取分维数、分离度斑块密度、景观优势度和均匀度等指标,对林场的景观格局进行了分析;同时采用类平均聚类法,选取分维数、分离度、斑块平均面积、最大斑块面积4个景观类型特征指数作为聚类分析的聚类因子,进行定量地划分森林类型,合理地区划森林经营类型,为优化景观水平配置、制定生态采伐规程、编制森林经营方案提供理论基础。     

广西国有林场森林生物多样性变化评价

采用压力—状态—响应评价法对 1 990～ 2 0 0 1年广西国有林场森林生物多样性进行了研究 ,发现林场森林生物多样性十多年来呈下降趋势。导致森林生物多样性减少的主要根源是林场人口急剧增长和不当的森林经营方式。提出了控制人口增长、转变森林经营方式以遏制林场森林生物多样性减少、保护森林生物多样性的对策     

The response of mammals to forest fire and timber harvest in the North American boreal forest

1. This paper reviews and compares the effects of forest fire and timber harvest on mammalian abundance and diversity, throughout successional time in the boreal forest of North America. 2. Temporal trends in mammal abundance and diversity are generally similar for both harvested and burned stands, with some differences occurring in the initiation stage (0–10 years post disturbance). 3. Small mammals and ungulates are most abundant immediately post disturbance, and decrease as stands age. Lynxes and hares utilize mid-successional stands, but are rare in young and old stands. Bats, arboreal sciurids and mustelids increase in abundance with stand age, and are most abundant in old growth. 4. Substantial gaps in the data exist for carnivores; the response of these species to fire and harvest requires research, as predator–prey interactions can affect mammal community structure in both early and late successional stages. 5. The lack of explicit treatment of in-stand forest structure post disturbance, in the reviewed literature made comparisons difficult. Where forest structure was considered, the presence of downed woody material, live residual trees and standing dead wood were shown to facilitate convergence of mammal communities to a pre-disturbance state for both disturbance types. 6. Mammalian assemblages differed considerably between successional stages, emphasizing the importance of maintaining stands of each successional stage on the landscape when implementing forest management strategies.     

可持续经营框架下阔叶红松林区生物多样性间接评价体系的研究

森林生物多样性的保护和持续利用是森林可持续经营的重要内容,如何快速有效地评价生物多样性是当前森林经营实践中面临的重要问题。本文以可持续发展为指导思想,针对阔叶红松林区森林可持续经营中的生物多样性保护问题,提出了一套生物多样性间接评价的体系和评价方法。生物多样性间接评价的基本原理是以物种与生境的关系、森林自然干扰状况、物种间的相互关系和对特殊生境及敏感物种的考虑等为基础的。依据阔叶红松林区的干扰状况、林分一般状况、立木层、灌木层、草本层、附生植物和藤本植物等的特点,采用重复累加的方法,制定了阔叶红松林区林分生物多样性间接评价的打分表。在一个森林经营单位(林业局或林场)进行生物多样性的保护时,首先应根据不同森林类型对干扰的适应和抵抗力大小确定对各类森林优先保护的次序,然后再在各类森林的不同小班中进行生物多样性间接评价打分表的填写,最后根据不同小班生物多样性得分的多少确定其保护的等级或先后次序。生物多样性间接评价调查可以结合森林经理调查来进行。     

森林景观生态研究现状与展望

综述了国内外森林景观及其动态研究的4个领域：森林景观管理与景观质量控制、森林景观格局与功能相互关系、森林景观生态过程模拟模型和决策模型、河岸景观生态的研究。并进一步指出了我国在森林景观生态研究领域中存在的问题：森林景观的研究基础不足,研究手段、方法相对落后,研究案例和成果有限。同时,还提出了森林景观生态研究的发展方向。     

广州市帽峰山森林公园森林景观多样性分析

城市森林对改善和美化城市景观起着重要作用.文中在景观分类的基础上,应用景观生态学原理,选取多样性指数、优势度、分离度和斑块密度指数四个指标,从景观的类型多样性、格局多样性和斑块多样性三个方面,对广州市帽峰山森林公园森林景观进行多样性分析.结果表明,经济果林、竹林破碎化程度较高;阔叶混交林类型保持完好,分离度也最小,黎葫林分离度最大;景观类型比例分布最不均衡,组成帽峰山森林公园的各景观类型所占比例差异小于广州地区.     

长白山典型林区森林资源利用状况评价

选择长白山典型林区 1985年、1999年两期遥感图像数据 ,在监督分类的基础上 ,结合该地区森林经营历史资料 ,基于采伐迹地的空间位置、形状、面积、采伐方式等 ,从森林采伐及其造成的生态后果的角度 ,对森林资源的变化及利用状况进行了评价。研究结果表明 :2 0世纪 80年代中期以前 ,研究区对森林资源的利用强度很大 ,伐区布局不够合理 ,至 90年代末利用强度有所减弱 ,伐区布局趋向合理。从两个时期采伐方式来看 ,单个采伐地块的面积有许多地块明显超过采伐规程所规定的面积上限 ,而保留森林地块的面积基本都小于邻近采伐地块的面积 ,不符合采伐规程的“等面积”要求 ;从采伐地块的空间分布来看 ,由于森林采伐、更新过程中缺乏生态学 ,特别是景观生态学原理的指导 ,大多数采伐地块连为一整片 ,孤立了保留的森林地块 ,完整的原始林分被严重破碎化 ,间隔带状皆伐却造成了和大面积皆伐同样的后果。 15 a间研究区地物覆盖类型发生很大变化 ,其主要原因是森林采伐造成的。基于研究结果 ,指出了当地森林经营策略存在的问题及改进方法 ,以期能为当地森林资源的可持续经营及森林生态服务功能的充分发挥提供借鉴     

吉林省主要林型森林火灾的碳量释放

火是森林生态系统主要的干扰因子,森林火灾的频繁发生不仅使森林生态系统遭到破坏,同时也造成了含碳温室气体的大量释放。国际上对森林火灾释放温室气体的研究越来越多,中国学者也对我国森林火灾释放的温室气体进行了研究。当前,对森林火灾释放碳量的估算主要应用平均生物量数据,而不是应用每次森林火灾实际燃烧的生物量,另外对林型森林火灾碳释放的差异研究不够深入。根据每次森林火灾实际燃烧的生物量来研究吉林省主要林型森林火灾碳释放。根据吉林省1969—2004年的森林火灾统计数据,计算出了吉林省主要林型森林火灾释放碳量。其中,白桦林、阔叶混交林、针阔混交林、落叶松林、柞树林、杨树林和红松林森林火灾直接释放的碳量占1969—2004年吉林省森林火灾碳释放总量的99.7%。白桦林、阔叶混交林、针阔混交林、落叶松林、柞树林、杨树林和红松林森林火灾年均释放的碳量分别为6593.75-8791.66、5650.28-7533.71、3906.57-5208.76、2110.75-2814.33、1613.71-2151.61、295.49-393.98、234.37-312.50 t。用排放比法得出了吉林省主要林型森林火灾释放的CO2、CO、CH4量。白桦林、阔叶混交林、针阔混交林、落叶松林、柞树林、杨树林和红松林森林火灾年均释放的CO2量分别为21759.36-29012.48、18645.93-24861.24、12891.69-17188.92、6965.46-9287.29、5325.25-7100.33、975.11-1300.14、773.43-1031.24 t,年均释放的CO量分别为1583.09-2110.78、1356.57-1808.76、937.93-1250.57、506.77-675.69、387.43-516.58、70.94-94.59、56.27-75.03 t,年均释放的CH4量分别为534.71-712.94、458.20-610.93、316.80-422.39、171.17-228.22、130.86-174.48、23.96-31.95、19.01-25.34 t。通过时间系列分析,白桦林自1980年以后、针阔混交林自1984年以后和红松林自1983年以后已经不是主要森林火灾碳释放林型。目前主要森林火灾碳释放林型为阔叶混交林、落叶松林、柞树林和杨树林,特别是柞树林,年均碳释放为237.12-316.16 t。     

Changes in forest biomass and linkage to climate and forest disturbances over Northeastern China

The forests of northeastern China store nearly half of the country's total biomass carbon stocks. In this study, we investigated the changes in forest biomass by using satellite observations and found that a significant increase in forest biomass took place between 2001 and 2010. To determine the possible reasons for this change, several statistical methods were used to analyze the correlations between forest biomass dynamics and forest disturbances (i.e. fires, insect damage, logging, and afforestation and reforestation), climatic factors, and forest development. Results showed that forest development was the most important contributor to the increasing trend of forest biomass from 2001 to 2010, and climate controls were the secondary important factor. Among the four types of forest disturbance considered in this study, forest recovery from fires, and afforestation and reforestation during the past few decades played an important role in short‐term biomass dynamics. This study provided observational evidence and valuable information for the relationships between forest biomass and climate as well as forest disturbances.     

Enhancing the biodiversity of Scotland's forest resource through the development of a network of forest habitats

Scottish Natural Heritage, the statutory conservation agency, is considering the desirability and feasibility of developing a network of woodland habitats to redress the long term trend of fragmentation and isolation. Woodland conservation has long been based on site protection, but recent changes in policy, attitude and practice have opened up the possibility of recreating native forest cover on a much larger scale. The ECONET approach appears to have much to offer as the basis for enhancing the biodiversity of Scotland's forest resource. A network could be developed from existing woods to form a Scotland-wide network of Core Forest Areas and major landscape links, largely associated with major valleys. To achieve this, existing concentrations of woodland would be extended into poorly wooded districts. Many vulnerable wildlife species are likely to benefit, and there would be other benefits for recreation, landscape and timber production.     

Valuing the rain forest: Economic strategies by small-scale forest extractivists in the Amazon estuary

The current interest in non-timber forest products as an economic option for the Brazilian Amazon represents a radical departure from the policies that have guided development in the region during recent decades. Despite this interest, little is currently known about the forms of resource management or economic strategies practiced by populations dependent on such resources. In this study, we measured the annual income and expenditures of ten households on Combu Island, located in the Amazon estuary near the major port city of Belém; in addition, we documented local uses and management of natural resources on the island Average annual income per household was found to be over U.S. $4000, derived primarily from the harvest and sale of non-timber forest products. The results of this study show that the combination of proximity to a major market and appropriate resource management can lead to high and apparently sustainable economic returns.Formerly Senior Researcher at the Museu Paraense Emílio GoeldiFormerly Student Fellow at the Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi     

Effects of forest gap size on initial decomposition of twig litter in the subalpine forest of western Sichuan,China

林窗调控的土壤水热环境和分解者群落结构可能深刻影响凋落物分解过程, 已有的研究结果具有不确定性。为了解高海拔森林林窗面积对凋落枝分解的影响, 采用凋落物分解袋法, 于2012-2016年冬季和生长季节, 研究了川西亚高山森林255-290 m ²(FG1)、153-176 m ²(FG2)、38-46 m ²(FG3) 3种面积林窗和林下对岷江冷杉(Abies faxoniana)凋落枝质量损失的影响。结果显示: 林窗面积大小显著改变了林窗和林下的雪被厚度、温度和冻融循环频次; 雪被厚度和温度以FG1林窗最高, 林下最低; FG1、FG2、FG3林窗和林下枝条分解4年后的质量残留率分别为59.9%、59.5%、62.1%和55.3%, 分解系数k值分别为0.127、0.131、0.120和0.135, 95%分解时间分别为23.6、22.7、25.0和22.2 a; 与林下相比, 林窗显著增加了第一年和第二年生长季节的质量损失速率, 降低了第一年和第四年冬季的枝条质量损失速率; 林窗大小对质量损失速率的影响随分解时期变化差异明显, 质量损失速率在第一年和第三年冬季随林窗面积增大而增大, 在第三年生长季节随林窗面积增大而降低; 枝条质量损失的比例在第一年最高, 随林窗面积增加而增加, 且冬季高于生长季节。综上所述, 林窗环境变化深刻影响亚高山森林凋落枝分解, 但这种影响随林窗面积和分解时间有所差异。     

随机森林算法基本思想及其在生态学中的应用——以云南松分布模拟为例

通常来讲,生态学者对于解释生态关系、描述格局和过程、进行空间或时间预测比较感兴趣。这些工作可以通过模拟输出值(响应)与一些特征值(即解释变量)的关系来实现。然而,生态数据模拟遇到了挑战,这是因为响应变量和预测变量可能是连续变量或离散变量。需要解释的生态关系通常是非线性的,并且解释变量之间具有复杂的相互作用关系。响应变量和解释变量存在缺失值并不是不常有的现象,奇异值也经常出现在生态数据中。此外,生态学者通常希望生态模型即要易于建立又易要于解释。通常是利用多种统计方法来分析处理各种各样情景中出现的独特的生态问题,这些模型包括(多元)逻辑回归、线性模型、生存模型、方差分析等等。随机森林是一个可以处理所有这些问题的有效方法。随机森林可以用来做分类、聚类、回归和生存分析、评估变量的重要性、检测数据中的奇异值、对缺失数据进行插补等。鉴于随机森林本身在算法上的优势,将就随机森林在生态学中的应用进行总结,对建模过程进行概述,并以云南松分布模拟研究为例,对其主要功能特点进行案例展示。通过对随机森林的一般术语、概念和建模思想进行介绍,有利于读者掌握本方法的应用本质,可以预见随机森林在生态学研究中将得到更多的应用和发展。     

Comparison of structure and biodiversity in the Rajhenav virgin forest remnant and managed forest in the Dinaric region of Slovenia

Comparisons are made between a virgin forest remnant (primeval forest) and a lightly managed (near‐to‐nature) forest with regard to horizontal forest structures, the structure of forest stands, and the diversity of plant and bird species. In the virgin forest remnant the proportion of canopy gaps is smaller, there are no stands in the developmental phase of a pole stand (10 < cm d.b.h. < 30 cm), and both the growing stock and the proportion of less vigorous trees are considerably greater. In addition, there is a higher percentage of dead trees, a smaller proportion of minor tree species and a considerably lower diversity of plants. The diversity of bird species is similar for each forest type, but rare bird species are confined to the virgin forest remnant. The biological differences between the two types of forest have led to changes in the physical site conditions. The results of the research are valuable in assessing the consequences of near‐to‐nature forest management.     

川西亚高山森林林窗对凋落枝早期分解的影响

林窗调控的土壤水热环境和分解者群落结构可能深刻影响凋落物分解过程, 已有的研究结果具有不确定性。为了解高海拔森林林窗面积对凋落枝分解的影响, 采用凋落物分解袋法, 于2012-2016年冬季和生长季节, 研究了川西亚高山森林255-290 m ²(FG1)、153-176 m ²(FG2)、38-46 m ²(FG3) 3种面积林窗和林下对岷江冷杉(Abies faxoniana)凋落枝质量损失的影响。结果显示: 林窗面积大小显著改变了林窗和林下的雪被厚度、温度和冻融循环频次; 雪被厚度和温度以FG1林窗最高, 林下最低; FG1、FG2、FG3林窗和林下枝条分解4年后的质量残留率分别为59.9%、59.5%、62.1%和55.3%, 分解系数k值分别为0.127、0.131、0.120和0.135, 95%分解时间分别为23.6、22.7、25.0和22.2 a; 与林下相比, 林窗显著增加了第一年和第二年生长季节的质量损失速率, 降低了第一年和第四年冬季的枝条质量损失速率; 林窗大小对质量损失速率的影响随分解时期变化差异明显, 质量损失速率在第一年和第三年冬季随林窗面积增大而增大, 在第三年生长季节随林窗面积增大而降低; 枝条质量损失的比例在第一年最高, 随林窗面积增加而增加, 且冬季高于生长季节。综上所述, 林窗环境变化深刻影响亚高山森林凋落枝分解, 但这种影响随林窗面积和分解时间有所差异。     

中国灌木林-经济林-竹林的生态系统服务功能评估

基于森林生态系统的长期连续定位观测数据和全国第五次、第六次、第七次森林资源清查数据,应用中华人民共和国林业行业标准《森林生态系统服务功能评估规范》（LY/T 1721-2008）对灌木林、经济林、竹林的物质量与价值量进行了评估。结果表明：灌木林、经济林、竹林提供的服务功能价值分别为17953.56亿元?a-1、7569.35亿元?a-1、2659.01亿元?a-1,在全国森林生态服务功能总价值中占有重要的地位。涵养水源和生物多样性保护及固碳释氧是主要的生态服务功能。数量化统计分析得出灌木林生态服务功能价值在华中、华南地区较大,而由于气候等因素,在西北等干旱地区灌木林所占比例较大;经济林生态服务功能价值在西南地区较大;竹林生态服务功能价值在华中、华南地区较大。从第五次森林资源清查到第七次森林资源清查期间近20a来,灌木林、经济林、竹林森林生态服务功能价值变化不大,生态功能稳定。应清醒地认识到灌木林、经济林、竹林在维系和促进当地社会经济持续发展和环境保护中的巨大作用。